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Identification
Name Epinephrine
Accession Number DB00668 (APRD00450, EXPT00496)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [PubChem]

Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • ADR Adrenaline
  • Adrenalin
  • Adrenalin Chloride
  • Adrenalina
  • Adrenaline
  • Adrenalinum
  • D-Adrenaline
  • D-Epifrin
  • D-Epinephrine
  • Epinefrin [Czech]
  • Epinefrina [INN-Spanish]
  • Epinephran
  • Epinephrine Bitartrate
  • Epinephrinum [INN-Latin]
  • L-Adrenalin
  • L-Adrenaline
  • L-Adrenaline Base
  • L-Epinephine
  • L-Epinephrine
  • L-Epirenamine
  • Levoadrenaline
  • Levoepinephrine
  • Racepinefrina [inn-spanish]
  • Racepinefrine
  • Racepinefrinum [inn-latin]
  • Racepinephrine
Brand names
  • Adnephrine
  • Adrenal
  • Adrenalin-Medihaler
  • Adrenamine
  • Adrenan
  • Adrenapax
  • Adrenasol
  • Adrenatrate
  • Adrenine
  • Adrenodis
  • Adrenohorma
  • Adrenor
  • Adrenosan
  • Adrenutol
  • Adrin
  • Adrine
  • ADROP
  • Aktamin
  • Ana-Guard
  • Antiasthmatique
  • Asmatane Mist
  • Asthma Meter Mist
  • Asthma-Nefrin
  • Asthmahaler Mist
  • Asthmanefrin
  • Astmahalin
  • Astminhal
  • Balmadren
  • Bernarenin
  • Biorenine
  • Bosmin
  • Brevirenin
  • Bronkaid
  • Bronkaid Mist
  • Bronkaid Suspension Mist
  • Chelafrin
  • Citanest Forte
  • Corisol
  • Drenamist
  • Duranest
  • Dylephrin
  • Epi EZ Pen Jr
  • Epifrin
  • Epiglaufrin
  • Epipen
  • Epipen Auto-Injector
  • Epipen EZ Pen
  • Epipen Jr.
  • Epipen Jr. Auto-Injector
  • Epirenamine
  • Epirenan
  • Epirenin
  • Epitrate
  • Eppy
  • Esphygmogenina
  • Exadrin
  • Glaucon
  • Glaucosan
  • Glauposine
  • Glycirenan
  • Haemostasin
  • Haemostatin
  • Hektalin
  • Hemisine
  • Hemostasin
  • Hemostatin
  • Hypernephrin
  • Hyporenin
  • Intranefrin
  • Iontocaine
  • IOP
  • Isoptoepinal
  • Kidoline
  • Levonor
  • Levorenen
  • Levorenin
  • Levorenine
  • Lidocaton
  • Lyophrin
  • Medihaler-Epi
  • Metanephrin
  • Micronefrin
  • Mucidrina
  • Myosthenine
  • Mytrate
  • Nephridine
  • Nephron
  • Nieraline
  • Nor-Epirenan
  • Norartrinal
  • Paranephrin
  • Primatene Mist
  • Renagladin
  • Renaglandin
  • Renaglandulin
  • Renaleptine
  • Renalina
  • Renoform
  • Renostypricin
  • Renostypticin
  • Renostyptin
  • Scurenaline
  • Septocaine
  • Simplene
  • Sindrenina
  • Soladren
  • Sphygmogenin
  • Stryptirenal
  • Styptirenal
  • Supracapsulin
  • Supradin
  • Supranefran
  • Supranephrane
  • Supranephrine
  • Supranol
  • Suprarenaline
  • Suprarenin
  • Suprel
  • Surenine
  • Surrenine
  • Sus-Phrine
  • Susphrine
  • Sympathin E
  • Sympathin I
  • Takamina
  • Takamine
  • Tokamina
  • Tolansin
  • Tolax
  • Tolcil
  • Tolhart
  • Tonogen
  • Twinject
  • Vaponefrin
  • Vasoconstrictine
  • Vasodrine
  • Vasoton
  • Vasotonin
Brand name mixtures
  • 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:100,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:50,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • 4% Citanest Forte Dental with Epinephrine 1:200,000 (Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate) + Prilocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Ad Plex (Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Milk Thistle + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Sodium Chloride)
  • Ad Tonic (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Chloride)
  • Adaptagen (Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Copper + Elaeis Guineensis + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Ginseng + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Ledum Palustre + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Selenium + Sepia Officinalis L + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous) + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B2)
  • All- I (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Histamine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Pulsatilla + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Phosphate Dibasic)
  • All-Ii (Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Goldenrod + Histamine + Liverwort + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Phosphorus + Potassium Iodide + Pulsatilla + Sulfur)
  • Allforce (Aralia Racemosa + Cantharides + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Onion + Oyster Shells + Phosphorus + Poison Ivy + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous))
  • Alopt (Baptisia Tinctoria + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Garlic + Goldenrod + Histamine + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla + Sulfur)
  • Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Ana-Kit (2mg/Tab Orl, 1mg/Ml Liq Sc Im) (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine)
  • Ana-Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine Hcl)
  • Anakit Insect Sting Treatment Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine)
  • Andropt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Juniper Berries + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Selenium + Sodium Hexafluorosilicate + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitex Agnus Castus)
  • Bac (Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Myrrh + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress)
  • Candopt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Platanus Occidentalis + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride)
