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Identification
Name Testosterone
Accession Number DB00624 (APRD00433)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone found in both men and women. In men, testosterone is produced primarily by the Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testes when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). It functions to stimulate spermatogenesis, promote physical and functional maturation of spermatozoa, maintain accessory organs of the male reproductive tract, support development of secondary sexual characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body and influence brain development by stimulating sexual behaviors and sexual drive. In women, testosterone is produced by the ovaries (25%), adrenals (25%) and via peripheral conversion from androstenedione (50%). Testerone in women functions to maintain libido and general wellbeing. Testosterone exerts a negative feedback mechanism on pituitary release of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Testosterone may be further converted to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol depending on the tissue.

Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
TES
Testosteron
Testosterona [INN-Spanish]
Testosterone Cypionate
Testosterone Enanthate
Testosterone Hydrate
Testosteronum [INN-Latin]
Testostosterone
Trans-Testosterone
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Andriol
Androderm
Androgel
Androlin
Andronaq
Andronate 100
Andronate 200
Andropatch
Andropository 200
Androsorb
Andrusol
Andryl 200
Bio-T-Gel BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.
Cristerona T
Cristerone T
Everone 200
Libigel
Malerone
Malestrone
Mertestate
Metandren
Methyltestosterone
Neo-Hombreol F
Neo-Testis
Neotestis
Oreton
Oreton F
Oreton Methyl
Oreton-F
Orquisteron
Perandren
Percutacrine Androgenique
Primotest
Primoteston
Relibra
Striant
Sustanon
Sustanone
Synandrol F
T-Cypionate
Teslen
Testamone 100
Testandrone
Testaqua
Testiculosterone
Testim
Testobase
Testoderm
Testoderm Tts
Testogel
Testoject-50
Testolin
Testopel Pellets
Testopropon
Testosteroid
Testoviron
Testoviron Schering
Testoviron T
Testrin-P.A
Testro AQ
Testrone
Testryl
Virormone
Virosterone
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Anadiol Inj Liq Estradiol Benzoate + Estradiol Enanthate + Testosterone Enanthate
Climacteron Estradiol Benzoate + Estradiol Dienanthate + Testosterone Enanthate Benzilic Acid Hydrazone
Component E-H Implants Estradiol Benzoate + Testosterone Propionate
Component E-H Implants with Tylan Estradiol Benzoate + Testosterone Propionate + Tylosin Tartrate
Neo Pause Injection Estradiol Valerate + Testosterone Enanthate
Synovex H Heifer Implants) (Estradiol Benzoate + Testosterone Propionate
Uni-Bol Estradiol Benzoate + Estradiol Enanthate + Testosterone Enanthate
Categories
  • Androgens
CAS number 58-22-0
Weight Average: 288.4244
Monoisotopic: 288.20893014
Chemical Formula C19H28O2
InChI Key InChIKey=MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (13.5 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
Substructures
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Cyclohexenes and Derivatives
  • Ketones
Pharmacology
Indication To be used as hormone replacement or substitution of diminished or absent endogenous testosterone. Use in males: For management of congenital or acquired hypogonadism, hypogonadism associated with HIV infection, and male climacteric (andopause). Use in females: For palliative treatment of androgen-responsive, advanced, inoperable, metastatis (skeletal) carcinoma of the breast in women who are 1-5 years postmenopausal; testosterone esters may be used in combination with estrogens in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause in women who do not respond to adequately to estrogen therapy alone.
Pharmacodynamics Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone is primarily secreted from the testes of males. In females, it is produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands and by conversion of adrostenedione in the periphery. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In both males and females, it plays key roles in health and well-being. Examples include enhanced libido, energy, immune function, and protection against osteoporosis. On average, the adult male body produces about twenty times the amount of testosterone than an adult female's body does.
Mechanism of action The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects.
Absorption Approximately 10% of the testosterone dose applied on the skin surface is absorbed into systemic circulation
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 40% of testosterone in plasma is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin and 2% remains unbound and the rest is bound to albumin and other proteins.
Metabolism
Testosterone is metabolized to 17-keto steroids through two different pathways. The major active metabolites are estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Important The metabolism module of DrugBank is currently in beta. Questions or suggestions? Please contact us.

