| Version |
2.5 |
| Creation Date |
2005-06-13 13:24:05 |
| Update Date |
2009-02-19 16:05:01 |
| Primary Accession Number |
DB00679 |
| Secondary Accession Number |
|
| Name |
Thioridazine |
| Drug Type |
|
| Description |
A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of psychoses, including schizophrenia, and in the control of severely disturbed or agitated behavior. It has little antiemetic activity. Thioridazine has a higher incidence of antimuscarinic effects, but a lower incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms, than chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p618) |
| Synonyms |
- Thioridazin
- Thioridazine Chloride
- Thioridazine Hcl
- Thioridazine Hydrochloride
- Thoridazine Hydrochloride
|
| Brand Names |
- Aldazine
- Mallorol
- Malloryl
- Meleril
- Mellaril
- Mellaril Hydrochloride
- Mellaril-S
- Mellarit
- Mellerets
- Mellerette
- Melleretten
- Melleril
- Metlaril
- Novoridazine
- Orsanil
- Ridazin
- Ridazine
- Sonapax
- Sonapax Hydrochloride
- Stalleril
- Thioridazine Hcl Intensol
- Thioridazine, Prolongatum
- Tioridazin
|
| Brand Mixtures |
Not Available |
| Chemical IUPAC Name |
10-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-methylsulfanylphenothiazine |
| Chemical Formula |
C21H26N2S2 |
| Chemical Structure |
 |
| CAS Registry Number |
50-52-2 |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1/C21H26N2S2/c1-22-13-6-5-7-16(22)12-14-23-18-8-3-4-9-20(18)25-21-11-10-17(24-2)15-19(21)23/h3-4,8-11,15-16H,5-7,12-14H2,1-2H3 |
| InChI Key |
KLBQZWRITKRQQV-UHFFFAOYAE |
| KEGG Drug |
D00373  |
| KEGG Compound |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound |
5452  |
| PubChem Substance |
148555  |
| ChEBI ID |
Not Available |
| PharmGKB ID |
PA451666  |
| HET ID |
Not Available |
| GenBank ID |
Not Available |
| Drug ID Number [DIN] |
00360244  |
| RxList Link |
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/thioridazine.htm  |
| PDRhealth Link |
Not Available |
| Wikipedia Link |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine  |
| FDA Label |
Not Available |
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
|
| Synthesis Reference |
Bourquin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1072 (1958) |
| Average Molecular Weight |
370.5750 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
370.1537 |
| State |
Solid |
| Melting Point |
73 oC |
| Experimental Water Solubility |
0.0336 mg/L
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted Water Solubility |
8.55e-04 mg/mL
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity |
5.9
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted LogP |
5.93
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental LogS |
Not Available |
| Predicted LogS |
-5.64
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental Caco2 Permeability |
Not Available |
| pKa/Isoelectric Point |
9.5 |
| Mass Spectrum |
Not Available
|
| MOL File |
Show | Download  |
| SDF File |
Show | Download  |
| PDB File |
Show | Download  |
| 2D Structure |
|
| 3D Structure |
|
| Experimental PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Isomeric SMILES |
CSC1=CC2=C(SC3=CC=CC=C3N2CC[C@H]2CCCCN2C)C=C1 |
| Canonical SMILES |
CSC1=CC2=C(SC3=CC=CC=C3N2CCC2CCCCN2C)C=C1 |
| Drug Category |
- Antipsychotic Agents
- Antipsychotics
- Dopamine Antagonists
- Phenothiazines
|
| ATC Codes |
|
| AHFS Codes |
Not Available |
| Indication |
For the treatment of schizophrenia and generalized anxiety disorder. |
| Pharmacology |
Thioridazine is a trifluoro-methyl phenothiazine derivative intended for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Thioridazine has not been shown effective in the management of behaviorial complications in patients with mental retardation. |
| Mechanism of Action |
Thioridazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; blocks alpha-adrenergic effect, depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis. |
| Absorption |
60% |
| Toxicity |
LD50=956-1034 mg/kg (Orally in rats); Agitation, blurred vision, coma, confusion, constipation, difficulty breathing, dilated or constricted pupils, diminished flow of urine, dry mouth, dry skin, excessively high or low body temperature, extremely low blood pressure, fluid in the lungs, heart abnormalities, inability to urinate, intestinal blockage, nasal congestion, restlessness, sedation, seizures, shock |
