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Identification
Name Fentanyl
Accession Number DB00813 (APRD00347, DB05853)
Type small molecule
Groups illicit, approved
Description

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Fentanila [INN-Spanish]
Fentanyl citrate
Fentanylum [INN-Latin]
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Actiq
Duragesic
Duragesic-100
Durogesic
Fentanest
Fentanil
Nasalfent
Pentanyl
Phentanyl
Rapinyl
Sentonil
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Innovar Injection droperidol + fentanyl citrate
Categories
  • Narcotics
  • Analgesics
  • Adjuvants, Anesthesia
  • Anesthetics
  • Anesthetics, Intravenous
  • Opiate Agonists
  • Analgesics, Opioid
  • Adjuvants
CAS number 437-38-7
Weight Average: 336.4705
Monoisotopic: 336.220163528
Chemical Formula C22H28N2O
InChI Key InChIKey=PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide
SMILES
CCC(=O)N(C1CCN(CCC2=CC=CC=C2)CC1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Fentanyls
Substructures
  • Amino Ketones
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Acetanilides
  • Fentanyls
  • Phenethylamines
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Anilines
  • Piperidines
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of cancer patients with severe pain that breaks through their regular narcotic therapy.
Pharmacodynamics Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic. Fentanyl interacts predominately with the opioid mu-receptor but also binds to kappa and delta-type opioid receptors. These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. In clinical settings, Fentanyl exerts its principal pharmacologic effects on the central nervous system. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Fentanyl may increase the patient's tolerance for pain and decrease the perception of suffering, although the presence of the pain itself may still be recognized. In addition to analgesia, alterations in mood, euphoria and dysphoria, and drowsiness commonly occur. Fentanyl depresses the respiratory centers, depresses the cough reflex, and constricts the pupils.
Mechanism of action Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon. Fentanyl's analgesic activity is, most likely, due to its conversion to morphine. Opioids close N-type voltage-operated calcium channels (OP2-receptor agonist) and open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP3 and OP1 receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.
Absorption Bioavailability is 92% following transdermal administration and 50% following buccal administration.
Volume of distribution
  • 3 to 8 L/kg [Surgical Patients]
  • 0.8 to 8 [Hepatically Impaired Patients]
Protein binding 80-85%
Metabolism Fentanyl is metabolized primarily via human cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system.
Route of elimination Fentanyl is metabolized primarily via human cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system and mostly eliminated in urine. Within 72 hours of IV fentanyl administration, approximately 75% of the dose is excreted in urine, mostly as metabolites with less than 10% representing unchanged drug.
Half life 7 (range 3-12) hours
Clearance
  • 27 – 75 L/h [Surgical Patients receving IV administration]
  • 3 – 80 L/h [Hepatically Impaired Patients receving IV administration]
  • 30 – 78 L/h [Renally Impaired Patients receving IV administration]
Toxicity Fentanyl has an LD50 of 3.1 milligrams per kilogram in rats, and, 0.03 milligrams per kilogram in monkeys. The LD50 in humans is not known.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00415 Fentanyl Pathway SMP00415
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Actavis southatlantic llc
  • Lavipharm laboratories inc
  • Mylan technologies inc
  • Noven pharmaceuticals inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Meda pharmaceuticals inc
  • Abbott laboratories hosp products div
  • Hospira inc
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
  • Marsam pharmaceuticals llc
  • Akorn inc
  • Cephalon inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Mallinckrodt inc
  • Incline therapeutics inc
  • Abbott Laboratories
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Epidural
Patch Transdermal
Solution Epidural
Solution Intramuscular
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Fentanyl base powder 1498.18 USD g
Fentanyl citrate powder 1062.5 USD g
Duragesic-100 5 100 mcg/hr Patches Box 411.59 USD box
Duragesic-75 5 75 mcg/hr Patches Box 318.93 USD box
Fentanyl 5 100 mcg/hr Patches Box 210.0 USD box
Duragesic-50 5 50 mcg/hr Patches Box 205.78 USD box
Actiq 1600 mcg lozenge 150.29 USD lozenge
Fentanyl 5 50 mcg/hr Patches Box 129.99 USD box
Actiq 1200 mcg lozenge 121.82 USD lozenge
Actiq 1600 mcg Lollipop 119.42 USD lollipop
Duragesic-25 5 25 mcg/hr Patches Box 114.42 USD box
Duragesic-12 5 12 mcg/hr Patches Box 95.99 USD box
Actiq 800 mcg lozenge 93.76 USD lozenge
Actiq 1200 mcg Lollipop 85.7 USD lollipop
Duragesic 100 mcg/hr patch 81.36 USD patch
Actiq 600 mcg lozenge 79.16 USD lozenge
Actiq 800 mcg Lollipop 75.98 USD lollipop
Fentanyl 5 12 (12.5)mcg/hr Patches Box 67.99 USD box