Substrate Enzymes Product
Testosterone
6-beta-hydroxytestosterone Details
Testosterone
    Estradiol Details
    Testosterone
      Testosterone sulfate Details
      Testosterone
        Dihydrotestosterone Details
        Testosterone
          Testosterone glucuronide Details
          Testosterone
            5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Details
            Testosterone
              5a-Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Details
              Testosterone
                17-Hydroxyandrostane-3-glucuronide Details
                Route of elimination About 90% of a dose of testosterone given intramuscularly is excreted in the urine as glucuronic and sulfuric acid conjugates of testosterone and its metabolites; about 6% of a dose is excreted in the feces, mostly in the unconjugated form.
                Half life 10-100 minutes
                Clearance Not Available
                Toxicity Side effects include amnesia, anxiety, discolored hair, dizziness, dry skin, hirsutism, hostility, impaired urination, paresthesia, penis disorder, peripheral edema, sweating, and vasodilation.
                Affected organisms
                • Humans and other mammals
                Pathways Not Available
                Pharmacoeconomics
                Manufacturers
                • Heather drug co inc
                • Valeant pharmaceuticals international
                • Schering corp sub schering plough corp
                • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
                • Impax laboratories inc
                • Eli lilly and co
                • Purepac pharmaceutical co
                • Private formulations inc
                • Tablicaps inc
                • Usl pharma inc
                • Inwood laboratories inc sub forest laboratories inc
                • Kv pharmaceutical co
                • Lannett co inc
                • Parke davis div warner lambert co
                • Watson laboratories inc
                • West ward pharmaceutical corp
                • Alza corp
                • Unimed pharmaceuticals inc
                • Auxilium pharmaceuticals
                • Par pharmaceutical
                • Watson laboratories
                • Slate pharmaceuticals inc
                • Columbia laboratories inc
                • Pharmacia and upjohn co
                • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
                • Paddock laboratories inc
                • Sandoz canada inc
                • Synerx pharma llc
                • Endo pharmaceutical solutions inc
                • Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
                Packagers
                Dosage forms
                Form Route Strength
                Capsule Oral
                Gel Topical
                Liquid Intramuscular
                Patch Transdermal
                Solution Intramuscular
                Solution Intramuscular
                Prices
                Unit description Cost Unit
                AndroGel Pump 1% Gel (1 Box Contains Two 75 gm Bottles) 290.63 USD box
                Androderm 60 2.5 mg/24hr Patches 1 Box = 60 Patches 278.56 USD box
                Androderm 30 5 mg/24hr Patches 1 Box = 30 Patches 277.53 USD box
                AndroGel (each Box Contains Thirty - 50 mg/5 gm Packets) 150 gm Box 274.58 USD box
                AndroGel (each Box Contains Thirty - 25 mg/2.5 gm Packets) 75 gm Box 270.61 USD box
                Delatestryl 200 mg/ml Oil 5ml Vial 93.98 USD vial
                Testosterone Cypionate 200 mg/ml Oil 10ml Vial 88.99 USD vial
                Testosterone Cypionate 100 mg/ml Oil 10ml Vial 57.99 USD vial
                Depo-Testosterone 200 mg/ml Oil 1ml Vial 34.99 USD vial
                Testosterone cypionate powd 32.74 USD g
                Testosterone Cypionate 200 mg/ml Oil 1ml Vial 28.99 USD vial
                Depo-testosterone 200 mg/ml 28.63 USD ml
                Testopel 75 mg pellets 27.5 USD pellet
                Testosterone cyp 200 mg/ml 23.18 USD ml
                Delatestryl 200 mg/ml vial 19.86 USD ml
                Testred 10 mg capsule 17.6 USD capsule
                Testosterone enan 200 mg/ml 16.99 USD ml
                Testosterone Enanthate 200 mg/ml Oil 16.66 USD ml
                Depo-Testosterone 200 mg/ml Oil 13.23 USD ml
                Android 10 mg capsule 11.91 USD capsule
                Delatestryl 200 mg/ml 10.75 USD ml
                Testim 1% Gel 5 gm Tube 10.08 USD tube
                Androderm 5 mg/24hr patch 10.06 USD patch
                Methyltestosterone powder 8.54 USD g
                Depo-Testosterone 100 mg/ml Oil 7.87 USD ml
                Depo-testosterone 100 mg/ml vial 7.67 USD ml
                Testosterone powder 6.25 USD g
                Testosterone propionate powder 6.25 USD g
                Testosterone cyp 100 mg/ml 5.91 USD ml
                Androderm 2.5 mg/24hr patch 5.03 USD patch
                Methitest 10 mg tablet 4.84 USD tablet
                Striant 30 mg Miscellaneous 4.32 USD ea
                Striant 30 mg mucoadhesive 4.31 USD each