| Protein Binding |
95% |
| Biotransformation |
Hepatic |
| Half Life |
21-25 hours |
| Dosage Forms |
| Form |
Route |
| Solution |
Oral |
| Suspension |
Oral |
| Tablet |
Oral |
|
| Patient Information |
Show  |
| Contraindications |
Show  |
| Interactions |
Show  |
| Drug Interactions |
| Drug |
Interaction |
| Amiodarone |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Amitriptyline |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Amphetamine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Astemizole |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Atomoxetine |
The CYP2D6 inhibitor could increase the effect and toxicity of atomoxetine |
| Benzphetamine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Bretylium |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Bromocriptine |
The phenothiazine decreases the effect of bromocriptine |
| Bupropion |
Bupropion increases the effect and toxicity of thioridazine |
| Chloroquine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Chlorpromazine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Cisapride |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Dexfenfluramine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Dextroamphetamine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Diethylpropion |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Diltiazem |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Diphenhydramine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Disopyramide |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Dofetilide |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Donepezil |
Possible antagonism of action |
| Doxepin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Duloxetine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Erythromycin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Fenfluramine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Flecainide |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Fluoxetine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Fluvoxamine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Galantamine |
Possible antagonism of action |
| Gatifloxacin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Grepafloxacin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Guanethidine |
The agent decreases the effect of guanethidine |
| Halofantrine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Haloperidol |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Imipramine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Josamycin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Levofloxacin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Maprotiline |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Mazindol |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Methamphetamine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Metrizamide |
Increased risk of convulsions |
| Paroxetine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Penicillin G |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Pentamidine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Phendimetrazine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Phenmetrazine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Phentermine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Phenylpropanolamine |
Decreased anorexic effect, may increase psychotic symptoms |
| Pimozide |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Pindolol |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Procainamide |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Propafenone |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Propranolol |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Quinidine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Quinidine barbiturate |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Quinine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Ranolazine |
Possible additive effect on QT prolongation |
| Rivastigmine |
Possible antagonism of action |
