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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:03:39
Primary Accession Number DB01098
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00546
Name Rosuvastatin
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description Rosuvastatin is a member of the drug class of statins, used to treat hypercholesterolemia and related conditions. Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
Synonyms
  1. ZD-4522
  2. rosuvastatin calcium
Brand Names
  1. Crestor
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name (E,3R,5R)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methyl-methylsulfonylamino)-6-propan-2-ylpyrimidin-5-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Chemical Formula C22H28FN3O6S
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 287714-41-4
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C22H28FN3O6S/c1-13(2)20-18(10-9-16(27)11-17(28)12-19(29)30)21(14-5-7-15(23)8-6-14)25-22(24-20)26(3)33(4,31)32/h5-10,13,16-17,27-28H,11-12H2,1-4H3,(H,29,30)/b10-9+/t16-,17+/m0/s1/f/h29H
InChI Key BPRHUIZQVSMCRT-AAWVOICPDY
KEGG Drug Not Available
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 6439133 Link Image
PubChem Substance 706341 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA13430864 Link Image
HET ID FBI Link Image
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02247163 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/crestor.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosuvastatin Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 481.5380
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 481.1683
State Solid
Melting Point Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Sparingly soluble in water Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 8.86e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 2.4 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 1.47 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -3.74 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC(C)C1=NC(=NC(C2=CC=C(F)C=C2)=C1\C=C\[C@H](O)C[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O)N(C)S(C)(=O)=O
Canonical SMILES CC(C)C1=NC(=NC(C2=CC=C(F)C=C2)=C1C=CC(O)CC(O)CC(O)=O)N(C)S(C)(=O)=O
Drug Category
  • Anticholesteremic Agents
  • HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 24:06.08
Indication For the treatment of pure hypercholesterolaemia and mixed hyperlipidaemia.
Pharmacology Rosuvastatin is an antilipemic agent and a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor effective in lowering LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It is used to treat primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson types IIa and IIb).
Mechanism of Action Rosuvastatin selectively and competitively inhibits the hepatic enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. As HMG-CoA reductase is responsible for converting HMG-CoA to mevalonate, this results in a decrease in mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol, and a subsequent decrease in hepatic cholesterol levels and increase in uptake of LDL cholesterol.
Absorption 20%
Toxicity Not Available
Protein Binding 88%
Biotransformation Not Available
