Minoxidil

Identification

Summary

Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilating agent used for resistant hypertension that is symptomatic or has caused end organ damage.

Brand Names
Loniten, Minox, Regoxidine, Rogaine
Generic Name
Minoxidil
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00350
Background

A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (vasodilator agents) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in blood pressure.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 209.2483
Monoisotopic: 209.127660127
Chemical Formula
C9H15N5O
Synonyms
  • 2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide
  • 6-Piperidin-1-ylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide
  • Minossidile
  • Minoxidil
  • Minoxidilum
External IDs
  • U-10,858
  • U-10858

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of severe hypertension and in the topical treatment (regrowth) of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilisation of hair loss in patients with androgenic alopecia.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAndrogenic alopecia••••••••••••
Treatment ofSevere, symptomatic hypertension••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Minoxidil is an orally effective direct acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Minoxidil is also used topically to treat androgenetic alopecia. Microcirculatory blood flow in animals is enhanced or maintained in all systemic vascular beds. In man, forearm and renal vascular resistance decline; forearm blood flow increases while renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are preserved. The predominant site of minoxidil action is arterial. Venodilation does not occur with minoxidil; thus, postural hypotension is unusual with its administration. The antihypertensive activity of minoxidil is due to its sulphate metabolite, minoxidil sulfate.

Mechanism of action

Minoxidil is thought to promote the survival of human dermal papillary cells (DPCs) or hair cells by activating both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt and by preventing cell death by increasing the ratio of BCl-2/Bax. Minoxidil may stimulate the growth of human hairs by prolonging anagen through these proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs. Minoxidil, when used as a vasodilator, acts by opening adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. This vasodilation may also improve the viability of hair cells or hair follicles.

TargetActionsOrganism
AATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
inducer
Humans
UReninNot AvailableHumans
UProstaglandin G/H synthase 1
inducer
Humans
Absorption

Minoxidil is at least 90% absorbed from the GI tract in experimental animals and man.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Minoxidil does not bind to plasma proteins.

Metabolism

Approximately 90% of the administered drug is metabolized, predominantly by conjugation with glucuronic acid at the N-oxide position in the pyrimidine ring, but also by conversion to more polar products. Known metabolites exert much less pharmacologic effect than minoxidil itself.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

