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Identification
Name Valproic Acid
Accession Number DB00313 (APRD00066, APRD00256, DB00510)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. Typically supplied in the sodium salt form (76584-70-8). Valproic Acid is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
2-propylvaleric acid
Di-n-propylacetic acid
Di-n-propylessigsaure
Dipropylacetic acid
n-DPA
Salts
  • Divalproex sodium
  • Valproate semisodium
Brand names
Name Company
Alti-Valproic
Avugane
Baceca
Convulex
Delepsine
Depacon
Depakene
Depakine
Depakote
Deproic
Dom-Valproic
Epilex
Epilim
Epival
Ergenyl
Med Valproic
Mylproin
Novo-Valproic
Nu-Valproic
Penta-Valproic
Sprinkle
Stavzor
Valcote
Valparin
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Antimanic Agents
  • GABA Agents
CAS number 99-66-1
Weight Average: 144.2114
Monoisotopic: 144.115029756
Chemical Formula C8H16O2
InChI Key InChIKey=NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
2-propylpentanoic acid
SMILES
CCCC(CCC)C(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (8.07 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Fatty Acids
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Fatty Acids
Pharmacology
Indication For treatment and management of seizure disorders, mania, and prophylactic treatment of migraine headache.
Pharmacodynamics Valproic Acid is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. In epileptics, valproic acid is used to control absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), complex partial seizures, and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Valproic Acid is believed to affect the function of the neurotransmitter GABA (as a GABA transaminase inhibitor) in the human brain. Valproic Acid dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract. Valproic acid has also been shown to be an inhibitor of an enzyme called histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). HDAC1 is needed for HIV to remain in infected cells. A study published in August 2005 revealed that patients treated with valproic acid in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed a 75% reduction in latent HIV infection.
Mechanism of action Valproic Acid binds to and inhibits GABA transaminase. The drug's anticonvulsant activity may be related to increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Valproic Acid may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. It is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor.
Absorption Rapid absorption from gastrointestinal tract.
Volume of distribution
  • 11 L/1.73 m2 [total valproate]
  • 92 L/1.73 m2 [free valproate]
Protein binding Concentration-dependent, from 90% at 40 µg/mL to 81.5% at 130 µg/mL.
Metabolism Valproic Acid is metabolized almost entirely by the liver. In adult patients on monotherapy, 30-50% of an administered dose appears in urine as a glucuronide conjugate. Mitochondrial ß-oxidation is the other major metabolic pathway, typically accounting for over 40% of the dose. Usually, less than 15-20% of the dose is eliminated by other oxidative mechanisms. Less than 3% of an administered dose is excreted unchanged in urine.
Route of elimination Valproate is metabolized almost entirely by the liver. Less than 3% of an administered dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Mitochondrial ß-oxidation is the other major metabolic pathway, typically accounting for over 40% of the dose.
Half life 9-16 hours
Clearance
  • total valproate cl=0.56 L/hr/1.73 m2
  • free valproate cl=4.6 L/hr/1.73 m2
  • 4.8 +/- 0.17 L/hr/1.73 m2 [males, unbound clearance]
  • 4.7+/- 0.07 L/hr/1.73 m2 [females, unbound clearance]
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50 = 1098 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 670 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose may include coma, extreme drowsiness, and heart problems.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Banner pharmacaps inc
  • Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
  • Catalent pharma solutions llc
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Rp scherer north america div rp scherer corp
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Alpharma uspd inc
  • Apotex inc richmond hill
  • High technology pharmacal co inc
  • Pharmaceutical assoc inc div beach products
  • Sun pharmaceutical industries inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Vintage pharmaceuticals llc
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Capsule, coated Oral
Liquid Intravenous
Syrup Oral
Tablet, coated Oral
Tablet, delayed release Oral
Tablet, extended release Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Valproic acid liquid 10.2 USD g
Depakene 250 mg capsule 2.21 USD capsule
Valproic acid 250 mg capsule 0.79 USD capsule
Depakene 250 mg/5ml Syrup 0.66 USD ml
Novo-Valproic 500 mg Enteric-Coated Capsule 0.54 USD capsule
Pms-Valproic Acid E.C. 500 mg Enteric-Coated Capsule 0.54 USD capsule
Apo-Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Mylan-Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Novo-Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Nu-Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Pms-Valproic Acid 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Ratio-Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Sandoz Valproic 250 mg Capsule 0.27 USD capsule
Valproic Acid 250 mg/5ml Syrup 0.16 USD ml
Valproic acid 250 mg/5 ml syr 0.15 USD ml
Depakene 50 mg/ml Syrup 0.11 USD ml
Apo-Valproic 50 mg/ml Syrup 0.06 USD ml
Pms-Valproic Acid 50 mg/ml Syrup 0.06 USD ml
Ratio-Valproic 50 mg/ml Syrup 0.06 USD ml
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 6511678 1999-06-18 2019-06-18