| Sertindole |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Sotalol |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Sparfloxacin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Spiramycin |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Terfenadine |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
| Ziprasidone |
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias |
|
| Food Interactions |
Not Available
|
| Pathways |
Not Available
|
| General References |
- Drugs.com

- Wikipedia

- RxList

|
| Organisms Affected |
|
| Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes |
- Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
- Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
|
| Targets |
- D(1A) dopamine receptor
- 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- D(2) dopamine receptor
|
|
Drug Target 1
[top]
|
| Target 1 ID |
23 |
| Target 1 Name |
D(1A) dopamine receptor |
| Target 1 Synonyms |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Gene Name |
DRD1 |
| Target 1 Protein Sequence |
>D(1A) dopamine receptor
MRTLNTSAMDGTGLVVERDFSVRILTACFLSLLILSTLLGNTLVCAAVIRFRHLRSKVTN
FFVISLAVSDLLVAVLVMPWKAVAEIAGFWPFGSFCNIWVAFDIMCSTASILNLCVISVD
RYWAISSPFRYERKMTPKAAFILISVAWTLSVLISFIPVQLSWHKAKPTSPSDGNATSLA
ETIDNCDSSLSRTYAISSSVISFYIPVAIMIVTYTRIYRIAQKQIRRIAALERAAVHAKN
CQTTTGNGKPVECSQPESSFKMSFKRETKVLKTLSVIMGVFVCCWLPFFILNCILPFCGS
GETQPFCIDSNTFDVFVWFGWANSSLNPIIYAFNADFRKAFSTLLGCYRLCPATNNAIET
VSINNNGAAMFSSHHEPRGSISKECNLVYLIPHAVGSSEDLKKEEAAGIARPLEKLSPAL
SVILDYDTDVSLEKIQPITQNGQHPT
|
| Target 1 Number of Residues |
453 |
| Target 1 Molecular Weight |
49294 |
| Target 1 Theoretical pI |
8.34 |
| Target 1 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
dopamine receptor activity |
|
Process
|
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane |
|
| Target 1 General Function |
Involved in dopamine receptor activity |
| Target 1 Specific Function |
This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase |
| Target 1 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 1 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 1 Signals |
|
| Target 1 Transmembrane Regions |
- 24-49
- 61-87
- 97-119
- 139-163
- 193-218
- 273-299
- 313-337
|
| Target 1 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 1 GenBank ID Protein |
30397  |
| Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P21728  |
| Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
DRD1_HUMAN  |
| Target 1 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Cellular Location |
- Cell membrane
- endoplasmic reticulum membrane
- m
- multi-pass membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum
|
| Target 1 Gene Sequence |
>1341 bp
ATGAGGACTCTGAACACCTCTGCCATGGACGGGACTGGGCTGGTGGTGGAGAGGGACTTC
TCTGTTCGTATCCTCACTGCCTGTTTCCTGTCGCTGCTCATCCTGTCCACGCTCCTGGGG
AACACGCTGGTCTGTGCTGCCGTTATCAGGTTCCGACACCTGCGGTCCAAGGTGACCAAC
TTCTTTGTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGTCAGATCTCTTGGTGGCCGTCCTGGTCATGCCCTGG
AAGGCAGTGGCTGAGATTGCTGGCTTCTGGCCCTTTGGGTCCTTCTGTAACATCTGGGTG
GCCTTTGACATCATGTGCTCCACTGCATCCATCCTCAACCTCTGTGTGATCAGCGTGGAC
AGGTATTGGGCTATCTCCAGCCCTTTCCGGTATGAGAGAAAGATGACCCCCAAGGCAGCC
TTCATCCTGATCAGTGTGGCATGGACCTTGTCTGTACTCATCTCCTTCATCCCAGTGCAG
CTCAGCTGGCACAAGGCAAAACCCACAAGCCCCTCTGATGGAAATGCCACTTCCCTGGCT
GAGACCATAGACAACTGTGACTCCAGCCTCAGCAGGACATATGCCATCTCATCCTCTGTA
ATAAGCTTTTACATCCCTGTGGCCATCATGATTGTCACCTACACCAGGATCTACAGGATT
GCTCAGAAACAAATACGGCGCATTGCGGCCTTGGAGAGGGCAGCAGTCCACGCCAAGAAT
TGCCAGACCACCACAGGTAATGGAAAGCCTGTCGAATGTTCTCAACCGGAAAGTTCTTTT
AAGATGTCCTTCAAAAGAGAAACTAAAGTCCTGAAGACTCTGTCGGTGATCATGGGTGTG
TTTGTGTGCTGTTGGCTACCTTTCTTCATCTTGAACTGCATTTTGCCCTTCTGTGGGTCT
GGGGAGACGCAGCCCTTCTGCATTGATTCCAACACCTTTGACGTGTTTGTGTGGTTTGGG
TGGGCTAATTCATCCTTGAACCCCATCATTTATGCCTTTAATGCTGATTTTCGGAAGGCA
TTTTCAACCCTCTTAGGATGCTACAGACTTTGCCCTGCGACGAATAATGCCATAGAGACG
GTGAGTATCAATAACAATGGGGCCGCGATGTTTTCCAGCCATCATGAGCCACGAGGCTCC
ATCTCCAAGGAGTGCAATCTGGTTTACCTGATCCCACATGCTGTGGGCTCCTCTGAGGAC
CTGAAAAAGGAGGAGGCAGCTGGCATCGCCAGACCCTTGGAGAAGCTGTCCCCAGCCCTA
TCGGTCATATTGGACTATGACACTGACGTCTCTCTGGAGAAGATCCAACCCATCACACAA
AACGGTCAGCACCCAACCTGA
|
| Target 1 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 1 GeneCard ID |
DRD1  |
| Target 1 GenAtlas ID |
DRD1  |
| Target 1 HGNC ID |
HGNC:3020  |
| Target 1 Chromosome Location |
5 |
| Target 1 Locus |
5q35.1 |
| Target 1 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 1 General References |