                Depo-Testosterone Cypionate 100 mg/ml 2.98 USD ml
                Testim 1%(50 mg) gel 2.47 USD g
                Testosterone Cypionate 100 mg/ml 2.23 USD ml
                Androgel 1% gel pump 1.92 USD g
                First-testosterone mc 2% cr 0.91 USD g
                First 2% testosterone oint 0.88 USD g
                First-Testosterone 2% Ointment 0.86 USD gm
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                DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
                Patents
                Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
                United States 7320968 2005-01-18 2025-01-18
                United States 5152997 1993-12-11 2010-12-11
                Canada 2366856 2006-05-16 2020-03-27
                Canada 1332570 1994-10-18 2011-10-18
                Properties
                State solid
                Experimental Properties
                Property Value Source
                melting point 155 °C PhysProp
                water solubility 23.4 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & HE,Y (2003)
                logP 3.32 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
                Caco2 permeability -4.34 ADME Research, USCD
                Predicted Properties
                Property Value Source
                water solubility 3.33e-02 g/l ALOGPS
                logP 2.99 ALOGPS
                logP 3.37 ChemAxon
                logS -3.9 ALOGPS
                pKa (strongest acidic) 19.09 ChemAxon
                pKa (strongest basic) -0.88 ChemAxon
                physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
                hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
                hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
                polar surface area 37.3 ChemAxon
                rotatable bond count 0 ChemAxon
                refractivity 84.43 ChemAxon
                polarizability 34.02 ChemAxon
                References
                Synthesis Reference Not Available
                General Reference
                1. Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ: A brief history of testosterone. J Urol. 2001 Feb;165(2):371-3. Pubmed
                2. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE: The history of synthetic testosterone. Sci Am. 1995 Feb;272(2):76-81. Pubmed
                3. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. World Health Organization Task Force on methods for the regulation of male fertility. Lancet. 1990 Oct 20;336(8721):955-9. Pubmed
                External Links
                Resource Link
                KEGG Drug D00075 Link_out
                KEGG Compound C00535 Link_out
                PubChem Compound 6013 Link_out
                PubChem Substance 46505691 Link_out
                ChemSpider 5791 Link_out
                ChEBI 17347 Link_out
                ChEMBL 17347 Link_out
                Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000841 Link_out
                PharmGKB PA451627 Link_out
                IUPHAR 2858 Link_out
                Guide to Pharmacology 2858 Link_out
                HET DHT Link_out
                Drug Product Database 2246063 Link_out
                RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/androgel.htm Link_out
                PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/tes1438.shtml Link_out
                Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone Link_out
                ATC Codes
                • G03BA02
                • G03BA03
                • G03EK01
                AHFS Codes
                • 68:08.00
                PDB Entries Not Available
                FDA label show (738 KB)
                MSDS show (49.6 KB)
                Interactions
                Drug Interactions
                Drug Interaction
                Acenocoumarol The androgen, Testosterone, may incrase the anticoagulant effect of the Vitamin K antagonist, Acenocoumarol. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic effect of Acenocoumarol if Testosterone is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
                Anisindione The androgen may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
                Cyclosporine The androgen, Testosterone, may increase the hepatotoxicity of Cyclosporine. Testosterone may also elevate serum concentrations of Cyclosporine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for signs of renal and hepatic toxicity.
                Dicumarol The androgen may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
                Docetaxel Testosterone may increase the serum levels and toxicity of docetaxel.
                Warfarin Testosterone may increase the serum concentration and anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Monitor for changes in prothrombin time and therapeutic effects of warfarin if testosterone is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
                Food Interactions Not Available
                Targets

