DrugBank: Penicillin G (DB01053)

targets (1) transporters (11)

Identification

Name

Penicillin G

Accession Number

DB01053 (APRD00646)

Type

small molecule

Groups

approved

Description

Penicillin G is narrow spectrum antibiotic used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It is a natural penicillin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly due to poor oral absorption. Penicillin G may also be used in some cases as prophylaxis against susceptible organisms.

Natural penicillins are considered the drugs of choice for several infections caused by susceptible gram positive aerobic organisms, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, groups A, B, C and G streptococci, nonenterococcal group D streptococci, viridans group streptococci, and non-penicillinase producing staphylococcus. Aminoglycosides may be added for synergy against group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae), S. viridans, and Enterococcus faecalis. The natural penicillins may also be used as first or second line agents against susceptible gram positive aerobic bacilli such as Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Natural penicillins have limited activity against gram negative organisms; however, they may be used in some cases to treat infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis and Pasteurella. They are not generally used to treat anaerobic infections. Resistance patterns, susceptibility and treatment guidelines vary across regions.

Structure

Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure

Synonyms

Not Available

Brand names

Abbocillin
Ayercillin
Benzopenicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin G
Benzylpenicillinic Acid
Bicillin
Bicillin L-A
Cillora
Cilloral
Cilopen
Compocillin G
Cosmopen
Crysticillin 300 A.S.
Dropcillin
Free Benzylpenicillin
Free Penicillin G
Free Penicillin Ii
Galofak
Gelacillin
Liquacillin
Megacillin
Pencillin G
Penicillin
Penicillin G Potassium
Penicillin G Potassium in Plastic Container
Penicillin G Sodium
Penicillin-G Potassium
Penicillinic Acid, Benzyl-
Pentids
Pentids '200'
Permapen
Pfizerpen
Pfizerpen G
Pharmacillin
Phenylacetamidopenicillanic Acid
Pradupen
Specilline G
Ursopen
Wycillin

Brand name mixtures

Not Available

Categories

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Penicillins

CAS number

61-33-6

Weight

Average: 334.39
Monoisotopic: 334.098727764

Chemical Formula

C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄S

InChI Key

InChIKey=JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C16H18N2O4S/c1-16(2)12(15(21)22)18-13(20)11(14(18)23-16)17-10(19)8-9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-7,11-12,14H,8H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19)(H,21,22)/t11-,12+,14-/m1/s1

Plain Text

IUPAC Name

(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid

SMILES

[H][C@]12SC(C)(C)[C@@H](N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O

Plain Text

Mass Spec

Not Available

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Organic

Classes

Penicillins
Phenethylamines

Substructures

Hydroxy Compounds
Acetates
Amino Ketones
Benzene and Derivatives
Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Beta Lactams
Penicillins
Thiazoles
Phenethylamines
Heterocyclic compounds
Aromatic compounds
Carboxamides and Derivatives
Lactams
Azetidines
Thiazolidines

Pharmacology

Indication

For use in the treatment of severe infections caused by penicillin G-susceptible microorganisms when rapid and high penicillin levels are required such as in the treatment of septicemia, meningitis, pericarditis, endocarditis and severe pneumonia.

Pharmacodynamics

Penicillin G is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The name "penicillin" can either refer to several variants of penicillin available, or to the group of antibiotics derived from the penicillins. Penicillin G has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of penicillin G results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through penicillin G binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Penicillin G is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases.

Mechanism of action

By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that penicillin G interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.

Absorption

Rapidly absorbed following both intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Initial blood levels following parenteral administration are high but transient. Oral absorption in fasting, healthy humans is only about 15-30% as it is very susceptible to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.

Volume of distribution

0.53–0.67 L/kg in adults with normal renal function

Protein binding

Bind to serum proteins (45-68%), mainly albumin.

Metabolism

About 16-30% of an intramuscular dose is metabolized to penicilloic acid, an inactive metabolite. Small amounts of 6-aminopenicillanic acid have been recovered in the urine of patients on penicillin G. A small percentage of the drug appears to be hydroxylated into one or more active metabolites, which are also excreted via urine.

Route of elimination

Penicillin G is eliminated by the kidneys. Nonrenal clearance includes hepatic metabolism and, to a lesser extent, biliary excretion.

Half life

In adults with normal renal function is reportedly 0.4–0.9 hours

Clearance

560ml/min in healthy humans

Toxicity

Oral LD₅₀ in rat is 8900 mk/kg. Neurological adverse reactions, including convulsions, may occur with the attainment of high CSF levels of beta-lactams. Neutropenia can occur if high doses are administered consistently for over 2 weeks.