Half Life 19 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Rosuvastatin Pathway SMP00092 Link Image
General References
  1. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R, Holdgate G, McCormick A, Schneck D, Smith G, Warwick M: Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of Rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Mar 8;87(5A):28B-32B. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, McKenney JM, Miller E, Cain VA, Blasetto JW: Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003 Jul 15;92(2):152-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. The statin wars: why AstraZeneca must retreat. Lancet. 2003 Oct 25;362(9393):1341. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. McKillop T: The statin wars. Lancet. 2003 Nov 1;362(9394):1498. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart JC, Tardif JC, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM: Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006 Apr 5;295(13):1556-65. Epub 2006 Mar 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Drugs.com Link Image
  7. Wikipedia Link Image
  8. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial
  2. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
  3. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 291
Target 1 Name Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Constitutive NOS
  2. EC 1.14.13.39
  3. EC-NOS
  4. Endothelial NOS
  5. NOS type III
  6. NOSIII
  7. cNOS
  8. eNOS
Target 1 Gene Name NOS3
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial 
GNLKSVAQEPGPPCGLGLGLGLGLCGKQGPATPAPEPSRAPASLLPPAPEHSPPSSPLTQ
PPEGPKFPRVKNWEVGSITYDTLSAQAQQDGPCTPRRCLGSLVFPRKLQGRPSPGPPAPE
QLLSQARDFINQYYSSIKRSGSQAHEQRLQEVEAEVAATGTYQLRESELVFGAKQAWRNA
PRCVGRIQWGKLQVFDARDCRSAQEMFTYICNHIKYATNRGNLRSAITVFPQRCPGRGDF
RIWNSQLVRYAGYRQQDGSVRGDPANVEITELCIQHGWTPGNGRFDVLPLLLQAPDEPPE
LFLLPPELVLEVPLEHPTLEWFAALGLRWYALPAVSNMLLEIGGLEFPAAPFSGWYMSTE
IGTRNLCDPHRYNILEDVAVCMDLDTRTTSSLWKDKAAVEINVAVLHSYQLAKVTIVDHH
AATASFMKHLENEQKARGGCPADWAWIVPPISGSLTPVFHQEMVNYFLSPAFRYQPDPWK
GSAAKGTGITRKKTFKEVANAVKISASLMGTVMAKRVKATILYGSETGRAQSYAQQLGRL
FRKAFDPRVLCMDEYDVVSLEHETLVLVVTSTFGNGDPPENGESFAAALMEMSGPYNSSP
RPEQHKSYKIRFNSISCSDPLVSSWRRKRKESSNTDSAGALGTLRFCVFGLGSRAYPHFC
AFARAVDTRLEELGGERLLQLGQGDELCGQEEAFRGWAQAAFQAACETFCVGEDAKAAAR
DIFSPKRSWKRQRYRLSAQAEGLQLLPGLIHVHRRKMFQATIRSVENLQSSKSTRATILV
RLDTGGQEGLQYQPGDHIGVCPPNRPGLVEALLSRVEDPPAPTEPVAVEQLEKGSPGGPP
PGWVRDPRLPPCTLRQALTFFLDITSPPSPQLLRLLSTLAEEPREQQELEALSQDPRRYE
EWKWFRCPTLLEVLEQFPSVALPAPLLLTQLPLLQPRYYSVSSAPSTHPGEIHLTVAVLA
YRTQDGLGPLHYGVCSTWLSQLKPGDPVPCFIRGAPSFRLPPDPSLPCILVGPGTGIAPF
RGFWQERLHDIESKGLQPTPMTLVFGCRCSQLDHLYRDEVQNAQQRGVFGRVLTAFSREP
DNPKTYVQDILRTELAAEVHRVLCLERGHMFVCGDVTMATNVLQTVQRILATEGDMELDE
AGDVIGVLRDQQRYHEDIFGLTLRTQEVTSRIRTQSFSLQERQLRGAVPWAFDPPGSDTN
SP
Target 1 Number of Residues 1222
Target 1 Molecular Weight 133159
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.27
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
cofactor binding
coenzyme binding
NADP binding
purine nucleotide binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
FAD binding
tetrapyrrole binding
heme binding
protein binding
calmodulin binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
iron ion binding
monooxygenase activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD or NADH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