Fentanyl 5 25 mcg/hr Patches Box 66.66 USD box
Actiq 600 mcg Lollipop 65.13 USD lollipop
Actiq 400 mcg lozenge 64.62 USD lozenge
Fentanyl 100 mcg/hr patch 61.69 USD patch
Duragesic 75 mcg/hr patch 61.3 USD patch
Fentora 800 mcg buccal tablet 54.77 USD tablet
Actiq 400 mcg Lollipop 53.75 USD lollipop
Actiq 200 mcg lozenge 51.05 USD lozenge
Fentora 600 mcg buccal tablet 47.37 USD tablet
Fentanyl 75 mcg/hr patch 46.48 USD patch
Actiq 200 mcg Lollipop 42.14 USD lollipop
Duragesic 50 mcg/hr patch 40.19 USD patch
FentaNYL Citrate 1600 mcg Lollipop 38.53 USD lollipop
Fentora 400 mcg buccal tablet 34.24 USD tablet
Fentanyl 50 mcg/hr patch 30.47 USD patch
FentaNYL Citrate 1200 mcg Lollipop 30.0 USD lollipop
Fentora 300 mcg buccal tablet 28.84 USD tablet
Fentora 200 mcg buccal tablet 23.57 USD tablet
Duragesic 25 mcg/hr patch 21.98 USD patch
FentaNYL Citrate 400 mcg Lollipop 20.0 USD lollipop
Fentora 100 mcg buccal tablet 18.64 USD tablet
Duragesic 12 mcg/hr patch 18.21 USD patch
Fentanyl 25 mcg/hr patch 16.67 USD patch
Fentanyl 12 mcg/hr patch 13.8 USD patch
Fentanyl 0.05 mg/ml vial 1.96 USD ml
Fentanyl cit 1500 mcg/30 ml 1.44 USD ml
Fentanyl-ns 50 mcg/ml syringe 1.0 USD ml
Fentanyl-ns 300 mcg/30 ml syr 0.99 USD ml
Fentanyl-ns 20 mcg/ml syringe 0.72 USD ml
Fentanyl-ns 10 mcg/ml syringe 0.64 USD ml
Fentanyl cit 2750 mcg/55 ml 0.35 USD ml
Fentanyl-ns 500 mcg/50 ml syr 0.31 USD ml
Sublimaze 0.05 mg/ml ampul 0.23 USD ml
Fentanyl 0.05 mg/ml ampul 0.21 USD ml
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 6975902 2004-04-01 2024-04-01
United States 6317629 1995-06-02 2012-06-02
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 87.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 200 mg/L (at 25 °C) ROY,SD & FLYNN,GL (1988)
logP 4.05 SANGSTER (1993)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.40e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 4.12 ALOGPS
logP 3.82 ChemAxon
logS -4.2 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest basic) 8.77 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon
polar surface area 23.55 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 6 ChemAxon
refractivity 103.48 ChemAxon
polarizability 40.03 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Van Bever WF, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA: Synthetic analgesics. Synthesis and pharmacology of the diastereoisomers of N-(3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide and N-(3-methyl-1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide. J Med Chem. 1974 Oct;17(10):1047-51. Pubmed
  2. Messina J, Darwish M, Fine PG: Fentanyl buccal tablet. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Jan;44(1):41-54. Pubmed
  3. Taylor DR: Fentanyl buccal tablet: rapid relief from breakthrough pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Dec;8(17):3043-51. Pubmed
  4. Simpson DM, Messina J, Xie F, Hale M: Fentanyl buccal tablet for the relief of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant adult patients with chronic neuropathic pain: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2007 Apr;29(4):588-601. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00320 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3345 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506372 Link_out
ChemSpider 3228 Link_out
BindingDB 50008984 Link_out
ChEBI 119915 Link_out
ChEMBL 119915 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000072 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449599 Link_out
IUPHAR 1626 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 1626 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2240434 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/fentanyl.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/fentanyl.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N01AH01
  • N02AB03
AHFS Codes
  • 28:08.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (507 KB)
MSDS show (75.5 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Alvimopan Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Amiodarone Possible bradycardia, hypotension
Amprenavir The protease inhibitor, amprenavir, may increase the effect and toxicity of fentanyl.
Bicalutamide CYP3A4 Inhibitors like bicalutamide may increase the serum concentration of fentanyl. The risk of prolonged adverse effects, including potentially fatal respiratory depression is increased. Consider therapy modification.
Cimetidine Cimetidine, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of fentanyl. Closely monitor changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of fentanyl if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Clotrimazole CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate) such as clotrimazole may increase the serum concentration of fentanyl. Concurrent use of fentanyl with any CYP3A4 inhibitor may result in increased fentanyl concentrations and could increase or prolong adverse effects, including potentially fatal respiratory depression. Patients receiving fentanyl and any CYP3A4 inhibitor should be closely monitored for several days following initiation of the combination, and fentanyl dosage reductions should be made as appropriate.