Affected organisms

Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

King pharmaceuticals inc
Wyeth ayerst laboratories
Pfizer laboratories div pfizer inc
Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
Purepac pharmaceutical co
Apothecon sub bristol myers squibb co
Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
App pharmaceuticals llc
Consolidated pharmaceutical group inc
Gc hanford manufacturing co
Eli lilly and co
Marsam pharmaceuticals llc
Parke davis div warner lambert co
Sandoz inc
Baxter healthcare corp
Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
Bristol myers squibb spa
John d copanos and co inc
Pharmacia and upjohn co

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular
Powder, for solution	Intravenous
Powder, for solution	Oral
Suspension	Oral
Tablet	Oral

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Penicillin gk 20 million unit	160.26 USD	each
Penicillin g na 5 million unit	47.91 USD	each
Bicillin C-R (1200000) 2ml Syringe	43.0 USD	syringe
Penicillin g k 5 million unit	42.18 USD	each
Pfizerpen 20 million unit vial	23.41 USD	vial
Penicillin G Sodium 10000000 iu/vial	9.35 USD	vial
Pfizerpen 5 million unit vial	7.99 USD	vial
Penicillin G Sodium 5000000 iu/vial	5.36 USD	vial
Penicillin G Sodium 1000000 iu/vial	2.52 USD	vial
Pen g k 3 million unit/50 ml	0.27 USD	ml
Pen g k 2 million unit/50 ml	0.26 USD	ml
Pen g k 1 million unit/50 ml	0.25 USD	ml

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

solid

Melting point

214-217oC

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	Slightly soluble (210 mg/L)	PhysProp
logP	1.5	PhysProp
pKa	2.74	Various sources

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	2.85e-01 g/l	ALOGPS
logP	1.92	ALOGPS
logP	1.08	ChemAxon Molconvert
logS	-3.07	ALOGPS
pKa	12.12	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count	4	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count	2	ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area	86.71	ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count	4	ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity	84.53	ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability	33.54	ChemAxon Molconvert

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General Reference

Eagle H, Newman E, Musselman AD, Robinson M, Birmingham M: THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF PENICILLINS F, G, K, AND X IN RABBITS AND MAN. J Clin Invest. 1947 Sep;26(5):903-18. Pubmed

External Links

Resource	Link
KEGG Drug	D02336
KEGG Compound	C05551
PubChem Compound	5904
PubChem Substance	46506778
ChemSpider	5693
ChEBI	18208
ChEMBL	18208
Therapeutic Targets Database	DNC001109
PharmGKB	PA450842
HET	PG1
Drug Product Database	712981
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/pengk.htm

ATC Codes

J01CE01
S01AA14
J01CE02
J01CE10

AHFS Codes

08:12.16.04

PDB Entries

Not Available

FDA label

Not Available

MSDS

show (47.7 KB)

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Not Available

Food Interactions

Not Available

Targets
1. Penicillin-binding protein 3 Pharmacological action: unknown Actions: inhibitor UniProt ID: Q2FGH1 Gene: pbp3 SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Beise F, Labischinski H, Bradaczek H: On the relationships between molecular conformation, affinity towards penicillin-binding proteins, and biological activity of penicillin G-sulfoxide. Z Naturforsch C. 1988 Sep-Oct;43(9-10):656-64. Pubmed

Targets

1. Penicillin-binding protein 3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q2FGH1 Link_out

Gene: pbp3
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Beise F, Labischinski H, Bradaczek H: On the relationships between molecular conformation, affinity towards penicillin-binding proteins, and biological activity of penicillin G-sulfoxide. Z Naturforsch C. 1988 Sep-Oct;43(9-10):656-64. Pubmed