nitric-oxide synthase activity
binding
nucleotide binding
FMN binding
transporter activity
electron transporter activity
catalytic activity
oxidoreductase activity
Process
biosynthesis
nitric oxide biosynthesis
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
electron transport
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Target 1 Specific Function Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. No mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Arginine and proline metabolism SMP00020 Link Image map00330 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 189212 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P29474 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name NOS3_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 3NOS Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Target 1 Gene Sequence >3612 bp 
ATGGGCAACTTGAAGAGCGTGGCCCAGGAGCCTGGGCCACCCTGCGGCCTGGGGCTGGGG
CTGGGCCTTGGGCTGTGCGGCAAGCAGGGCCCAGCCACCCCGGCCCCTGAGCCCAGCCGG
GCCCCAGCATCCCTACTCCCACCAGCGCCAGAACACAGCCCCCCGAGCTCCCCGCTAACC
CAGCCCCCAGAGGGGCCCAAGTTCCCTCGTGTGAAGAACTGGGAGGTGGGGAGCATCACC
TATGACACCCTCAGCGCCCAGGCGCAGCAGGATGGGCCCTGCACCCCAAGACGCTGCCTG
GGCTCCCTGGTATTTCCACGGAAACTACAGGGCCGGCCCTCCCCCGGCCCCCCGGCCCCT
GAGCAGCTGCTGAGTCAGGCCCGGGACTTCATCAACCAGTACTACAGCTCCATTAAGAGG
AGCGGCTCCCAGGCCCACGAACAGCGGCTTCAAGAGGTGGAAGCCGAGGTGGCAGCCACA
GGCACCTACCAGCTTAGGGAGAGCGAGCTGGTGTTCGGGGCTAAGCAGGCCTGGCGCAAC
GCTCCCCGCTGCGTGGGCCGGATCCAGTGGGGGAAGCTGCAGGTGTTCGATGCCCGGGAC
TGCAGGTCTGCACAGGAAATGTTCACCTACATCTGCAACCACATCAAGTATGCCACCAAC
CGGGGCAACCTTCGCTCGGCCATCACAGTGTTCCCGCAGCGCTGCCCTGGCCGAGGAGAC
TTCCGAATCTGGAACAGCCAGCTGGTGCGCTACGCGGGCTACCGGCAGCAGGACGGCTCT
GTGCGGGGGGACCCAGCCAACGTGGAGATCACCGAGCTCTGCATTCAGCACGGCTGGACC
CCAGGAAACGGTCGCTTCGACGTGCTGCCCCTGCTGCTGCAGGCCCCAGATGAGCCCCCA
GAACTCTTCCTTCTGCCCCCCGAGCTGGTCCTTGAGGTGCCCCTGGAGCACCCCACGCTG
GAGTGGTTTGCAGCCCTGGGCCTGCGCTGGTACGCCCTCCCGGCAGTGTCCAACATGCTG
CTGGAAATTGGGGGCCTGGAGTTCCCCGCAGCCCCCTTCAGTGGCTGGTACATGAGCACT
GAGATCGGCACGAGGAACCTGTGTGACCCTCACCGCTACAACATCCTGGAGGATGTGGCT
GTCTGCATGGACCTGGATACCCGGACCACCTCGTCCCTGTGGAAAGACAAGGCAGCAGTG
GAAATCAACGTGGCCGTGCTGCACAGTTACCAGCTAGCCAAAGTCACCATCGTGGACCAC
CACGCCGCCACGGCCTCTTTCATGAAGCACCTGGAGAATGAGCAGAAGGCCAGGGGGGGC
TGCCCTGCAGACTGGGCCTGGATCGTGCCCCCCATCTCGGGCAGCCTCACTCCTGTTTTC
CATCAGGAGATGGTCAACTATTTCCTGTCCCCGGCCTTCCGCTACCAGCCAGACCCCTGG
AAGGGGAGTGCCGCCAAGGGCACCGGCATCACCAGGAAGAAGACCTTTAAAGAAGTGGCC
AACGCCGTGAAGATCTCCGCCTCGCTCATGGGCACGGTGATGGCGAAGCGAGTGAAGGCG
ACAATCCTGTATGGCTCCGAGACCGGCCGGGCCCAGAGCTACGCACAGCAGCTGGGGAGA
CTCTTCCGGAAGGCTTTTGATCCCCGGGTCCTGTGTATGGATGAGTATGACGTGGTGTCC
CTCGAACACGAGACGCTGGTGCTGGTGGTAACCAGCACATTTGGGAATGGGGATCCCCCG
GAGAATGGAGAGAGCTTTGCAGCTGCCCTGATGGAGATGTCCGGCCCCTACAACAGCTCC
CCTCGGCCGGAACAGCACAAGAGTTATAAGATCCGCTTCAACAGCATCTCCTGCTCAGAC
CCACTGGTGTCCTCTTGGCGGCGGAAGAGGAAGGAGTCCAGTAACACAGACAGTGCAGGG
GCCCTGGGCACCCTCAGGTTCTGTGTGTTCGGGCTCGGCTCCCGGGCATACCCCCACTTC
TGCGCCTTTGCTCGTGCCGTGGACACACGGCTGGAGGAACTGGGCGGGGAGCGGCTGCTG
CAGCTGGGCCAGGGCGACGAGCTGTGCGGCCAGGAGGAGGCCTTCCGAGGCTGGGCCCAG
GCTGCCTTCCAGGCCGCCTGTGAGACCTTCTGTGTGGGAGAGGATGCCAAGGCCGCCGCC
CGAGACATCTTCAGCCCCAAACGGAGCTGGAAGCGCCAGAGGTACCGGCTGAGCGCCCAG
GCCGAGGGCCTGCAGTTGCTGCCAGGTCTGATCCACGTGCACAGGCGGAAGATGTTCCAG
GCTACAATCCGCTCAGTGGAAAACCTGCAAAGCAGCAAGTCCACGAGGGCCACCATCCTG