                1. Androgen receptor

                Pharmacological action: yes
                Actions: agonist

                The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3

                Organism class: human
                UniProt ID: P10275 Link_out
                Gene: AR Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Small EJ, Ryan CJ: The case for secondary hormonal therapies in the chemotherapy age. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 2):S66-71. Pubmed
                2. Omwancha J, Brown TR: Selective androgen receptor modulators: in pursuit of tissue-selective androgens. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Oct;7(10):873-81. Pubmed
                3. Petraki CD, Sfikas CP: Histopathological changes induced by therapies in the benign prostate and prostate adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol. 2007 Jan;22(1):107-18. Pubmed
                4. Maudsley S, Davidson L, Pawson AJ, Freestone SH, Lopez de Maturana R, Thomson AA, Millar RP: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone functionally antagonizes testosterone activation of the human androgen receptor in prostate cells through focal adhesion complexes involving Hic-5. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(5):285-300. Epub 2007 Jan 4. Pubmed
                5. Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Crabbe P, Kaufman JM, Ruige JB: Is the effect of testosterone on body composition modulated by the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in elderly men? Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Mar;156(3):395-401. Pubmed
                6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

                Enzymes

                1. Cytochrome P450 3A5

                Actions: substrate

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

                UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
                Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
                2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                2. Cytochrome P450 19A1

                Actions: substrate

                Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens

                UniProt ID: P11511 Link_out
                Gene: CYP19A1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                3. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial

                Actions: inhibitor

                Catalyzes the side-chain cleavage reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone

                UniProt ID: P05108 Link_out
                Gene: CYP11A1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Kostic TS, Stojkov NJ, Bjelic MM, Mihajlovic AI, Janjic MM, Andric SA: Pharmacological doses of testosterone upregulated androgen receptor and 3-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta-5-delta-4 isomerase and impaired leydig cells steroidogenesis in adult rats. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Jun;121(2):397-407. Epub 2011 Apr 6. Pubmed

                4. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A

                Actions: inducer

                Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. MAOA preferentially oxidizes biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine and epinephrine

                UniProt ID: P21397 Link_out
                Gene: MAOA Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Sjoberg RL, Ducci F, Barr CS, Newman TK, Dell’osso L, Virkkunen M, Goldman D: A non-additive interaction of a functional MAO-A VNTR and testosterone predicts antisocial behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Jan;33(2):425-30. Epub 2007 Apr 11. Pubmed
                2. Hoff KM: Interaction of testosterone with monoamineoxidase in mouse brain maturation. Gen Pharmacol. 1977;8(1):55-7. Pubmed

                5. Cytochrome P450 3A7

                Actions: substrate

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

                UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
                Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
                2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                6. Cytochrome P450 3A4

                Actions: substrate, inhibitor, inducer

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

                UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
                Gene: CYP3A4
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
                2. © Tianyi Zhang, Yongxin Zhu, and Chandrani Gunaratna. Simultaneous Determination of Metabolites from Multiple Cytochrome P450 Probe Substrates by Gradient Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection. Source
                3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
                4. Zhang T, Zhu Y, Gunaratna C: Rapid and quantitative determination of metabolites from multiple cytochrome P450 probe substrates by gradient liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Nov 25;780(2):371-9. Pubmed

                7. Cytochrome P450 1A1

                Actions: substrate

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

                UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
                Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                8. Cytochrome P450 1B1

                Actions: substrate

                Participates in the metabolism of an as-yet-unknown biologically active molecule that is a participant in eye development

                UniProt ID: Q16678 Link_out
                Gene: CYP1B1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                9. Cytochrome P450 2A13

                Actions: substrate

                Exhibits a coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Active in the metabolic activation of hexamethylphosphoramide, N,N- dimethylaniline, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, N- nitrosomethylphenylamine, and the tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

