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Identification
Name Norfloxacin
Accession Number DB01059 (APRD00469)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A synthetic fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Brand names
  • Chibroxin
  • Noroxin
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-Infectives
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Quinolones
  • Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
CAS number 70458-96-7
Weight Average: 319.3308
Monoisotopic: 319.133219662
Chemical Formula C16H18FN3O3
InChI Key InChIKey=OGJPXUAPXNRGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H18FN3O3/c1-2-19-9-11(16(22)23)15(21)10-7-12(17)14(8-13(10)19)20-5-3-18-4-6-20/h7-9,18H,2-6H2,1H3,(H,22,23)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
CCN1C=C(C(O)=O)C(=O)C2=C1C=C(N1CCNCC1)C(F)=C2
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Fluoroquinolones and Quinolones
  • Aminoquinolines and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Pyridines and Derivatives
  • Piperazines
  • Fluoroquinolones and Quinolones
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aminoquinolines and Derivatives
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Halobenzenes
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • (Iso)quinolines and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of urinary tract infection
Pharmacodynamics Norfloxacin is a quinolone/fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. Notably the drug has 100 times higher affinity for bacterial DNA gyrase than for mammalian.
Mechanism of action The bactericidal action of Norfloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias. The fluorine atom at the 6 position increases potency against gram-negative organisms, and the piperazine moiety at the 7 position is responsible for anti-pseudomonal activity
Absorption Rapid
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 10 and 15% (Serum protein binding)
Metabolism

Via liver and kidney
Route of elimination Norfloxacin is eliminated through metabolism, biliary excretion, and renal excretion. Renal excretion occurs by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion as evidenced by the high rate of renal clearance (approximately 275 mL/min).
Half life 3-4 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Merck research laboratories div merck co inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Noroxin 400 mg tablet 4.21 USD tablet
Apo-Norflox 400 mg Tablet 1.44 USD tablet
Co Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28 USD tablet
Novo-Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28 USD tablet
Pms-Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28 USD tablet
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Melting point 227-228 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.78E+005 mg/L PhysProp
logP 2.1 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.01e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.47 ALOGPS
logP -1.48 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -2.50 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 6 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 72.88 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 85.48 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 32.26 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Goldstein EJ: Norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Classification, mechanism of action, and in vitro activity. Am J Med. 1987 Jun 26;82(6B):3-17. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00210 Link_out
KEGG Compound C06687 Link_out
PubChem Compound 4539 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46508634 Link_out
ChemSpider 4380 Link_out
BindingDB 50045000 Link_out
ChEBI 100246 Link_out
ChEMBL 100246 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000654 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450654 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2246596 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/norfloxacin.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/norfloxacin-ophthalmic.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/nor1302.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfloxacin Link_out
ATC Codes
  • J01MA06
  • S01AX12
AHFS Codes
  • 08:12.18
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (599.1 KB)
MSDS show (42.5 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Avoid high doses of caffeine.
  • Take on an empty stomach. Drink liberally.
Targets

1. DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It has relaxation of supercoiled DNA activity. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P43702 Link_out
Gene: parC
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. Pubmed
  4. Vila J, Sanchez-Cespedes J, Sierra JM, Piqueras M, Nicolas E, Freixas J, Giralt E: Antibacterial evaluation of a collection of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin derivatives against multiresistant bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Jul;28(1):19-24. Epub 2006 Jun 14. Pubmed
  5. Oyamada Y, Ito H, Fujimoto K, Asada R, Niga T, Okamoto R, Inoue M, Yamagishi J: Combination of known and unknown mechanisms confers high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterococcus faecium. J Med Microbiol. 2006 Jun;55(Pt 6):729-36. Pubmed
  6. Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92. Pubmed

2. DNA gyrase subunit A

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double- stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, including catenanes and knotted rings

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P43700 Link_out
Gene: gyrA
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Hombrouck C, Capmau ML, Moreau N: Overexpression, purification and photoaffinity labeling with a 3H-analogue of norfloxacin, of the GyrA and GyrB subunits of the DNA gyrase. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999 May;45(3):347-52. Pubmed
  4. Hooper DC: Quinolone mode of action—new aspects. Drugs. 1993;45 Suppl 3:8-14. Pubmed
  5. Fukuda H, Hori S, Hiramatsu K: Antibacterial activity of gatifloxacin (AM-1155, CG5501, BMS-206584), a newly developed fluoroquinolone, against sequentially acquired quinolone-resistant mutants and the norA transformant of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Aug;42(8):1917-22. Pubmed
  6. Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92. Pubmed

3. DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P11388 Link_out
Gene: TOP2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: inhibitor

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 19, 2011 15:08

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.