GTGCGCCTGGACACCGGAGGCCAGGAGGGGCTGCAGTACCAGCCGGGGGACCACATAGGT
GTCTGCCCGCCCAACCGGCCCGGCCTTGTGGAGGCGCTGCTGAGCCGCGTGGAGGACCCG
CCGGCGCCCACTGAGCCCGTGGCAGTAGAGCAGCTGGAGAAGGGCAGCCCTGGTGGCCCT
CCCCCCGGCTGGGTGCGGGACCCCCGGCTGCCCCCGTGCACGCTGCGCCAGGCTCTCACC
TTCTTCCTGGACATCACCTCCCCACCCAGCCCTCAGCTCTTGCGGCTGCTCAGCACCTTG
GCAGAAGAGCCCAGGGAACAGCAGGAGCTGGAGGCCCTCAGCCAGGATCCCCGACGCTAC
GAGGAGTGGAAGTGGTTCCGCTGCCCCACGCTGCTGGAGGTGCTGGAGCAGTTCCCGTCG
GTGGCGCTGCCTGCCCCACTGCTCCTCACCCAGCTGCCTCTGCTCCAGCCCCGGTACTAC
TCAGTCAGCTCGGCACCCAGCACCCACCCAGGAGAGATCCACCTCACTGTAGCTGTGCTG
GCATACAGGACTCAGGATGGGCTGGGCCCCCTGCACTATGGAGTCTGCTCCACGTGGCTA
AGCCAGCTCAAGCCCGGAGACCCTGTGCCCTGCTTCATCCGGGGGGCTCCCTCCTTCCGG
CTGCCACCCGATCCCAGCTTGCCCTGCATCCTGGTGGGTCCAGGCACTGGCATTGCCCCC
TTCCGGGGATTCTGGCAGGAGCGGCTGCATGACATTGAGAGCAAAGGGCTGCAGCCCACT
CCCATGACTTTGGTGTTCGGCTGCCGATGCTCCCAACTTGACCATCTCTACCGCGACGAG
GTGCAGAACGCCCAGCAGCGCGGGGTGTTTGGCCGAGTCCTCACCGCCTTCTCCCGGGAA
CCTGACAACCCCAAGACCTACGTGCAGGACATCCTGAGGACGGAGCTGGCTGCGGAGGTG
CACCGCGTGCTGTGCCTCGAGCGGGGCCACATGTTTGTCTGCGGCGATGTTACCATGGCA
ACCAACGTCCTGCAGACCGTGCAGCGCATCCTGGCGACGGAGGGCGACATGGAGCTGGAC
GAGGCCGGCGACGTCATCGGCGTGCTGCGGGATCAGCAACGCTACCACGAAGACATTTTC
GGGCTCACGCTGCGCACCCAGGAGGTGACAAGCCGCATACGCACCCAGAGCTTTTCCTTG
CAGGAGCGTCAGTTGCGGGGCGCAGTGCCCTGGGCGTTCGACCCTCCCGGCTCAGACACC
AACAGCCCCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID NOS3 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID NOS3 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:7876 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 7
Target 1 Locus 7q36
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Fischmann TO, Hruza A, Niu XD, Fossetta JD, Lunn CA, Dolphin E, Prongay AJ, Reichert P, Lundell DJ, Narula SK, Weber PC: Structural characterization of nitric oxide synthase isoforms reveals striking active-site conservation. Nat Struct Biol. 1999 Mar;6(3):233-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Rosenfeld RJ, Garcin ED, Panda K, Andersson G, Aberg A, Wallace AV, Morris GM, Olson AJ, Stuehr DJ, Tainer JA, Getzoff ED: Conformational changes in nitric oxide synthases induced by chlorzoxazone and nitroindazoles: crystallographic and computational analyses of inhibitor potency. Biochemistry. 2002 Nov 26;41(47):13915-25. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Janssens SP, Shimouchi A, Quertermous T, Bloch DB, Bloch KD: Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jul 25;267(21):14519-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Marsden PA, Schappert KT, Chen HS, Flowers M, Sundell CL, Wilcox JN, Lamas S, Michel T: Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett. 1992 Aug 3;307(3):287-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Sase K, Michel T: Expression of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human blood platelets. Life Sci. 1995;57(22):2049-55. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Nadaud S, Bonnardeaux A, Lathrop M, Soubrier F: Gene structure, polymorphism and mapping of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Feb 15;198(3):1027-33. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Robinson LJ, Weremowicz S, Morton CC, Michel T: Isolation and chromosomal localization of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene. Genomics. 