- Jin H, Xie Z, George SR, O'Dowd BF: Palmitoylation occurs at cysteine 347 and cysteine 351 of the dopamine D(1) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Dec 15;386(2-3):305-12. [PubMed
]
- Sunahara RK, Niznik HB, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Brann MR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter JE, Rozmahel R, Yang YL, Israel Y, et al.: Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):80-3. [PubMed
]
- Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau RT Jr, Bates MD, Caron MG: Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):72-6. [PubMed
]
- Zhou QY, Grandy DK, Thambi L, Kushner JA, Van Tol HH, Cone R, Pribnow D, Salon J, Bunzow JR, Civelli O: Cloning and expression of human and rat D1 dopamine receptors. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):76-80. [PubMed
]
- Ohara K, Ulpian C, Seeman P, Sunahara RK, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Schizophrenia: dopamine D1 receptor sequence is normal, but has DNA polymorphisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Feb;8(2):131-5. [PubMed
]
|
| Target 1 Drug References |
- Hammock RG, Schroeder SR, Levine WR: The effect of clozapine on self-injurious behavior. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995 Dec;25(6):611-26. [PubMed
]
|
|
Drug Target 2
[top]
|
| Target 2 ID |
502 |
| Target 2 Name |
5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor |
| Target 2 Synonyms |
- 5- HT-2
- 5-HT-2A
- Serotonin receptor 2A
|
| Target 2 Gene Name |
HTR2A |
| Target 2 Protein Sequence |
>5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor
MDILCEENTSLSSTTNSLMQLNDDTRLYSNDFNSGEANTSDAFNWTVDSENRTNLSCEGC
LSPSCLSLLHLQEKNWSALLTAVVIILTIAGNILVIMAVSLEKKLQNATNYFLMSLAIAD
MLLGFLVMPVSMLTILYGYRWPLPSKLCAVWIYLDVLFSTASIMHLCAISLDRYVAIQNP
IHHSRFNSRTKAFLKIIAVWTISVGISMPIPVFGLQDDSKVFKEGSCLLADDNFVLIGSF
VSFFIPLTIMVITYFLTIKSLQKEATLCVSDLGTRAKLASFSFLPQSSLSSEKLFQRSIH
REPGSYTGRRTMQSISNEQKACKVLGIVFFLFVVMWCPFFITNIMAVICKESCNEDVIGA
LLNVFVWIGYLSSAVNPLVYTLFNKTYRSAFSRYIQCQYKENKKPLQLILVNTIPALAYK
SSQLQMGQKKNSKQDAKTTDNDCSMVALGKQHSEEASKDNSDGVNEKVSCV
|
| Target 2 Number of Residues |
478 |
| Target 2 Molecular Weight |
52604 |
| Target 2 Theoretical pI |
7.72 |
| Target 2 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity |
|
Process
|
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane |
|
| Target 2 General Function |
Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity |
| Target 2 Specific Function |
This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This receptor is involved in tracheal smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and control of aldosterone production |
| Target 2 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 2 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 2 Signals |
|
| Target 2 Transmembrane Regions |
- 76-99
- 111-132
- 148-171
- 192-215
- 234-254
- 325-346
- 363-384
|
| Target 2 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 2 GenBank ID Protein |
36431  |
| Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P28223  |
| Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
5HT2A_HUMAN  |
| Target 2 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Cellular Location |
- Cell membrane
- multi-pass membrane protein. Localizes to the post-synaptic thickening of axo-dendrit
|
| Target 2 Gene Sequence |
>1416 bp
ATGGATATTCTTTGTGAAGAAAATACTTCTTTGAGCTCAACTACGAACTCCCTAATGCAA
TTAAATGATGACACCAGGCTCTACAGTAATGACTTTAACTCTGGAGAAGCTAACACTTCT
GATGCATTTAACTGGACAGTCGACTCTGAAAATCGAACCAACCTTTCCTGTGAAGGGTGC
CTCTCACCGTCGTGTCTCTCCTTACTTCATCTCCAGGAAAAAAACTGGTCTGCTTTACTG
ACAGCCGTAGTGATTATTCTAACTATTGCTGGAAACATACTCGTCATCATGGCAGTGTCC
CTAGAGAAAAAGCTGCAGAATGCCACCAACTATTTCCTGATGTCACTTGCCATAGCTGAT
ATGCTGCTGGGTTTCCTTGTCATGCCCGTGTCCATGTTAACCATCCTGTATGGGTACCGG
TGGCCTCTGCCGAGCAAGCTTTGTGCAGTCTGGATTTACCTGGACGTGCTCTTCTCCACG
GCCTCCATCATGCACCTCTGCGCCATCTCGCTGGACCGCTACGTCGCCATCCAGAATCCC
ATCCACCACAGCCGCTTCAACTCCAGAACTAAGGCATTTCTGAAAATCATTGCTGTTTGG
ACCATATCAGTAGGTATATCCATGCCAATACCAGTCTTTGGGCTACAGGACGATTCGAAG
GTCTTTAAGGAGGGGAGTTGCTTACTCGCCGATGATAACTTTGTCCTGATCGGCTCTTTT
GTGTCATTTTTCATTCCCTTAACCATCATGGTGATCACCTACTTTCTAACTATCAAGTCA
CTCCAGAAAGAAGCTACTTTGTGTGTAAGTGATCTTGGCACACGGGCCAAATTAGCTTCT
TTCAGCTTCCTCCCTCAGAGTTCTTTGTCTTCAGAAAAGCTCTTCCAGCGGTCGATCCAT