Transporters
1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 Actions: inhibitor Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 UniProt ID: O76082 Gene: SLC22A5 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Ganapathy ME, Huang W, Rajan DP, Carter AL, Sugawara M, Iseki K, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 21;275(3):1699-707. Pubmed 2. Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform Actions: substrate, inhibitor Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products UniProt ID: P46059 Gene: SLC15A1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed Tsuji A: Transporter-mediated Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;17(4):253-74. Pubmed 3. Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform Actions: inhibitor Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides UniProt ID: Q16348 Gene: SLC15A2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed 4. Solute carrier family 22 member 6 Actions: inhibitor UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Gene: hROAT1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed Hosoyamada M, Sekine T, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multispecific organic anion transporter from human kidney. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jan;276(1 Pt 2):F122-8. Pubmed Lu R, Chan BS, Schuster VL: Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2 Pt 2):F295-303. Pubmed Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. Pubmed Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. Pubmed 5. Solute carrier family 22 member 8 Actions: substrate, inhibitor Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA) UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Gene: SLC22A8 Protein Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed Mori S, Takanaga H, Ohtsuki S, Deguchi T, Kang YS, Hosoya K, Terasaki T: Rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) is responsible for brain-to-blood efflux of homovanillic acid at the abluminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003 Apr;23(4):432-40. Pubmed Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tsuda M, Kojima R, Cha SH, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13675-80. Pubmed Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. Pubmed Ohtsuki S, Kikkawa T, Mori S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1273-81. Epub 2004 Feb 4. Pubmed Nagata Y, Kusuhara H, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Expression and functional characterization of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3) in the choroid plexus. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):982-8. Pubmed 6. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 Actions: inhibitor Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET) UniProt ID: Q9H015 Gene: SLC22A4 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed 7. Solute carrier family 22 member 11 Actions: inhibitor Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds UniProt ID: Q9NSA0 Gene: SLC22A11 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Babu E, Takeda M, Narikawa S, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Tojo A, Cha SH, Sekine T, Sakthisekaran D, Endou H: Role of human organic anion transporter 4 in the transport of ochratoxin A. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jun 12;1590(1-3):64-75. Pubmed Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed 8. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 Actions: substrate Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost UniProt ID: O94956 Gene: SLCO2B1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed 9. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 Actions: substrate Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate UniProt ID: Q96BD0 Gene: SLCO4A1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed 10. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 Actions: substrate Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:10873595). Mediates transport of prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2, thyroxine (T4), deltorphin II, BQ-123 and vasopressin, but not DPDPE (a derivative of enkephalin lacking an N-terminal tyrosine residue), estrone-3- sulfate, taurocholate, digoxin nor DHEAS (PubMed:16971491) UniProt ID: Q9UIG8 Gene: SLCO3A1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed 11. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 Actions: substrate Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver UniProt ID: Q9Y6L6 Gene: SLCO1B1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out

Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Ganapathy ME, Huang W, Rajan DP, Carter AL, Sugawara M, Iseki K, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 21;275(3):1699-707. Pubmed

2. Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products

UniProt ID: P46059 Link_out

Gene: SLC15A1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed
Tsuji A: Transporter-mediated Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;17(4):253-74. Pubmed

3. Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform

Actions: inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides

UniProt ID: Q16348 Link_out

Gene: SLC15A2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out

Gene: hROAT1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed
Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed
Hosoyamada M, Sekine T, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multispecific organic anion transporter from human kidney. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jan;276(1 Pt 2):F122-8. Pubmed
Lu R, Chan BS, Schuster VL: Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2 Pt 2):F295-303. Pubmed
Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. Pubmed
Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. Pubmed

5. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out

Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed
Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed
Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed
Mori S, Takanaga H, Ohtsuki S, Deguchi T, Kang YS, Hosoya K, Terasaki T: Rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) is responsible for brain-to-blood efflux of homovanillic acid at the abluminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003 Apr;23(4):432-40. Pubmed
Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tsuda M, Kojima R, Cha SH, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13675-80. Pubmed
Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. Pubmed
Ohtsuki S, Kikkawa T, Mori S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1273-81. Epub 2004 Feb 4. Pubmed
Nagata Y, Kusuhara H, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Expression and functional characterization of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3) in the choroid plexus. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):982-8. Pubmed

6. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out

Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed

7. Solute carrier family 22 member 11

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds

UniProt ID: Q9NSA0 Link_out

Gene: SLC22A11 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Babu E, Takeda M, Narikawa S, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Tojo A, Cha SH, Sekine T, Sakthisekaran D, Endou H: Role of human organic anion transporter 4 in the transport of ochratoxin A. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jun 12;1590(1-3):64-75. Pubmed
Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed

8. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

Actions: substrate

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost

UniProt ID: O94956 Link_out

Gene: SLCO2B1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

9. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1

Actions: substrate

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate

UniProt ID: Q96BD0 Link_out

Gene: SLCO4A1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

10. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1

Actions: substrate

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:10873595). Mediates transport of prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2, thyroxine (T4), deltorphin II, BQ-123 and vasopressin, but not DPDPE (a derivative of enkephalin lacking an N-terminal tyrosine residue), estrone-3- sulfate, taurocholate, digoxin nor DHEAS (PubMed:16971491)

UniProt ID: Q9UIG8 Link_out

Gene: SLCO3A1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

11. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

Actions: substrate

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver

UniProt ID: Q9Y6L6 Link_out

Gene: SLCO1B1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

Carriers
Searched, but no carriers found.

Comments

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 16, 2011 12:18

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.