1994 Jan 15;19(2):350-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Miyahara K, Kawamoto T, Sase K, Yui Y, Toda K, Yang LX, Hattori R, Aoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Doi Y, et al.: Cloning and structural characterization of the human endothelial nitric-oxide-synthase gene. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;223(3):719-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Marsden PA, Heng HH, Scherer SW, Stewart RJ, Hall AV, Shi XM, Tsui LC, Schappert KT: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 15;268(23):17478-88. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Yoshimura M, Yasue H, Nakayama M, Shimasaki Y, Sumida H, Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Ogawa Y, Saito Y, Miyamoto Y, Nakao K: A missense Glu298Asp variant in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm in the Japanese. Hum Genet. 1998 Jul;103(1):65-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Stalker TJ, Lefer AM, Scalia R: A new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the microvascular endothelium: the role of mevalonic acid. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;133(3):406-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Laufs U, Gertz K, Dirnagl U, Bohm M, Nickenig G, Endres M: Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects from ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res. 2002 Jun 28;942(1-2):23-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Jones SP, Gibson MF, Rimmer DM 3rd, Gibson TM, Sharp BR, Lefer DJ: Direct vascular and cardioprotective effects of rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 18;40(6):1172-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Kilic E, Kilic U, Matter CM, Luscher TF, Bassetti CL, Hermann DM: Aggravation of focal cerebral ischemia by tissue plasminogen activator is reversed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor but does not depend on endothelial NO synthase. Stroke. 2005 Feb;36(2):332-6. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Di Napoli P, Taccardi AA, Grilli A, De Lutiis MA, Barsotti A, Felaco M, De Caterina R: Chronic treatment with rosuvastatin modulates nitric oxide synthase expression and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res. 2005 Jun 1;66(3):462-71. Epub 2005 Mar 2. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 631
Target 2 Name 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. EC 1.1.1.34
  2. HMG-CoA reductase
Target 2 Gene Name HMGCR
Target 2 Protein Sequence >3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 
MLSRLFRMHGLFVASHPWEVIVGTVTLTICMMSMNMFTGNNKICGWNYECPKFEEDVLSS
DIIILTITRCIAILYIYFQFQNLRQLGSKYILGIAGLFTIFSSFVFSTVVIHFLDKELTG
LNEALPFFLLLIDLSRASTLAKFALSSNSQDEVRENIARGMAILGPTFTLDALVECLVIG
VGTMSGVRQLEIMCCFGCMSVLANYFVFMTFFPACVSLVLELSRESREGRPIWQLSHFAR
VLEEEENKPNPVTQRVKMIMSLGLVLVHAHSRWIADPSPQNSTADTSKVSLGLDENVSKR
IEPSVSLWQFYLSKMISMDIEQVITLSLALLLAVKYIFFEQTETESTLSLKNPITSPVVT
QKKVPDNCCRREPMLVRNNQKCDSVEEETGINRERKVEVIKPLVAETDTPNRATFVVGNS
SLLDTSSVLVTQEPEIELPREPRPNEECLQILGNAEKGAKFLSDAEIIQLVNAKHIPAYK
LETLMETHERGVSIRRQLLSKKLSEPSSLQYLPYRDYNYSLVMGACCENVIGYMPIPVGV
AGPLCLDEKEFQVPMATTEGCLVASTNRGCRAIGLGGGASSRVLADGMTRGPVVRLPRAC
DSAEVKAWLETSEGFAVIKEAFDSTSRFARLQKLHTSIAGRNLYIRFQSRSGDAMGMNMI