AGGGAGCCAGGGTCCTACACAGGCAGGAGGACTATGCAGTCCATCAGCAATGAGCAAAAG
GCATGCAAGGTGCTGGGCATCGTCTTCTTCCTGTTTGTGGTGATGTGGTGCCCTTTCTTC
ATCACAAACATCATGGCCGTCATCTGCAAAGAGTCCTGCAATGAGGATGTCATTGGGGCC
CTGCTCAATGTGTTTGTTTGGATCGGTTATCTCTCTTCAGCAGTCAACCCACTAGTCTAC
ACACTGTTCAACAAGACCTATAGGTCAGCCTTTTCACGGTATATTCAGTGTCAGTACAAG
GAAAACAAAAAACCATTGCAGTTAATTTTAGTGAACACAATACCGGCTTTGGCCTACAAG
TCTAGCCAACTTCAAATGGGACAAAAAAAGAATTCAAAGCAAGATGCCAAGACAACAGAT
AATGACTGCTCAATGGTTGCTCTAGGAAAGCAGCATTCTGAAGAGGCTTCTAAAGACAAT
AGCGACGGAGTGAATGAAAAGGTGAGCTGTGTGTGA
|
| Target 2 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 2 GeneCard ID |
HTR2A  |
| Target 2 GenAtlas ID |
HTR2A  |
| Target 2 HGNC ID |
HGNC:5293  |
| Target 2 Chromosome Location |
13 |
| Target 2 Locus |
13q14-q21 |
| Target 2 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 2 General References |
- Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed
]
- Marshall SE, Bird TG, Hart K, Welsh KI: Unified approach to the analysis of genetic variation in serotonergic pathways. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Dec 15;88(6):621-7. [PubMed
]
- Becamel C, Figge A, Poliak S, Dumuis A, Peles E, Bockaert J, Lubbert H, Ullmer C: Interaction of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2C receptors with PDZ10 of the multi-PDZ domain protein MUPP1. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 20;276(16):12974-82. Epub 2001 Jan 9. [PubMed
]
- Chen K, Yang W, Grimsby J, Shih JC: The human 5-HT2 receptor is encoded by a multiple intron-exon gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Jun;14(1-2):20-6. [PubMed
]
- Stam NJ, Van Huizen F, Van Alebeek C, Brands J, Dijkema R, Tonnaer JA, Olijve W: Genomic organization, coding sequence and functional expression of human 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptor genes. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Oct 1;227(2):153-62. [PubMed
]
- Saltzman AG, Morse B, Whitman MM, Ivanshchenko Y, Jaye M, Felder S: Cloning of the human serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Dec 31;181(3):1469-78. [PubMed
]
- Cook EH Jr, Fletcher KE, Wainwright M, Marks N, Yan SY, Leventhal BL: Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin 5-HT2A receptor: identify with frontal cortex serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. J Neurochem. 1994 Aug;63(2):465-9. [PubMed
]
- Erdmann J, Shimron-Abarbanell D, Rietschel M, Albus M, Maier W, Korner J, Bondy B, Chen K, Shih JC, Knapp M, Propping P, Nothen MM: Systematic screening for mutations in the human serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor gene: identification of two naturally occurring receptor variants and association analysis in schizophrenia. Hum Genet. 1996 May;97(5):614-9. [PubMed
]
|
| Target 2 Drug References |
- Burki HR: Binding of psychoactive drugs to rat brain amine receptors, measured ex vivo, and their effects on the metabolism of biogenic amines. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1986 Mar;332(3):258-66. [PubMed
]
- Andree TH, Mikuni M, Tong CY, Koenig JI, Meltzer HY: Differential effect of subchronic treatment with various neuroleptic agents on serotonin2 receptors in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 1986 Jan;46(1):191-7. [PubMed
]
- Canton H, Verriele L, Millan MJ: Competitive antagonism of serotonin (5-HT)2C and 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) turnover by clozapine in the rat: a comparison to other antipsychotics. Neurosci Lett. 1994 Nov 7;181(1-2):65-8. [PubMed
]
- Costall B, Naylor RJ: Behavioural interactions between 5-hydroxytryptophan, neuroleptic agents and 5-HT receptor antagonists in modifying rodent responding to aversive situations. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;116(7):2989-99. [PubMed
]
- Morisset S, Sahm UG, Traiffort E, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Arrang JM, Schwartz JC: Atypical neuroleptics enhance histamine turnover in brain via 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A receptor blockade. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Feb;288(2):590-6. [PubMed
]
|
|
Drug Target 3
[top]
|
| Target 3 ID |
556 |
| Target 3 Name |
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor |
| Target 3 Synonyms |
- Alpha 1A- adrenoreceptor
- Alpha 1A-adrenoceptor