  • Chemtox (Barberry Root + Belladonna + Burdock + Cascarilla + Charcoal Activated + Couch Grass + Epinephrine + Glycerine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Pulsatilla + Stillingia + Trifolium Pratense + Xanthoxylum)
  • Crc-Plex (Arnica Montana + Barium Chloride + Calcium Lactate + Charcoal Activated + Cholesterol + Convallaria Majalis + Epinephrine + Iodine + Magnesium Carbonate + Nitroglycerin + Phosphorus + Picric Acid + Potassium Iodide + Strophanthus Hispidus)
  • Cv Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Barberry Root + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Poison Ivy + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide)
  • E-Pilo 1 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo 2 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo 4 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo 6 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo-1 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo-2 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo-4 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • E-Pilo-6 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  • Endangitin (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Ergot + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco + White Hellebore Root)
  • Endoplex F (Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Murex Purpurea + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Sabina + Sepia Officinalis L + Xanthoxylum)
  • Endoplex M (Clematis Erecta + Conium Maculatum + Epinephrine + Ginseng + Juniper Berries + Lycopodium Clavatum + Parsley + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Thuja Occidentalis + Uva Ursi + Vitex Agnus Castus + Xanthoxylum)
  • Ev Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide)
  • F Alleropt (Aethusa Cynapium + Belladonna + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Comfrey + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gentiana Cruciata + Histamine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla)
  • Fml-Tox (Angelicae Sinensis Radix + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Oophorinum + Oyster Shells + Placenta + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur + Zinc)
  • Fng I (Astragalus Menziesii + Condurango + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress)
  • Fng Ii (Astragalus Menziesii + Candida Parapsilosis + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Silver + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress)
  • Gingibraid W Alum Pot Sulf and Epin 0e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 1e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 2e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 3e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 1 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 3 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gingicord W/Epineph and Alum Size 2 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Gynopt (Angelica + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Nitric Acid + Placenta + Potassium Acetate + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur)
  • Immplex (Astragalus Menziesii + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Myrrh + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress)
  • Lido-2 Liq (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine 2% Sterile Injectable Solution (Epinephrine Racemic + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.Usp2% 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Inj 2% (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lignospan Forte (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lignospan Speciale Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lignospan Standard (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Marcaine E 0.25% Liq Prt (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  • Marcaine E 2.5 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  • Marcaine E 5.0 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  • Marcaine E Liq Prt 0.50% (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  • Nasal Spray (Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Potassium Iodide + Sanguinaria Canadensis + Sticta Pulmonaria)
  • Neuplex (Agaricus Muscarius + Arnica Montana + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Passion Flower + Plumbum Metallicum + Trifolium Pratense)
  • Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:100000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:50000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Panplex (Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Common Bean Garden + Epinephrine + Eugenia Jambolana + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Liverwort + Nux Moschata + Pancreas + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pituitary Posterior + Rhubarb + Taraxacum Officinale Weber)
  • Prilocaine Hcl 4% Epineph 1:200000inj (Epinephrine + Prilocaine Hydrochloride)
  • R63 (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco)
  • Racord Two 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Racord Two No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Racord Two No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Racord Two No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Radopt (Brassica Napus + Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Goldenrod + Iodine + Ipecac + Iridium Metallicum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray)