SKGTEKALSKLHEYFPEMQILAVSGNYCTDKKPAAINWIEGRGKSVVCEAVIPAKVVREV
LKTTTEAMIEVNINKNLVGSAMAGSIGGYNAHAANIVTAIYIACGQDAAQNVGSSNCITL
MEASGPTNEDLYISCTMPSIEIGTVGGGTNLLPQQACLQMLGVQGACKDNPGENARQLAR
IVCGTVMAGELSLMAALAAGHLVKSHMIHNRSKINLQDLQGACTKKTA
Target 2 Number of Residues 902
Target 2 Molecular Weight 97477
Target 2 Theoretical pI 6.72
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
catalytic activity
oxidoreductase activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
Process
primary metabolism
lipid metabolism
physiological process
metabolism
biosynthesis
Component
organelle membrane
endoplasmic reticulum membrane
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Target 2 Specific Function This transmembrane glycoprotein is involved in the control of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is the rate-limiting enzyme of sterol biosynthesis
Target 2 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Biosynthesis of steroids map00100 Link Image
Target 2 Reactions
  • (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP+ = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 10-39
  • 57-78
  • 90-114
  • 124-149
  • 160-187
  • 192-220
  • 315-339
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 306865 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P04035 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name HMDH_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1HWL Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • endoplasmic reticulum membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein. Peroxisome
  • pero
Target 2 Gene Sequence >2667 bp 
ATGTTGTCAAGACTTTTTCGAATGCATGGCCTCTTTGTGGCCTCCCATCCCTGGGAAGTC
ATAGTGGGGACAGTGACACTGACCATCTGCATGATGTCCATGAACATGTTTACTGGTAAC
AATAAGATCTGTGGTTGGAATTATGAATGTCCAAAGTTTGAAGAGGATGTTTTGAGCAGT
GACATTATAATTCTGACAATAACACGATGCATAGCCATCCTGTATATTTACTTCCAGTTC
CAGAATTTACGTCAACTTGGATCAAAATATATTTTGGGTATTGCTGGCCTTTTCACAATT
TTCTCAAGTTTTGTATTCAGTACAGTTGTCATTCACTTCTTAGACAAAGAATTGACAGGC
TTGAATGAAGCTTTGCCCTTTTTCCTACTTTTGATTGACCTTTCCAGAGCAAGCACATTA
GCAAAGTTTGCCCTCAGTTCCAACTCACAGGATGAAGTAAGGGAAAATATTGCTCGTGGA
ATGGCAATTTTAGGTCCTACGTTTACCCTCGATGCTCTTGTTGAATGTCTTGTGATTGGA
GTTGGTACCATGTCAGGGGTACGTCAGCTTGAAATTATGTGCTGCTTTGGCTGCATGTCA
GTTCTTGCCAACTACTTCGTGTTCATGACTTTCTTCCCAGCTTGTGTGTCCTTGGTATTA
GAGCTTTCTCGGGAAAGCCGCGAGGGTCGTCCAATTTGGCAGCTCAGCCATTTTGCCCGA
GTTTTAGAAGAAGAAGAAAATAAGCCGAATCCTGTAACTCAGAGGGTCAAGATGATTATG
TCTCTAGGCTTGGTTCTTGTTCATGCTCACAGTCGCTGGATAGCTGATCCTTCTCCTCAA
AACAGTACAGCAGATACTTCTAAGGTTTCATTAGGACTGGATGAAAATGTGTCCAAGAGA
ATTGAACCAAGTGTTTCCCTCTGGCAGTTTTATCTCTCTAAAATGATCAGCATGGATATT
GAACAAGTTATTACCCTAAGTTTAGCTCTCCTTCTGGCTGTCAAGTACATCTTCTTTGAA
CAAACAGAGACAGAATCTACACTCTCATTAAAAAACCCTATCACATCTCCTGTAGTGACA
CAAAAGAAAGTCCCAGACAATTGTTGTAGACGTGAACCTATGCTGGTCAGAAATAACCAG
AAATGTGATTCAGTAGAGGAAGAGACAGGGATAAACCGAGAAAGAAAAGTTGAGGTTATA
AAACCCTTAGTGGCTGAAACAGATACCCCAAACAGAGCTACATTTGTGGTTGGTAACTCC
TCCTTACTCGATACTTCATCAGTACTGGTGACACAGGAACCTGAAATTGAACTTCCCAGG
GAACCTCGGCCTAATGAAGAATGTCTACAGATACTTGGGAATGCAGAGAAAGGTGCAAAA
TTCCTTAGTGATGCTGAGATCATCCAGTTAGTCAATGCTAAGCATATCCCAGCCTACAAG
TTGGAAACTCTGATGGAAACTCATGAGCGTGGTGTATCTATTCGCCGACAGTTACTTTCC
AAGAAGCTTTCAGAACCTTCTTCTCTCCAGTACCTACCTTACAGGGATTATAATTACTCC
TTGGTGATGGGAGCTTGTTGTGAGAATGTTATTGGATATATGCCCATCCCTGTTGGAGTG