- Alpha adrenergic receptor 1c
- Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor
|
| Target 3 Gene Name |
ADRA1A |
| Target 3 Protein Sequence |
>Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
MVFLSGNASDSSNCTQPPAPVNISKAILLGVILGGLILFGVLGNILVILSVACHRHLHSV
THYYIVNLAVADLLLTSTVLPFSAIFEVLGYWAFGRVFCNIWAAVDVLCCTASIMGLCII
SIDRYIGVSYPLRYPTIVTQRRGLMALLCVWALSLVISIGPLFGWRQPAPEDETICQINE
EPGYVLFSALGSFYLPLAIILVMYCRVYVVAKRESRGLKSGLKTDKSDSEQVTLRIHRKN
APAGGSGMASAKTKTHFSVRLLKFSREKKAAKTLGIVVGCFVLCWLPFFLVMPIGSFFPD
FKPSETVFKIVFWLGYLNSCINPIIYPCSSQEFKKAFQNVLRIQCLCRKQSSKHALGYTL
HPPSQAVEGQHKDMVRIPVGSRETFYRISKTDGVCEWKFFSSMPRGSARITVSKDQSSCT
TARVRSKSFLQVCCCVGPSTPSLDKNHQVPTIKVHTISLSENGEEV
|
| Target 3 Number of Residues |
473 |
| Target 3 Molecular Weight |
51487 |
| Target 3 Theoretical pI |
9.23 |
| Target 3 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity |
|
Process
|
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane |
|
| Target 3 General Function |
Involved in alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity |
| Target 3 Specific Function |
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins |
| Target 3 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 3 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 3 Signals |
|
| Target 3 Transmembrane Regions |
- 28-51
- 65-88
- 100-122
- 144-167
- 182-205
- 274-297
- 306-329
|
| Target 3 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 3 GenBank ID Protein |
433201  |
| Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P35348  |
| Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
ADA1A_HUMAN  |
| Target 3 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Cellular Location |
- Membrane
- multi-pass membrane protein
|
| Target 3 Gene Sequence |
>1401 bp
ATGGTGTTTCTCTCGGGAAATGCTTCCGACAGCTCCAACTGCACCCAACCGCCGGCACCG
GTGAACATTTCCAAGGCCATTCTGCTCGGGGTGATCTTGGGGGGCCTCATTCTTTTCGGG
GTGCTGGGTAACATCCTAGTGATCCTCTCCGTAGCCTGTCACCGACACCTGCACTCAGTC
ACGCACTACTACATCGTCAACCTGGCGGTGGCCGACCTCCTGCTCACCTCCACGGTGCTG
CCCTTCTCCGCCATCTTCGAGGTCCTAGGCTACTGGGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTTCTGCAAC
ATCTGGGCGGCAGTGGATGTGCTGTGCTGCACCGCGTCCATCATGGGCCTCTGCATCATC
TCCATCGACCGCTACATCGGCGTGAGCTACCCGCTGCGCTACCCAACCATCGTCACCCAG
AGGAGGGGTCTCATGGCTCTGCTCTGCGTCTGGGCACTCTCCCTGGTCATATCCATTGGA
CCCCTGTTCGGCTGGAGGCAGCCGGCCCCCGAGGACGAGACCATCTGCCAGATCAACGAG
GAGCCGGGCTACGTGCTCTTCTCAGCGCTGGGCTCCTTCTACCTGCCTCTGGCCATCATC
CTGGTCATGTACTGCCGCGTCTACGTGGTGGCCAAGAGGGAGAGCCGGGGCCTCAAGTCT
GGCCTCAAGACCGACAAGTCGGACTCGGAGCAAGTGACGCTCCGCATCCATCGGAAAAAC
GCCCCGGCAGGAGGCAGCGGGATGGCCAGCGCCAAGACCAAGACGCACTTCTCAGTGAGG
CTCCTCAAGTTCTCCCGGGAGAAGAAAGCGGCCAAAACGCTGGGCATCGTGGTCGGCTGC
TTCGTCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCTTTTTTCTTAGTCATGCCCATTGGGTCTTTCTTCCCTGAT
TTCAAGCCCTCTGAAACAGTTTTTAAAATAGTATTTTGGCTCGGATATCTAAACAGCTGC
ATCAACCCCATCATATACCCATGCTCCAGCCAAGAGTTCAAAAAGGCCTTTCAGAATGTC
TTGAGAATCCAGTGTCTCCGCAGAAAGCAGTCTTCCAAACATGCCCTGGGCTACACCCTG
CACCCGCCCAGCCAGGCCGTGGAAGGGCAACACAAGGACATGGTGCGCATCCCCGTGGGA
TCAAGAGAGACCTTCTACAGGATCTCCAAGACGGATGGCGTTTGTGAATGGAAATTTTTC
TCTTCCATGCCCCGTGGATCTGCCAGGATTACAGTGTCCAAAGACCAATCCTCCTGTACC
ACAGCCCGGGTGAGAAGTAAAAGCTTTTTGGAGGTCTGCTGCTGTGTAGGGCCCTCAACC
CCCAGCCTTGACAAGAACCATCAAGTTCCAACCATTAAGGTCCACACCATCTCCCTCAGT
GAGAACGGGGAGGAAGTCTAG
|
| Target 3 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 3 GeneCard ID |
ADRA1A  |
| Target 3 GenAtlas ID |
ADRA1A  |
| Target 3 HGNC ID |
HGNC:277  |
| Target 3 Chromosome Location |
8 |
| Target 3 Locus |
8p21-p11.2 |
| Target 3 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 3 General References |
- Hirasawa A, Shibata K, Horie K, Takei Y, Obika K, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Takagaki K, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human alpha 1c-adrenoceptor splice variants. FEBS Lett. 1995 Apr 24;363(3):256-60. [PubMed
]
- Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed
]
- Weinberg DH, Trivedi P, Tan CP, Mitra S, Perkins-Barrow A, Borkowski D, Strader CD, Bayne M: Cloning, expression and characterization of human alpha adrenergic receptors alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 30;201(3):1296-304. [PubMed
]
- Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed
]