                UniProt ID: Q16696 Link_out
                Gene: CYP2A13 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                10. Cytochrome P450 2B6

                Actions: substrate, inducer

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

                UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
                Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                11. Cytochrome P450 2C19

                Actions: substrate

                Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

                UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
                Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                12. Cytochrome P450 2C8

                Actions: substrate

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

                UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
                Gene: CYP2C8
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                13. Cytochrome P450 2C9

                Actions: substrate

                Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

                UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
                Gene: CYP2C9
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                14. Cytochrome P450 3A43

                Actions: substrate

                Exhibits low testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activity

                UniProt ID: Q9HB55 Link_out
                Gene: CYP3A43 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

                Transporters

                1. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

                Actions: inhibitor, inducer

                Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity)

                UniProt ID: P46721 Link_out
                Gene: SLCO1A2 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Lu R, Kanai N, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Schuster VL: Regulation of renal oatp mRNA expression by testosterone. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F332-7. Pubmed
                2. Kanai N, Lu R, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Vore M, Schuster VL: Estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide is a high-affinity substrate for oatp organic anion transporter. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F326-31. Pubmed
                3. Bossuyt X, Muller M, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ: Polyspecific drug and steroid clearance by an organic anion transporter of mammalian liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):891-6. Pubmed

                2. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

                Actions: inducer

                Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

                UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
                Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa N, Ohshiro N, Sekine T, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Differential gene expression of organic anion transporters in male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jan 11;290(1):482-7. Pubmed

                3. Solute carrier family 22 member 7

                Actions: inducer

                Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate

                UniProt ID: Q9Y694 Link_out
                Gene: SLC22A7 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa N, Ohshiro N, Sekine T, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Differential gene expression of organic anion transporters in male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jan 11;290(1):482-7. Pubmed

                4. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

                Actions: inhibitor

                Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

                UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
                Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Wu X, Kekuda R, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Identity of the organic cation transporter OCT3 as the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake2) and evidence for the expression of the transporter in the brain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32776-86. Pubmed

                5. Multidrug resistance protein 1

                Actions: inhibitor

                Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

                UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
                Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Katoh M, Nakajima M, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of CYP3A4 substrates and their metabolites on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 Feb;12(4):505-13. Pubmed
                2. Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS: Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):620-8. Pubmed

                6. Sodium/bile acid cotransporter

                Actions: inhibitor

                The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presence of sodium

                UniProt ID: Q14973 Link_out
                Gene: SLC10A1 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Schroeder A, Eckhardt U, Stieger B, Tynes R, Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Substrate specificity of the rat liver Na(+)-bile salt cotransporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in CHO cells. Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2 Pt 1):G370-5. Pubmed

                7. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

                Actions: substrate

                Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

                UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
                Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Tzvetkov MV, Vormfelde SV, Balen D, Meineke I, Schmidt T, Sehrt D, Sabolic I, Koepsell H, Brockmoller J: The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;86(3):299-306. Epub 2009 Jun 17. Pubmed

                8. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

                Actions: substrate

                Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

                UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
                Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Tzvetkov MV, Vormfelde SV, Balen D, Meineke I, Schmidt T, Sehrt D, Sabolic I, Koepsell H, Brockmoller J: The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;86(3):299-306. Epub 2009 Jun 17. Pubmed

                9. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

                Actions: substrate

                Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123

                UniProt ID: Q9UNQ0 Link_out
                Gene: ABCG2 Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Janvilisri T, Venter H, Shahi S, Reuter G, Balakrishnan L, van Veen HW: Sterol transport by the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) expressed in Lactococcus lactis. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):20645-51. Epub 2003 Mar 28. Pubmed

                Carriers

                1. Serum albumin

                Actions: other/unknown

                Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

                UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
                Gene: ALB Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Pardridge WM: Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May;15(2):259-78. Pubmed

                2. Sex hormone-binding globulin

                Actions: other/unknown

                Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration

                UniProt ID: P04278 Link_out
                Gene: SHBG Link_out
                Protein Sequence: FASTA
                Gene Sequence: FASTA
                SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

                References:
                1. Pardridge WM: Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May;15(2):259-78. Pubmed

                Comments
                Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19