GCAGGACCCCTTTGCTTAGATGAAAAAGAATTTCAGGTTCCAATGGCAACAACAGAAGGT
TGTCTTGTGGCCAGCACCAATAGAGGCTGCAGAGCAATAGGTCTTGGTGGAGGTGCCAGC
AGCCGAGTCCTTGCAGATGGGATGACTCGTGGCCCAGTTGTGCGTCTTCCACGTGCTTGT
GACTCTGCAGAAGTGAAAGCCTGGCTCGAAACATCTGAAGGGTTCGCAGTGATAAAGGAG
GCATTTGACAGCACTAGCAGATTTGCACGTCTACAGAAACTTCATACAAGTATAGCTGGA
CGCAACCTTTATATCCGTTTCCAGTCCAGGTCAGGGGATGCCATGGGGATGAACATGATT
TCAAAGGGTACAGAGAAAGCACTTTCAAAACTTCACGAGTATTTCCCTGAAATGCAGATT
CTAGCCGTTAGTGGTAACTATTGTACTGACAAGAAACCTGCTGCTATAAATTGGATAGAG
GGAAGAGGAAAATCTGTTGTTTGTGAAGCTGTCATTCCAGCCAAGGTTGTCAGAGAAGTA
TTAAAGACTACCACAGAGGCTATGATTGAGGTCAACATTAACAAGAATTTAGTGGGCTCT
GCCATGGCTGGGAGCATAGGAGGCTACAACGCCCATGCAGCAAACATTGTCACCGCCATC
TACATTGCCTGTGGACAGGATGCAGCACAGAATGTTGGTAGTTCAAACTGTATTACTTTA
ATGGAAGCAAGTGGTCCCACAAATGAAGATTTATATATCAGCTGCACCATGCCATCTATA
GAGATAGGAACGGTGGGTGGTGGGACCAACCTACTACCTCAGCAAGCCTGTTTGCAGATG
CTAGGTGTTCAAGGAGCATGCAAAGATAATCCTGGGGAAAATGCCCGGCAGCTTGCCCGA
ATTGTGTGTGGGACCGTAATGGCTGGGGAATTGTCACTTATGGCAGCATTGGCAGCAGGA
CATCTTGTCAAAAGTCACATGATTCACAACAGGTCGAAGATCAATTTACAAGACCTCCAA
GGAGCTTGCACCAAGAAGACAGCCTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID HMGCR Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID HMGCR Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:5006 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 5
Target 2 Locus 5q13.3-q14
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Istvan ES, Palnitkar M, Buchanan SK, Deisenhofer J: Crystal structure of the catalytic portion of human HMG-CoA reductase: insights into regulation of activity and catalysis. EMBO J. 2000 Mar 1;19(5):819-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Luskey KL, Stevens B: Human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Conserved domains responsible for catalytic activity and sterol-regulated degradation. J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 25;260(18):10271-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R, Holdgate G, McCormick A, Schneck D, Smith G, Warwick M: Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of Rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Mar 8;87(5A):28B-32B. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hanefeld M: Clinical rationale for rosuvastatin, a potent new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Int J Clin Pract. 2001 Jul-Aug;55(6):399-405. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Davidson MH: Rosuvastatin: a highly efficacious statin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Jan;11(1):125-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Olsson AG, McTaggart F, Raza A: Rosuvastatin: a highly effective new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2002 Winter;20(4):303-28. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Chapman MJ, Caslake M, Packard C, McTaggart F: New dimension of statin action on ApoB atherogenicity. Clin Cardiol. 2003 Jan;26(1 Suppl 1):I7-10. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 1732
Target 3 Name ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. Breast cancer resistance protein
  2. CD338 antigen
  3. CDw338
  4. Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein
  5. Placenta-specific ATP- binding cassette transporter
Target 3 Gene Name ABCG2