- Hirasawa A, Horie K, Tanaka T, Takagaki K, Murai M, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human cDNA for the alpha 1C-adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):902-9. [PubMed
]
- Tseng-Crank J, Kost T, Goetz A, Hazum S, Roberson KM, Haizlip J, Godinot N, Robertson CN, Saussy D: The alpha 1C-adrenoceptor in human prostate: cloning, functional expression, and localization to specific prostatic cell types. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(8):1475-85. [PubMed
]
- Chang DJ, Chang TK, Yamanishi SS, Salazar FH, Kosaka AH, Khare R, Bhakta S, Jasper JR, Shieh IS, Lesnick JD, Ford AP, Daniels DV, Eglen RM, Clarke DE, Bach C, Chan HW: Molecular cloning, genomic characterization and expression of novel human alpha1A-adrenoceptor isoforms. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 30;422(2):279-83. [PubMed
]
|
| Target 3 Drug References |
- Sleight AJ, Koek W, Bigg DC: Binding of antipsychotic drugs at alpha 1A- and alpha 1B-adrenoceptors: risperidone is selective for the alpha 1B-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Jul 20;238(2-3):407-10. [PubMed
]
|
|
Drug Target 4
[top]
|
| Target 4 ID |
831 |
| Target 4 Name |
D(2) dopamine receptor |
| Target 4 Synonyms |
- Dopamine D2 receptor
|
| Target 4 Gene Name |
DRD2 |
| Target 4 Protein Sequence |
>D(2) dopamine receptor
MDPLNLSWYDDDLERQNWSRPFNGSDGKADRPHYNYYATLLTLLIAVIVFGNVLVCMAVS
REKALQTTTNYLIVSLAVADLLVATLVMPWVVYLEVVGEWKFSRIHCDIFVTLDVMMCTA
SILNLCAISIDRYTAVAMPMLYNTRYSSKRRVTVMISIVWVLSFTISCPLLFGLNNADQN
ECIIANPAFVVYSSIVSFYVPFIVTLLVYIKIYIVLRRRRKRVNTKRSSRAFRAHLRAPL
KGNCTHPEDMKLCTVIMKSNGSFPVNRRRVEAARRAQELEMEMLSSTSPPERTRYSPIPP
SHHQLTLPDPSHHGLHSTPDSPAKPEKNGHAKDHPKIAKIFEIQTMPNGKTRTSLKTMSR
RKLSQQKEKKATQMLAIVLGVFIICWLPFFITHILNIHCDCNIPPVLYSAFTWLGYVNSA
VNPIIYTTFNIEFRKAFLKILHC
|
| Target 4 Number of Residues |
450 |
| Target 4 Molecular Weight |
50620 |
| Target 4 Theoretical pI |
9.85 |
| Target 4 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
dopamine receptor activity |
|
Process
|
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane |
|
| Target 4 General Function |
Involved in dopamine receptor activity |
| Target 4 Specific Function |
This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase |
| Target 4 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 4 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 4 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 4 Signals |
|
| Target 4 Transmembrane Regions |
- 38-60
- 72-97
- 109-130
- 152-174
- 187-210
- 374-397
- 406-429
|
| Target 4 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 4 GenBank ID Protein |
181432  |
| Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P14416  |
| Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
DRD2_HUMAN  |
| Target 4 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Target 4 Cellular Location |
- Membrane
- multi-pass membrane protein
|
| Target 4 Gene Sequence |
>1332 bp
ATGGATCCACTGAATCTGTCCTGGTATGATGATGATCTGGAGAGGCAGAACTGGAGCCGG
CCCTTCAACGGGTCAGACGGGAAGGCGGACAGACCCCACTACAACTACTATGCCACACTG
CTCACCCTGCTCATCGCTGTCATCGTCTTCGGCAACGTGCTGGTGTGCATGGCTGTGTCC
CGCGAGAAGGCGCTGCAGACCACCACCAACTACCTGATCGTCAGCCTCGCAGTGGCCGAC
CTCCTCGTCGCCACACTGGTCATGCCATGGGTTGTCTACCTGGAGGTGGTAGGTGAGTGG
AAATTCAGCAGGATTCACTGTGACATCTTCGTCACTCTGGACGTCATGATGTGCACGGCG
AGCATCCTGAACTTGTGTGCCATCAGCATCGACAGGTACACAGCTGTGGCCATGCCCATG
CTGTACAATACGCGCTACAGCTCCAAGCGCCGGGTCACCGTCATGATCTCCATCGTCTGG
GTCCTGTCCTTCACCATCTCCTGCCCACTCCTCTTCGGACTCAATAACGCAGACCAGAAC
GAGTGCATCATTGCCAACCCGGCCTTCGTGGTCTACTCCTCCATCGTCTCCTTCTACGTG
CCCTTCATTGTCACCCTGCTGGTCTACATCAAGATCTACATTGTCCTCCGCAGACGCCGC
AAGCGAGTCAACACCAAACGCAGCAGCCGAGCTTTCAGGGCCCACCTGAGGGCTCCACTA
AAGGGCAACTGTACTCACCCCGAGGACATGAAACTCTGCACCGTTATCATGAAGTCTAAT
GGGAGTTTCCCAGTGAACAGGCGGAGAGTGGAGGCTGCCCGGCGAGCCCAGGAGCTGGAG
ATGGAGATGCTCTCCAGCACCAGCCCACCCGAGAGGACCCGGTACAGCCCCATCCCACCC
AGCCACCACCAGCTGACTCTCCCCGACCCGTCCCACCACGGTCTCCACAGCACTCCTGAC
AGCCCCGCCAAACCAGAGAAGAATGGGCATGCCAAAGACCACCCCAAGATTGCCAAGATC
TTTGAGATCCAGACCATGCCCAATGGCAAAACCCGGACCTCCCTCAAGACCATGAGCCGT
AGAAAGCTCTCCCAGCAGAAGGAGAAGAAAGCCACTCAGATGCTCGCCATTGTTCTCGGC
GTGTTCATCATCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCACACACATCCTGAACATACACTGTGAC
TGCAACATCCCGCCTGTCCTGTACAGCGCCTTCACGTGGCTGGGCTATGTCAACAGCGCC
GTGAACCCCATCATCTACACCACCTTCAACATTGAGTTCCGCAAGGCCTTCCTGAAGATC
CTTCACTGCTGA
|