4.2 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Oral LD50 in rats has ranged from 1321-3492 mg/kg; in mice, 2456-2648 mg/kg. Side effects include cardiovascular effects associated with hypotension such as sudden weight gain, rapid heart beat, faintness or dizziness.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Minoxidil is combined with Abaloparatide.
AcebutololMinoxidil may increase the hypotensive activities of Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe therapeutic efficacy of Minoxidil can be decreased when used in combination with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe therapeutic efficacy of Minoxidil can be decreased when used in combination with Acemetacin.
Acetylsalicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Minoxidil sulfateHM46T3593Q210357-39-4AGMYAAIWWVATKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Alostil (McNeil) / Apo-Gain (Apotex) / Avogain / Lipogaine / Lonolox (Pfizer) / Minodyl / Minoximen (Menarini) / Mintop (Dr. Reddy's) / Normoxidil / Regaine (McNeil) / Rogaine (Johnson & Johnson) / Theroxidil (Ei) / Tricoxidil / Vanarex
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
LonitenTablet10 mg/1OralPharmacia & Upjohn Inc1979-11-012005-06-30US flag
LonitenTablet2.5 mg/1OralPharmacia & Upjohn Inc1979-11-012005-10-31US flag
Loniten 10mgTablet10 mgOralPfizer Canada Ulc1980-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Loniten 2.5mgTablet2.5 mgOralPfizer Canada Ulc1980-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MinoxidilTablet10 mg/1OralCarilion Materials Management2009-10-26Not applicableUS flag
MinoxidilTablet2.5 mg/1OralPreferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.2022-10-13Not applicableUS flag
MinoxidilTablet2.5 mg/1OralAvKARE2013-08-01Not applicableUS flag
MinoxidilTablet2.5 mg/1OralCardinal Health2007-07-302016-10-31US flag
MinoxidilTablet2.5 mg/1OralREMEDYREPACK INC.2022-05-15Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
2% Minoxidil hair growth oilLiquid2 g/100mLTopicalEUbizrival LLC2023-11-02Not applicableUS flag
2% Minoxidil Hair regrowth serumSpray2 g/100mLTopicalgood manager holdings inc.2023-03-01Not applicableUS flag
5% MinoxidilOil5 g/100mLTopicalShenzhen Lancity Information Technology Co., Ltd2023-12-22Not applicableUS flag
5% Minoxidil Beard Growth SerumLiquid5 g/100mLTopicalShenzhen Huiyuan Trading Co., Ltd.2024-03-13Not applicableUS flag
5% Minoxidil FoamSpray, suspension5 g/100gTopicalConsilii LLC2023-10-08Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Bakumokon 5% MinoxidilMinoxidil (5 mg/100mg) + Dutasteride (0.1 mg/100mg) + Oxytocin (0.01 mg/100mg)LiquidTopicalDS LABORATORIES, INC.2015-02-092017-10-19US flag
Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil SulfateMinoxidil sulfate (7 mg/100mg) + Dutasteride (0.1 mg/100mg) + Oxytocin (0.01 mg/100mg)LiquidTopicalDS LABORATORIES, INC.2015-02-092017-10-11US flag
FOLISTER HAIR LOTIONMinoxidil (5 g) + Tretinoin (0.025 g)SolutionTopicalPROCAPS S.A.2006-11-10Not applicableColombia flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
5% Minoxidil Hair growth foamMinoxidil (5 mg/100mL)Aerosol, foamTopicalgood manager holdings inc.2023-03-02Not applicableUS flag
5% Minoxidil Topical serumMinoxidil (5 g/100mL)LiquidTopicalShenzhen Xiaomai Manufacturing Co., Ltd.2024-01-29Not applicableUS flag
5% Minoxidil Topical SolutionMinoxidil (5 g/100mL)SolutionTopicalFlpharmaceuticals LLC2022-01-19Not applicableUS flag
5% Minoxidil Topical SolutionMinoxidil (5 g/100mL)SolutionTopicalGabar Health Sciences Corp.2022-10-10Not applicableUS flag
AIJIEYO 5% MinoxidiL Hair Growth SolutionMinoxidil (5 g/100mL)LiquidTopicalShenzhen Yikai Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.2023-12-04Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
D11AX01 — MinoxidilC02DC01 — Minoxidil
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylarylamines. These are aliphatic aromatic amines in which the amino group is linked to two aliphatic chains and one aromatic group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic nitrogen compounds
Class
Organonitrogen compounds
Sub Class
Amines
Direct Parent
Dialkylarylamines
Alternative Parents
Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Piperidines / Imidolactams / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary amines / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Dialkylarylamine / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imidolactam / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organoheterocyclic compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
piperidines, aminopyrimidine, pyrimidine N-oxide (CHEBI:6942)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
5965120SH1
CAS number
38304-91-5
InChI Key
ZFMITUMMTDLWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H15N5O/c10-7-6-8(12-9(11)14(7)15)13-4-2-1-3-5-13/h6H,1-5,10H2,(H2,11,12)
IUPAC Name
2,6-diamino-4-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-1-ium-1-olate
SMILES
NC1=CC(=NC(N)=[N+]1[O-])N1CCCCC1

References

Synthesis Reference

Paul S. Uster, Yolanda P. Quinn, "Non-crystalline minoxidil composition, its production and application." U.S. Patent US4828837, issued March, 1985.

