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| Name | Primaquine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | DB01087 (APRD00604) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | small molecule | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Groups | approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404) |
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| Structure |
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure |
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| Synonyms | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salts | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Brand mixtures | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| CAS number | 90-34-6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight |
Average: 259.3467 Monoisotopic: 259.168462309 |
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| Chemical Formula | C15H21N3O | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=INDBQLZJXZLFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI |
InChI=1S/C15H21N3O/c1-11(5-3-7-16)18-14-10-13(19-2)9-12-6-4-8-17-15(12)14/h4,6,8-11,18H,3,5,7,16H2,1-2H3
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| IUPAC Name |
N-(5-aminopentan-2-yl)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-amine
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| SMILES |
COC1=CC(NC(C)CCCN)=C2N=CC=CC2=C1
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| Mass Spec | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Organic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Substructures |
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| Pharmacology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indication | For the treatment of malaria. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharmacodynamics | Primaquine is an antimalarial agent and is the essential co-drug with chloroquine in treating all cases of malaria. In the blood, malaria parasites break down a part of the red blood cells known as haemoglobin. When this happens haemoglobin is divided into two parts; haem and globin. Haem is toxic to the malaria parasite. To prevent it from being damaged, the malaria parasite produces an chemical which converts the toxic haem into a non-toxic product. Primaquine acts by interfering with a part of the parasite (mitochondria) that is responsible for supplying it with energy. Without energy the parasite dies. This stops the infection from continuing and allows the person to recover. Primaquine kills the intrahepatic form of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, and thereby prevents the development of the erythrocytic forms that are responsible for relapses (it also kills gametocytes). Primaquine is not used in the prevention of malaria, only in the treatment. It has insignificant activity against the asexual blood forms of the parasite and therefore it is always used in conjunction with a blood schizonticide and never as a single agent. Primaquine has gametocytocidal activity against all plasmodia, including P. falciparum. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of action | Primaquine's mechanism of action is not well understood. It may be acting by generating reactive oxygen species or by interfering with the electron transport in the parasite. Also, although its mechanism of action is unclear, primaquine may bind to and alter the properties of protozoal DNA. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Absorption | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Volume of distribution | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein binding | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism |
Not Available
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| Route of elimination | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Half life | 3.7-7.4 hours | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clearance | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pathways | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational
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| Patents | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General Reference |
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| FDA label | show (105 KB) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Targets |
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Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist References:
2. Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7 Pharmacological action: unknownActions: other/unknown Organism class: human UniProt ID: P08729 ![]() Gene: KRT7 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
3. Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] Pharmacological action: unknownActions: inhibitor The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P16083 ![]() Gene: NQO2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
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| Enzymes |
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Actions: substrate, inhibitor
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide UniProt ID: P08684![]() Gene: CYP3A4 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: substrate, inhibitor, inducer
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen UniProt ID: P05177![]() Gene: CYP1A2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: inhibitor
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants UniProt ID: P10635![]() Gene: CYP2D6 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: inducer
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics UniProt ID: P04798![]() Gene: CYP1A1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: inducer
Participates in the metabolism of an as-yet-unknown biologically active molecule that is a participant in eye development UniProt ID: Q16678![]() Gene: CYP1B1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
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