| Target 4 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 4 GeneCard ID |
DRD2  |
| Target 4 GenAtlas ID |
DRD2  |
| Target 4 HGNC ID |
HGNC:3023  |
| Target 4 Chromosome Location |
11 |
| Target 4 Locus |
11q23 |
| Target 4 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 4 General References |
- Klein C, Brin MF, Kramer P, Sena-Esteves M, de Leon D, Doheny D, Bressman S, Fahn S, Breakefield XO, Ozelius LJ: Association of a missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor with myoclonus dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):5173-6. [PubMed
]
- Seeman P, Nam D, Ulpian C, Liu IS, Tallerico T: New dopamine receptor, D2(Longer), with unique TG splice site, in human brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Mar 10;76(1):132-41. [PubMed
]
- Araki K, Kuwano R, Morii K, Hayashi S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Katagiri T, Usui H, Kumanishi T, Takahashi Y: Structure and expression of human and rat D2 dopamine receptor genes. Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul;21(1):91-8. [PubMed
]
- Dearry A, Falardeau P, Shores C, Caron MG: D2 dopamine receptors in the human retina: cloning of cDNA and localization of mRNA. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1991 Oct;11(5):437-53. [PubMed
]
- Stormann TM, Gdula DC, Weiner DM, Brann MR: Molecular cloning and expression of a dopamine D2 receptor from human retina. Mol Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;37(1):1-6. [PubMed
]
- Robakis NK, Mohamadi M, Fu DY, Sambamurti K, Refolo LM: Human retina D2 receptor cDNAs have multiple polyadenylation sites and differ from a pituitary clone at the 5' non-coding region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Mar 11;18(5):1299. [PubMed
]
- Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J: DNA homology screening: isolation and characterization of the human D2A dopamine receptor subtype. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 1990;24:9-14. [PubMed
]
- Dal Toso R, Sommer B, Ewert M, Herb A, Pritchett DB, Bach A, Shivers BD, Seeburg PH: The dopamine D2 receptor: two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4025-34. [PubMed
]
- Grandy DK, Marchionni MA, Makam H, Stofko RE, Alfano M, Frothingham L, Fischer JB, Burke-Howie KJ, Bunzow JR, Server AC, et al.: Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):9762-6. [PubMed
]
- Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J: The major dopamine D2 receptor: molecular analysis of the human D2A subtype. DNA. 1989 Nov;8(9):683-9. [PubMed
]
- 7902708 Itokawa M, Arinami T, Futamura N, Hamaguchi H, Toru M: A structural polymorphism of human dopamine D2 receptor, D2(Ser311-->Cys). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Nov 15;196(3):1369-75.
- 8471125 Seeman P, Ohara K, Ulpian C, Seeman MV, Jellinger K, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Schizophrenia: normal sequence in the dopamine D2 receptor region that couples to G-proteins. DNA polymorphisms in D2. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Feb;8(2):137-42.
|
| Target 4 Drug References |
- Dimpfel W, Spuler M, Wessel K: Different neuroleptics show common dose and time dependent effects in quantitative field potential analysis in freely moving rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;107(2-3):195-202. [PubMed
]
- Barth VN, Chernet E, Martin LJ, Need AB, Rash KS, Morin M, Phebus LA: Comparison of rat dopamine D2 receptor occupancy for a series of antipsychotic drugs measured using radiolabeled or nonlabeled raclopride tracer. Life Sci. 2006 May 22;78(26):3007-12. Epub 2006 Jan 24. [PubMed
]
- Seeman P: Atypical neuroleptics: role of multiple receptors, endogenous dopamine, and receptor linkage. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;358:14-20. [PubMed
]
- Assie MB, Sleight AJ, Koek W: Biphasic displacement of [3H]YM-09151-2 binding in the rat brain by thioridazine, risperidone and clozapine, but not by other antipsychotics. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Jun 24;237(2-3):183-9. [PubMed
]
- Carey GJ, Bergman J: Discriminative-stimulus effects of clozapine in squirrel monkeys: comparison with conventional and novel antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 Aug;132(3):261-9. [PubMed
]
|