US4828837
General References
  1. Olsen EA, Whiting D, Bergfeld W, Miller J, Hordinsky M, Wanser R, Zhang P, Kohut B: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Nov;57(5):767-74. Epub 2007 Aug 29. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014494
KEGG Drug
D00418
PubChem Compound
4201
PubChem Substance
46508344
ChemSpider
10438564
BindingDB
50237593
RxNav
6984
ChEBI
6942
ChEMBL
CHEMBL802
ZINC
ZINC000000001735
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000143
PharmGKB
PA450521
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
MXD
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Minoxidil
PDB Entries
3b6h / 4k7a
FDA label
Download (145 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4Active Not RecruitingTreatmentAndrogenetic Alopecia (AGA)1
4CompletedSupportive CareVocal Cord Paralysis1
4CompletedTreatmentAlopecia Areata (AA)1
4CompletedTreatmentBeard Enhancement1
4CompletedTreatmentEyebrow Hypotrichosis / Thinning Eyebrows1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Johnson and johnson group consumer companies
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Bausch and lomb pharmaceuticals inc
  • Copley pharmaceutical inc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Novex pharma
  • Perrigo co
  • Sight pharmaceuticals inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
  • Avacor products llc
  • L perrigo co
  • Perrigo new york inc
  • Harmony laboratories
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
  • Quantum pharmics ltd
  • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Royce laboratories inc
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
  • Dept Health Central Pharmacy
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Johnson & Johnson Healthcare
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Par Pharmaceuticals
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Perrigo Co.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmacia Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Remedy Repack
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Vangard Labs Inc.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
OilTopical5 g/100mL
Spray, suspensionTopical5 g/100g
Aerosol, foamTopical5 mg/100mL
SprayTopical5 mg/100mL
SolutionTopical2.00 g
SprayTopical
SolutionTopical
SprayTopical5 %
SolutionTopical5.000 g
Aerosol, foamTopical
Aerosol, foamTopical20 mg/g
Aerosol, foamTopical50 mg/g
SolutionTopical20 mg/g
SolutionTopical50 mg/g
AerosolTopical5.000 g
SolutionTopical5 %w/v
Solution / dropsTopical2 g/100mL
Solution / dropsTopical5 g/100mL
LiquidTopical
SolutionTopical0.05 mg/1mL
SprayTopical2 %
LiquidTopical5 g/100mL
SprayCutaneous
SolutionTopical5.0000 g
GelTopical5 g/100g
GelTopical5 mg/100mL
AerosolTopical5 g
AerosolTopical500000 g
LiquidTopical5 g/100g
LiquidTopical2 g/100g
SolutionCutaneous5.000 g
SolutionCutaneous5.00 g
SolutionCutaneous2 g
LiquidTopical2 %
SprayTopical5 g/100g
LotionTopical2 % w/v
LotionTopical5 % w/v
SolutionTopical20 mg / mL
OilTopical0.05 g/1mL
SolutionTopical3 g/60mL
LiquidTopical20 mg/1mL
SprayTopical2 g/100mL
LiquidTopical0.05 g/1mL
TabletOral2.5 mg
TabletOral
LotionTopical2 g
LiquidTopical5 % w/v
Aerosol, foamTopical5 %
LiquidTopical50 mg/1mL
SolutionTopical50 mg/1mL
Kit; solutionTopical50 mg/1mL
Aerosol, foamTopical50 mg/1g
LotionTopical
Aerosol, foamTopical2 %
Aerosol, foamTopical50 mg/1mL
PowderNot applicable1 g/1g
SolutionTopical2 g/100mL
TabletOral10 mg/1
TabletOral2.5 mg/1
SolutionTopical2 g
SolutionTopical5000 mg
SolutionTopical
SolutionTopical5 g
LotionTopical3 % w/v
SolutionTopical20 g/1mL
SolutionTopical50 mg/ml
SolutionTopical2 %
Kit; solutionTopical5 g/100mL
KitTopical2 g/100mL
SolutionTopical5 g/100mL
SolutionTopical0.05 g/1mL
LiquidTopical2 g/100mL
CreamTopical2 g
GelTopical5 g
GelTopical2 g
ShampooTopical1.5 g/100mL
AerosolCutaneous5.000 g
SprayTopical50 mg/ml
Aerosol, foamTopical50 mg/50mg
LiquidTopical50 mg/50mg
Aerosol, foam
GelTopical
Aerosol, foamCutaneous
SolutionTopical5 %
SolutionTopical20 mg/ml
LiquidTopical5 mg/1mL
LotionTopical5 %
LotionTopical3 %
LotionTopical5 g
LotionTopical20 mg/ml
LotionTopical50 mg/ml
GelExtracorporeal5 g/100mL
SolutionTopical5 mg/100mL
SolutionTopical2 mg/100mL
Aerosol, foamTopical5 g/100g
SolutionTopical0.02 g/1mL
CreamTopical5 g/100g
SprayTopical5 g/100mL
SolutionTopical20 mg/1mL
SolutionTopical2 g/100g
SolutionTopical5 g/100g
SolutionTopical2 % w/v
Aerosol, foamTopical5 % w/w
Kit; liquidTopical20 mg/1mL
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Rogaine ex-str starter kit28.32USD kit
Minoxidil powder2.07USD g
Loniten 10 mg Tablet1.52USD tablet
Minoxidil 10 mg tablet1.32USD tablet
Minoxidil 2.5 mg tablet0.7USD tablet
Loniten 2.5 mg Tablet0.39USD tablet
Rogaine 5 % foam0.27USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6946120No2005-09-202019-04-20US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)248 °CPhysProp
water solubility2200 mg/LMERCK INDEX (1996)
logP1.24HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa4.61MERCK INDEX (2001)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility19.9 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.24ALOGPS
logP0.00079Chemaxon
logS-1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)17.62Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)1.69Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area95.11 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity60.42 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability21.97 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9945
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9496
Caco-2 permeable+0.7214
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.596
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8959
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8453
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.5721