Conivaptan CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Fentanyl. Concurrent use of fentanyl with any CYP3A4 inhibitor may result in increased fentanyl concentrations and could increase or prolong adverse effects, including potentially fatal respiratory depression. Patients receiving fentanyl and any CYP3A4 inhibitor should be closely monitored for several days following initiation of the combination, and fentanyl dosage reductions should be made as appropriate.
Eltrombopag Increases levels of Fentanyl via metabolism decrease. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibition.
Fluconazole Fluconazole may increase levels/toxicity of fentanyl.
Fosamprenavir The protease inhibitor, fosamprenavir, may increase the effect and toxicity of fentanyl.
Indinavir The protease inhibitor, indinavir, may increase the effect and toxicity of fentanyl.
Itraconazole Itraconazole may increase levels/toxicity of fentanyl.
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole may increase levels/toxicity of fentanyl.
Nelfinavir The protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, may increase the effect and toxicity of fentanyl.
Rifampin Rifampin may decrease the serum level and therapeutic effect of fentanyl.
Ritonavir Ritonavir increases the effect and toxicity of fentanyl/alfentanyl
Saquinavir The protease inhibitor, saquinavir, may increase the effect and toxicity of fentanyl.
Telithromycin Telithromycin may reduce clearance of Fentanyl. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Fentanyl if Telithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tranylcypromine Possible increased risk of serotonin syndrome.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Fentanyl, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Voriconazole Voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of fentanyl by decreasing its metabolism. Adverse effects include life-threatening respiratory depression. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of fentanyl if voriconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
Targets

1. Mu-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35372 Link_out
Gene: OPRM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. You HJ, Colpaert FC, Arendt-Nielsen L: The novel analgesic and high-efficacy 5-HT1A receptor agonist F 13640 inhibits nociceptive responses, wind-up, and after-discharges in spinal neurons and withdrawal reflexes. Exp Neurol. 2005 Jan;191(1):174-83. Pubmed
  2. Scott LJ, Perry CM: Remifentanil: a review of its use during the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. Drugs. 2005;65(13):1793-823. Pubmed
  3. Scott LJ, Perry CM: Spotlight on remifentanil for general anaesthesia. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(12):1069-74. Pubmed
  4. Dosen-Micovic L, Ivanovic M, Micovic V: Steric interactions and the activity of fentanyl analogs at the mu-opioid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 May 1;14(9):2887-95. Epub 2006 Jan 11. Pubmed
  5. Dardonville C, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Gibbons SL, Ryan GJ, Jagerovic N, Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Callado LF: Synthesis and pharmacological studies of new hybrid derivatives of fentanyl active at the mu-opioid receptor and I2-imidazoline binding sites. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Oct 1;14(19):6570-80. Epub 2006 Jun 23. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  7. Hajiha M, DuBord MA, Liu H, Horner RL: Opioid receptor mechanisms at the hypoglossal motor pool and effects on tongue muscle activity in vivo. J Physiol. 2009 Jun 1;587(Pt 11):2677-92. Epub 2009 Apr 29. Pubmed

2. Delta-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Highly stereoselective. receptor for enkephalins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P41143 Link_out
Gene: OPRD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Rodrigues AR, Castro MS, Francischi JN, Perez AC, Duarte ID: Participation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the peripheral antinociceptive effect of fentanyl in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 Jan;38(1):91-7. Epub 2005 Jan 18. Pubmed
  2. Poonawala T, Levay-Young BK, Hebbel RP, Gupta K: Opioids heal ischemic wounds in the rat. Wound Repair Regen. 2005 Mar-Apr;13(2):165-74. Pubmed
  3. Sahin AS, Duman A, Atalik EK, Ogun CO, Sahin TK, Erol A, Ozergin U: The mechanisms of the direct vascular effects of fentanyl on isolated human saphenous veins in vitro. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005 Apr;19(2):197-200. Pubmed
  4. Darwish M, Tempero K, Kirby M, Thompson J: Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1279-86. Pubmed
  5. Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P Jr, Tracewell W, Jiang JG: Pharmacokinetic properties of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets: a phase I, open-label, crossover study of single-dose 100, 200, 400, and 800 microg in healthy adult volunteers. Clin Ther. 2006 May;28(5):707-14. Pubmed
  6. Hajiha M, DuBord MA, Liu H, Horner RL: Opioid receptor mechanisms at the hypoglossal motor pool and effects on tongue muscle activity in vivo. J Physiol. 2009 Jun 1;587(Pt 11):2677-92. Epub 2009 Apr 29. Pubmed

3. Kappa-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for dynorphins. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P41145 Link_out
Gene: OPRK1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Pascoe JE, Williams KL, Mukhopadhyay P, Rice KC, Woods JH, Ko MC: Effects of mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptor agonists on the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 May;33(4):478-86. Epub 2008 Mar 5. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Ekins S, Bravi G, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):424-33. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wandel C, Kim R, Wood M, Wood A: Interaction of morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, and loperamide with the efflux drug transporter P-glycoprotein. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):913-20. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19