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 120-130 °C Not Available
water solubility 2000 mg/L (at 20 °C) RIEMENSCHNEIDER (1986)
logP 2.75 SANGSTER (1993)
logS -1.86 ADME Research, USCD
pKa 4.6 BUDAVARI,S ET AL. (1996)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.36e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.54 ALOGPS
logP 2.8 ChemAxon
logS -1.8 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 5.14 ChemAxon
physiological charge -1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
polar surface area 37.3 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon
refractivity 40.25 ChemAxon
polarizability 17 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Rosenberg G: The mechanisms of action of valproate in neuropsychiatric disorders: can we see the forest for the trees? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2090-103. Pubmed
  2. Lehrman G, Hogue IB, Palmer S, Jennings C, Spina CA, Wiegand A, Landay AL, Coombs RW, Richman DD, Mellors JW, Coffin JM, Bosch RJ, Margolis DM: Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19;366(9485):549-55. Pubmed
  3. Schwartz C, Palissot V, Aouali N, Wack S, Brons NH, Leners B, Bosseler M, Berchem G: Valproic acid induces non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms in multiple myeloma cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2007 Mar;30(3):573-82. Pubmed
  4. Valentini A, Gravina P, Federici G, Bernardini S: Valproic acid induces apoptosis, p16INK4A upregulation and sensitization to chemotherapy in human melanoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2007 Feb;6(2):185-91. Epub 2007 Feb 5. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00399 Link_out
KEGG Compound C07185 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3121 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505925 Link_out
ChemSpider 3009 Link_out
ChEBI 9926 Link_out
ChEMBL 9926 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DNC001659 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451846 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2260654 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/depakene.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/valproate.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/dep1124.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_Acid Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N03AG01
AHFS Codes
  • 28:12.92
PDB Entries
FDA label show (1.41 MB)
MSDS show (77.9 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid increases the effect of valproic acid.
Asenapine Valproate completely inhibits the glucuronidation of asenapine but does not effect its exposure. Dose adjustment is not necessary with concomitant therapy.
Carbamazepine Decreases the effect of valproic acid
Clarithromycin The macrolide antibiotic, Erythromycin, may increase the serum concentratin of Valproic acid. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Valproic acid therapeutic and adverse effects if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Eltrombopag Affects hepatic CYP2C9/10 metabolism, will increase effect/level of eltrombopag.
Erythromycin The macrolide antibiotic, Erythromycin, may increase the serum concentratin of Valproic acid. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Valproic acid therapeutic and adverse effects if Erythromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Felbamate Felbamate, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of Valproic acid, a CYP2C19 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Valproic acid therapeutic and adverse effects if Felbamate is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Lacosamide Valproic acid toxicity may occur at any time during the treatment course and should be considered in patients with acute changes in mentation, especially if there has been a recent change in antiepileptic therapy.
Lamotrigine Valproic acid may increase the adverse effects of Lamotrigine by increasing Lamotrigine serum concentration. The Lamotrigine dose should be reduced by 50% during concomitant therapy. Monitor for changes in Lamotrigine therapeutic and adverse effects if Valproic acid is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Lorazepam Valproic acid may increase the serum concentration of Lorazepam by reducing Lorazepam metabolism. The Lorazepam dose should be reduced by 50% during concomitant therapy. Monitor for increased Lorazepam effects and toxicity.
Nimodipine Valproic acid increases the effect of nimodipine
Rifampin Rifampin may reduce the serum concentration of Valproic acid by increasing Valproic acid metabolism. Valproic acid dose adjustments may be required during concomitant therapy. Monitor Valproic acid serum concentrations, efficacy and toxicity if Rifampin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Rufinamide Valproic acid may increase the therapeutic/toxic effects of Rufinamide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Rufinamide serum concentrations, therapeutic and adverse effects if Valproic acid is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Decreases clearance of rufinamide and is a selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase thus increasing serum concentrations.
Telithromycin The macrolide antibiotic, Erythromycin, may increase the serum concentratin of Valproic acid. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Valproic acid therapeutic and adverse effects if Telithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tipranavir Tipranavir decreases the concentration of Valproic acid. Monitor Valproid acid efficacy.
Vigabatrin Vigabatrin reduces serum concentrations of valproic acid by 8%.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Do not take with milk.
  • Take with food.
Targets

1. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L- beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P80404 Link_out
Gene: ABAT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Loscher W: Anticonvulsant and biochemical effects of inhibitors of GABA aminotransferase and valproic acid during subchronic treatment in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Mar 1;31(5):837-42. Pubmed
  4. Ha JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K: 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1-2):329-33. Pubmed
  5. Semba J, Kuroda Y, Takahashi R: Potential antidepressant properties of subchronic GABA transaminase inhibitors in the forced swimming test in mice. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;21(3):152-6. Pubmed
  6. Rosenberg G: The mechanisms of action of valproate in neuropsychiatric disorders: can we see the forest for the trees? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2090-103. Pubmed

2. Histone deacetylase 9

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Isoform 3, called MITR/HDRP, lacks active site residues and therefore is catalytically inactive. Represses MEF2-dependent transcription by recruiting HDAC1 and/or HDAC3. Seems to inhibit skeletal myogenesis and to be involved in heart development. Protects neurons from apoptosis, both by inhibiting c-Jun phosphorylation by MAPK10 and by repressing c-Jun transcription via HDAC1 recruitment to c-Jun promoter

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UKV0 Link_out
Gene: HDAC9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ylisastigui L, Archin NM, Lehrman G, Bosch RJ, Margolis DM: Coaxing HIV-1 from resting CD4 T cells: histone deacetylase inhibition allows latent viral expression. AIDS. 2004 May 21;18(8):1101-8. Pubmed
  2. Michaelis M, Kohler N, Reinisch A, Eikel D, Gravemann U, Doerr HW, Nau H, Cinatl J Jr: Increased human cytomegalovirus replication in fibroblasts after treatment with therapeutical plasma concentrations of valproic acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 1;68(3):531-8. Pubmed
  3. Kanai H, Sawa A, Chen RW, Leeds P, Chuang DM: Valproic acid inhibits histone deacetylase activity and suppresses excitotoxicity-induced GAPDH nuclear accumulation and apoptotic death in neurons. Pharmacogenomics J. 2004;4(5):336-44. Pubmed
  4. Stockhausen MT, Sjolund J, Manetopoulos C, Axelson H: Effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid on Notch signalling in human neuroblastoma cells. Br J Cancer. 2005 Feb 28;92(4):751-9. Pubmed
  5. Beutler AS, Li S, Nicol R, Walsh MJ: Carbamazepine is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Life Sci. 2005 May 13;76(26):3107-15. Pubmed
  6. Rosenberg G: The mechanisms of action of valproate in neuropsychiatric disorders: can we see the forest for the trees? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2090-103. Pubmed
  7. Kawano T, Akiyama M, Agawa-Ohta M, Mikami-Terao Y, Iwase S, Yanagisawa T, Ida H, Agata N, Yamada H: Histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and depsipeptide sensitize retinoblastoma cells to radiotherapy by increasing H2AX phosphorylation and p53 acetylation-phosphorylation. Int J Oncol. 2010 Oct;37(4):787-95. Pubmed

3. Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Has greatest activity toward short branched chain acyl- CoA derivative such as (s)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, and 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA as well as toward short straight chain acyl-CoAs such as butyryl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA. Can use valproyl- CoA as substrate and may play a role in controlling the metabolic flux of valproic acid in the development of toxicity of this agent

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P45954 Link_out
Gene: ACADSB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ito M, Ikeda Y, Arnez JG, Finocchiaro G, Tanaka K: The enzymatic basis for the metabolism and inhibitory effects of valproic acid: dehydrogenation of valproyl-CoA by 2-methyl-branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 May 16;1034(2):213-8. Pubmed
  2. Bazinet RP, Weis MT, Rapoport SI, Rosenberger TA: Valproic acid selectively inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid to arachidonoyl-CoA by brain microsomal long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases: relevance to bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Jan;184(1):122-9. Epub 2005 Dec 13. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: substrate

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

5. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols

UniProt ID: O60656 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

6. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1

Actions: substrate

May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells

UniProt ID: P23219 Link_out
Gene: PTGS1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C18

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P33260 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C18 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

11. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sekine T, Watanabe N, Hosoyamada M, Kanai Y, Endou H: Expression cloning and characterization of a novel multispecific organic anion transporter. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 25;272(30):18526-9. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya K, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem. 2002 Oct;83(1):57-66. Pubmed
  2. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed

4. Monocarboxylate transporter 1

Actions: substrate

Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate

UniProt ID: P53985 Link_out
Gene: SLC16A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tamai I, Sai Y, Ono A, Kido Y, Yabuuchi H, Takanaga H, Satoh E, Ogihara T, Amano O, Izeki S, Tsuji A: Immunohistochemical and functional characterization of pH-dependent intestinal absorption of weak organic acids by the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;51(10):1113-21. Pubmed

5. Solute carrier family 22 member 7

Actions: substrate

Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate

UniProt ID: Q9Y694 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Shibusawa A, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Sekine T, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):7-14. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19