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8761
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6099
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.907
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.923
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.6999
Ames testAMES toxic0.5253
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9006
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9616
Rat acute toxicity2.2308 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Strong inhibitor0.678
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.7016
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-053u-4910000000-81354ee039c26b1c7d74
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0002-6953000000-742e0f214f512eecd184
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-9432000000-6fff92eb2f75daf5b772
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-2960000000-6ce9f8facf6478d7f7ea
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-674539ce0a58d8d1138e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a59-9680000000-8c6bee8b5f24585d8926
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-9610000000-44aa7ff70200e0521eef
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4j-9100000000-77920bdc992ad8a2f9bd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-03dl-9000000000-4d4c7019be9b77462d2e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-86dd850029e96dce7cb4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03dl-0950000000-f76a21fbbfffb939b270
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-1900000000-9609dde96093ce0602dc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-3900000000-f5138ae7a1ba6d04c54a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01q9-9800000000-1a8a598ebb2e2427f97f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0920000000-226902b0b5e18eaca083
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-2960000000-6ce9f8facf6478d7f7ea
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-153.650814
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-153.514614
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-146.2263
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+153.313614
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+153.241514
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+148.6219
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+153.791214
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+154.53441
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
Specific Function
In the kidney, probably plays a major role in potassium homeostasis. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than...
Gene Name
KCNJ1
Uniprot ID
P48048
Uniprot Name
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
Molecular Weight
44794.6 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Kirsten R, Nelson K, Kirsten D, Heintz B: Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part I. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998 Jun;34(6):457-82. [Article]
  4. Evans JM, Allan AK, Davies SA, Dow JA: Sulphonylurea sensitivity and enriched expression implicate inward rectifier K+ channels in Drosophila melanogaster renal function. J Exp Biol. 2005 Oct;208(Pt 19):3771-83. [Article]
  5. Loffler-Walz C, Quast U: Binding of K(ATP) channel modulators in rat cardiac membranes. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;123(7):1395-402. [Article]
  6. Bray KM, Quast U: A specific binding site for K+ channel openers in rat aorta. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11689-92. [Article]
  7. Black KL, Yin D, Konda BM, Wang X, Hu J, Ko MK, Bayan JA, Sacapano MR, Espinoza AJ, Ong JM, Irvin D, Shu Y: Different effects of KCa and KATP agonists on brain tumor permeability between syngeneic and allogeneic rat models. Brain Res. 2008 Aug 28;1227:198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.046. Epub 2008 Jun 21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Receptor binding
Specific Function
Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of b...
Gene Name
REN
Uniprot ID
P00797
Uniprot Name
Renin
Molecular Weight
45057.125 Da
References
  1. Werning C: The effect of minoxidil on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with essential and renal hypertension. Klin Wochenschr. 1976 Aug 1;54(15):727-34. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gas...
Gene Name
PTGS1
Uniprot ID
P23219
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
Molecular Weight
68685.82 Da
References
  1. Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Zanic-Matanic D: Minoxidil and male-pattern alopecia: a potential role for a local regulator of sebum secretion with vasoconstrictive effects? Med Hypotheses. 1999 Nov;53(5):402-6. [Article]
  2. Gaffar A, Scherl D, Afflitto J, Coleman EJ: The effect of triclosan on mediators of gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol. 1995 Jun;22(6):480-4. [Article]
  3. Michelet JF, Commo S, Billoni N, Mahe YF, Bernard BA: Activation of cytoprotective prostaglandin synthase-1 by minoxidil as a possible explanation for its hair growth-stimulating effect. J Invest Dermatol. 1997 Feb;108(2):205-9. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
Gene Name
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID
P22309
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Molecular Weight
59590.91 Da
References
  1. Uchaipichat V, Mackenzie PI, Guo XH, Gardner-Stephen D, Galetin A, Houston JB, Miners JO: Human udp-glucuronosyltransferases: isoform selectivity and kinetics of 4-methylumbelliferone and 1-naphthol glucuronidation, effects of organic solvents, and inhibition by diclofenac and probenecid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Apr;32(4):413-23. doi: 10.1124/dmd.32.4.413. [Article]
  2. Canadian DPD Label - LONITEN (minoxidil) [File]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48