  • Rdn-Tox (Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Cetraria Islandica + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrangea Arborescens + Iodine + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pulsatilla + Strontium Carbonate + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray)
  • Scandonest 2% Special Inj (Epinephrine + Mepivacaine Hydrochloride)
  • Sensorcaine 0.25% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  • Sensorcaine 0.5% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  • Sensorcaine Forte (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  • Septanest N (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  • Septanest Sp (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  • Sil Trax Plus No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Sil Trax Plus No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Sil Trax Plus No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Siltrax Plus 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  • Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  • Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  • Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Ephedrine Sulfate + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  • Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  • Super Sulpak R 44 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Super Sulpak R 45 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Super Sulpak R 46 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  • Systopt (Barberry Root + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Goldenrod + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense)
  • Systox (Barberry Root + Boldo + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Sarsaparilla + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense)
  • Tyd-Plex (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ferrous Iodide + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Oyster Shells + Phosphoric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Potassium Iodide + Spongia Tosta)
  • Ultracaine D-S Forte Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  • Ultracaine D-S Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  • Ultracaine Ds Forte Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  • Ultracaine Ds Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  • Universaltox (Alfalfa + Buckthorn + Charcoal Activated + Coffea Tosta + Comfrey + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Manganese + Oats + Oyster Shells + Poison Ivy + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Spigelia Anthelmia + Water Cress)
  • Vactox (Arnica Montana + Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Calendula + Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + German Chamomile + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phytolacca Decandra + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense + Urtica Urens + Water Cress)
  • Virotox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Myrrh + Phytolacca Decandra + Water Cress)
  • Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 Test Dose (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine Mpf 1.5% with Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Zorcaine (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
Categories
  • Vasoconstrictor Agents
  • Sympathomimetics
  • Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
  • Mydriatics
  • Bronchodilator Agents
  • Adrenergic beta-Agonists
  • Adrenergic Agonists
CAS number 51-43-4
Weight Average: 183.2044
Monoisotopic: 183.089543287
Chemical Formula C9H13NO3
InChI Key InChIKey=UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
SMILES
CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Catecholamines and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Catecholamines and Derivatives
  • Benzyl Alcohols and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Amino Alcohols
  • Catechols
  • Phenethylamines
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Phenyl Esters
Pharmacology
Indication Used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis. Also one of the body's main adrenergic neurotransmitters.
Pharmacodynamics Epinephrine is indicated for intravenous injection in treatment of acute hypersensitivity, treatment of acute asthmatic attacks to relieve bronchospasm, and treatment and prophylaxis of cardiac arrest and attacks of transitory atrioventricular heart block with syncopal seizures (Stokes-Adams Syndrome). The actions of epinephrine resemble the effects of stimulation of adrenergic nerves. To a variable degree it acts on both alpha and beta receptor sites of sympathetic effector cells. Its most prominent actions are on the beta receptors of the heart, vascular and other smooth muscle. When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. When given by slow intravenous injection, epinephrine usually produces only a moderate rise in systolic and a fall in diastolic pressure. Although some increase in pulse pressure occurs, there is usually no great elevation in mean blood pressure. Accordingly, the compensatory reflex mechanisms that come into play with a pronounced increase in blood pressure do not antagonize the direct cardiac actions of epinephrine as much as with catecholamines that have a predominant action on alpha receptors.
Mechanism of action Epinephrine works via the stimulation of alpha and beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and a moderate activity at beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
Absorption Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism

Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body and is degraded by enzymes in the liver and other tissues. The larger portion of injected doses is excreted in the urine as inactivated compounds and the remainder either partly unchanged or conjugated. The drug becomes fixed in the tissues and is inactivated chiefly by enzymatic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine either of which is subsequently conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid which also is detectable in the urine. Main metabolic enzymes include MAO and COMT

Route of elimination Renal
Half life 2 minutes
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Skin, LD50 = 62 mg/kg (rat)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Sterling health div sterling winthrop inc
  • Armstrong pharmaceuticals inc
  • Wyeth consumer healthcare
  • Shionogi pharma inc
  • Meridian medical technologies inc
  • Forest laboratories inc
  • 3m pharmaceuticals inc
  • Astrazeneca lp
  • Pharmaton ltd
  • Dentsply pharmaceutical
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Oral
Solution Intramuscular
Solution Intravenous
Solution Nasal
Solution Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution / drops Ophthalmic
Solution / drops Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Twinject 2 0.3 mg/dose Device One Box Contains 2 Syringes 200.43 USD box
Epinephrine hcl powder 189.0 USD g
EpiPen 2-Pak (1 Package = 2 Syringes) Package 155.13 USD package
EpiPen Jr 2-Pak (1 Package = 2 Syringes) Package 155.13 USD package
Twinject 0.15 mg/dose Device Syringe 104.14 USD syringe
Epipen 0.3 mg/syr Syringe 93.04 USD syringe
Epipen Jr 0.15 mg/syr Syringe 93.04 USD syringe
Twinject 0.15 mg auto-injector 86.63 USD each
Twinject Auto Injector 0.15 mg/syr Syringe 84.85 USD syringe
Twinject Auto Injector 0.3 mg/syr Syringe 84.85 USD syringe
EpiPen (single Syringe) Syringe 77.56 USD syringe
EpiPen Jr (single Syringe) Syringe 77.56 USD syringe
Epipen jr 0.15 mg auto-inject 74.58 USD each
Epinephrine 0.3 mg auto-inject 67.05 USD each
Nephron FA 100 tablet Box 49.99 USD box
Epipen 0.3 mg auto-injector 41.78 USD each
Epinephrine powder 4.68 USD g
Epinephrine bitartrate crys 4.2 USD g
Adrenalin 1 mg/ml ampul 2.93 USD ml
Epinephrine 1 mg/ml ampul 2.9 USD ml
Adrenalin cl 1 mg/ml vial 1.42 USD ml
Epinephrine 0.1 mg/ml syringe 1.32 USD ml
Primatene mist inhaler 1.0 USD ml
Adrenalin 1:1000 nasal soln 0.83 USD ml
Bronchial mist inhaler 0.8 USD ml
Primatene mist inh refill 0.68 USD ml
Adrenalin 1 mg/ml 0.62 USD ml
Adrenalin 1 mg/ml Solution 0.61 USD ml
Nephron fa tablet 0.44 USD each
Epinephrine 1 mg/ml vial 0.18 USD ml
Bronkaid dual action caplet 0.14 USD caplet
Epinephrine-d5w 2 mg/250 ml 0.07 USD ml
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 7449012 2005-09-11 2025-09-11
United States 5665071 1993-05-27 2013-05-27
Properties
State solid
Melting point 211.5 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 0.18 mg/mL at 20 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] PhysProp
logP -1.37 [HANSCH,C & LEO,AJ (1985)] PhysProp
Caco2 permeability -6.02 [ADME Research, USCD] BiGG
pKa 8.59 Various sources
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.86e+01 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.82 ALOGPS
logP -0.48 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -0.99 ALOGPS
pKa 12.65 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 72.72 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 49.23 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 19.08 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Yamashima T: Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin. J Med Biogr. 2003 May;11(2):95-102. Pubmed
  2. Bennett MR: One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors. Clin Auton Res. 1999 Jun;9(3):145-59. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00095 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00788 Link_out
PubChem Compound 5816 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46509097 Link_out
ChemSpider 5611 Link_out
ChEBI 28918 Link_out
ChEMBL 28918 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000066 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449470 Link_out
HET ALE Link_out
Drug Product Database 710814 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/epi.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/epinephrine-ophthalmic.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A01AD01
  • B02BC09
  • C01CA03
  • C01CA24
  • R01AA14
  • R03AA01
  • S01EA01
AHFS Codes
  • 52:24.00
  • 12:12.12
  • 52:32.00
  • 92:02.00*
PDB Entries
FDA label show (369 KB)
MSDS show (73.4 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35348 Link_out
Gene: ADRA1A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sanbe A, Tanaka Y, Fujiwara Y, Tsumura H, Yamauchi J, Cotecchia S, Koike K, Tsujimoto G, Tanoue A: alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors are required for normal male sexual function. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;152(3):332-40. Epub 2007 Jul 2. Pubmed
  2. Tomiyama Y, Kobayashi K, Tadachi M, Kobayashi S, Inada Y, Kobayashi M, Yamazaki Y: Expressions and mechanical functions of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes in hamster ureter. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Nov 14;573(1-3):201-5. Epub 2007 Jul 6. Pubmed
  3. Du L, Li M: Modeling the interactions between alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors and their antagonists. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 2010 Sep;6(3):165-78. Pubmed
  4. Jensen BC, Swigart PM, Montgomery MD, Simpson PC: Functional alpha-1B adrenergic receptors on human epicardial coronary artery endothelial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;382(5-6):475-82. Epub 2010 Sep 22. Pubmed

2. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35368 Link_out
Gene: ADRA1B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cotecchia S: The alpha1-adrenergic receptors: diversity of signaling networks and regulation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2010 Dec;30(6):410-9. Epub 2010 Oct 18. Pubmed
  2. Shieh JP, Chu CC, Wang JJ, Lin MT: Epinephrine, phenylephrine, and methoxamine induce infiltrative anesthesia via alpha1-adrenoceptors in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Sep;30(9):1227-36. Pubmed
  3. Du L, Li M: Modeling the interactions between alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors and their antagonists. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 2010 Sep;6(3):165-78. Pubmed
  4. Jensen BC, Swigart PM, Montgomery MD, Simpson PC: Functional alpha-1B adrenergic receptors on human epicardial coronary artery endothelial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;382(5-6):475-82. Epub 2010 Sep 22. Pubmed

3. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08588 Link_out
Gene: ADRB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  2. Ozakca I, Arioglu E, Guner S, Altan VM, Ozcelikay AT: Role of Beta-3-Adrenoceptor in Catecholamine-Induced Relaxations in Gastric Fundus from Control and Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology. 2007 Jul 6;80(4):227-238. Pubmed
  3. Leineweber K, Bogedain P, Wolf C, Wagner S, Weber M, Jakob HG, Heusch G, Philipp T, Brodde OE: In patients chronically treated with metoprolol, the demand of inotropic catecholamine support after coronary artery bypass grafting is determined by the Arg389Gly-beta 1-adrenoceptor polymorphism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;375(5):303-9. Epub 2007 Jun 1. Pubmed

4. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07550 Link_out
Gene: ADRB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  2. Ozakca I, Arioglu E, Guner S, Altan VM, Ozcelikay AT: Role of Beta-3-Adrenoceptor in Catecholamine-Induced Relaxations in Gastric Fundus from Control and Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology. 2007 Jul 6;80(4):227-238. Pubmed
  3. Prenner L, Sieben A, Zeller K, Weiser D, Haberlein H: Reduction of high-affinity beta2-adrenergic receptor binding by hyperforin and hyperoside on rat C6 glioblastoma cells measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biochemistry. 2007 May 1;46(17):5106-13. Epub 2007 Apr 7. Pubmed
  4. Lucin KM, Sanders VM, Jones TB, Malarkey WB, Popovich PG: Impaired antibody synthesis after spinal cord injury is level dependent and is due to sympathetic nervous system dysregulation. Exp Neurol. 2007 Sep;207(1):75-84. Epub 2007 Jun 2. Pubmed

5. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08913 Link_out
Gene: ADRA2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nyronen T, Pihlavisto M, Peltonen JM, Hoffren AM, Varis M, Salminen T, Wurster S, Marjamaki A, Kanerva L, Katainen E, Laaksonen L, Savola JM, Scheinin M, Johnson MS: Molecular mechanism for agonist-promoted alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor activation by norepinephrine and epinephrine. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1343-54. Pubmed
  2. MacLennan SJ, Reynen PH, Martin RS, Eglen RM, Martin GR: Characterization of human recombinant alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors expressed in Chinese hamster lung cells using extracellular acidification rate changes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;129(7):1333-8. Pubmed
  3. Hieble JP, Hehr A, Li YO, Ruffolo RR Jr: Molecular basis for the stereoselective interactions of catecholamines with alpha-adrenoceptors. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1998;41:225-8. Pubmed
  4. Nash DT: Alpha-adrenergic blockers: mechanism of action, blood pressure control, and effects of lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Cardiol. 1990 Nov;13(11):764-72. Pubmed
  5. Giovannoni MP, Ghelardini C, Vergelli C, Dal Piaz V: Alpha2-agonists as analgesic agents. Med Res Rev. 2009 Mar;29(2):339-68. Pubmed
  6. Gilsbach R, Hein L: Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008;(184):261-88. Pubmed

6. Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine > norepinephrine > epinephrine = oxymetazoline > dopamine > p-tyramine = phenylephrine > serotonin > p-synephrine / p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > spiperone > prazosin > alprenolol > propanolol > pindolol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P18089 Link_out
Gene: ADRA2B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gobbi M, Frittoli E, Mennini T: The modulation of [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]serotonin release from rat brain synaptosomes is not mediated by the alpha 2B-adrenoceptor subtype. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1990 Oct;342(4):382-6. Pubmed
  2. Vizi ES, Katona I, Freund TF: Evidence for presynaptic cannabinoid CB receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release in the guinea pig lung. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 16;431(2):237-44. Pubmed
  3. Rudling JE, Richardson J, Evans PD: A comparison of agonist-specific coupling of cloned human alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;131(5):933-41. Pubmed
  4. Nash DT: Alpha-adrenergic blockers: mechanism of action, blood pressure control, and effects of lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Cardiol. 1990 Nov;13(11):764-72. Pubmed
  5. Gilsbach R, Hein L: Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008;(184):261-88. Pubmed

7. Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P25100 Link_out
Gene: ADRA1D Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cotecchia S: The alpha1-adrenergic receptors: diversity of signaling networks and regulation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2010 Dec;30(6):410-9. Epub 2010 Oct 18. Pubmed
  2. Shieh JP, Chu CC, Wang JJ, Lin MT: Epinephrine, phenylephrine, and methoxamine induce infiltrative anesthesia via alpha1-adrenoceptors in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Sep;30(9):1227-36. Pubmed
  3. Du L, Li M: Modeling the interactions between alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors and their antagonists. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 2010 Sep;6(3):165-78. Pubmed
  4. Jensen BC, Swigart PM, Montgomery MD, Simpson PC: Functional alpha-1B adrenergic receptors on human epicardial coronary artery endothelial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;382(5-6):475-82. Epub 2010 Sep 22. Pubmed

8. Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00439 Link_out
Gene: PAH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC, Hough E: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 10;37(45):15638-46. Pubmed

Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed
  2. Grundemann D, Koster S, Kiefer N, Breidert T, Engelhardt M, Spitzenberger F, Obermuller N, Schomig E: Transport of monoamine transmitters by the organic cation transporter type 2, OCT2. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 20;273(47):30915-20. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed
  2. Breidert T, Spitzenberger F, Grundemann D, Schomig E: Catecholamine transport by the organic cation transporter type 1 (OCT1). Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;125(1):218-24. Pubmed

3. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. Pubmed

Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 23, 2011 08:37

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.