Target 3 Protein Sequence >ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 
MSSSNVEVFIPVSQGNTNGFPATASNDLKAFTEGAVLSFHNICYRVKLKSGFLPCRKPVE
KEILSNINGIMKPGLNAILGPTGGGKSSLLDVLAARKDPSGLSGDVLINGAPRPANFKCN
SGYVVQDDVVMGTLTVRENLQFSAALRLATTMTNHEKNERINRVIQELGLDKVADSKVGT
QFIRGVSGGERKRTSIGMELITDPSILFLDEPTTGLDSSTANAVLLLLKRMSKQGRTIIF
SIHQPRYSIFKLFDSLTLLASGRLMFHGPAQEALGYFESAGYHCEAYNNPADFFLDIING
DSTAVALNREEDFKATEIIEPSKQDKPLIEKLAEIYVNSSFYKETKAELHQLSGGEKKKK
ITVFKEISYTTSFCHQLRWVSKRSFKNLLGNPQASIAQIIVTVVLGLVIGAIYFGLKNDS
TGIQNRAGVLFFLTTNQCFSSVSAVELFVVEKKLFIHEYISGYYRVSSYFLGKLLSDLLP
MRMLPSIIFTCIVYFMLGLKPKADAFFVMMFTLMMVAYSASSMALAIAAGQSVVSVATLL
MTICFVFMMIFSGLLVNLTTIASWLSWLQYFSIPRYGFTALQHNEFLGQNFCPGLNATGN
NPCNYATCTGEEYLVKQGIDLSPWGLWKNHVALACMIVIFLTIAYLKLLFLKKYS
Target 3 Number of Residues 665
Target 3 Molecular Weight 72315
Target 3 Theoretical pI 8.90
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
ATPase activity
purine nucleotide binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
ATP binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
pyrophosphatase activity
nucleoside-triphosphatase activity
binding
nucleotide binding
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 3 General Function Defense mechanisms and xenobiotic export
Target 3 Specific Function Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • None
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 396-416
  • 429-449
  • 478-498
  • 507-527
  • 536-556
  • 631-651
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 4185796 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9UNQ0 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ABCG2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID Not Available
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence >1968 bp 
ATGTCTTCCAGTAATGTCGAAGTTTTTATCCCAGTGTCACAAGGAAACACCAATGGCTTC
CCCGCGACAGTTTCCAATGACCTGAAGGCATTTACTGAAGGAGCTGTGTTAAGTTTTCAT
AACATCTGCTATCGAGTAAAACTGAAGAGTGGCTTTCTACCTTGTCGAAAACCAGTTGAG
AAAGAAATATTATCGAATATCAATGGGATCATGAAACCTGGTCTCAACGCCATCCTGGGA
CCCACAGGTGGAGGCAAATCTTCGTTATTAGATGTCTTAGCTGCAAGGAAAGATCCAAGT
GGATTATCTGGAGATGTTCTGATAAATGGAGCACCGCGACCTGCCAATTTCAAATGTAAT
TCAGGTTACGTGGTACAAGATGATGTTGTGATGGGCACTCTGACGGTGAGAGAAAACTTA
CAGTTCTCAGCAGCTCTTCGGCTTGCAACAACTATGACGAATCATGAAAAAAACGAACGG
ATTAACAGGGTCATTGAAGAGTTAGGTCTGGATAAAGTGGCAGACTCCAAGGTTGGAACT
CAGTTTATCCGTGGTGTGTCTGGAGGAGAAAGAAAAAGGACTAGTATAGGAATGGAGCTT
ATCACTGATCCTTCCATCTTGTCCTTGGATGAGCCTACAACTGGCTTAGACTCAAGCACA
GCAAATGCTGTCCTTTTGCTCCTGAAAAGGATGTCTAAGCAGGGACGAACAATCATCTTC
TCCATTCATCAGCCTCGATATTCCATCTTCAAGTTGTTTGATAGCCTCACCTTATTGGCC
TCAGGAAGACTTATGTTCCACGGGCCTGCTCAGGAGGCCTTGGGATACTTTGAATCAGCT
GGTTATCACTGTGAGGCCTATAATAACCCTGCAGACTTCTTCTTGGACATCATTAATGGA
GATTCCACTGCTGTGGCATTAAACAGAGAAGAAGACTTTAAAGCCACAGAGATCATAGAG
CCTTCCAAGCAGGATAAGCCACTCATAGAAAAATTAGCGGAGATTTATGTCAACTCCTCC
TTCTACAAAGAGACAAAAGCTGAATTACATCAACTTTCCGGGGGTGAGAAGAAGAAGAAG
ATCACAGTCTTCAAGGAGATCAGCTACACCACCTCCTTCTGTCATCAACTCAGATGGGTT
TCCAAGCGTTCATTCAAAAACTTGCTGGGTAATCCCCAGGCCTCTATAGCTCAGATCATT
GTCACAGTCGTACTGGGACTGGTTATAGGTGCCATTTACTTTGGGCTAAAAAATGATTCT
ACTGGAATCCAGAACAGAGCTGGGGTTCTCTTCTTCCTGACGACCAACCAGTGTTTCAGC
AGTGTTTCAGCCGTGGAACTCTTTGTGGTAGAGAAGAAGCTCTTCATACATGAATACATC
AGCGGATACTACAGAGTGTCATCTTATTTCCTTGGAAAACTGTTATCTGATTTATTACCC
ATGAGGATGTTACCAAGTATTATATTTACCTGTATAGTGTACTTCATGTTAGGATTGAAG
CCAAAGGCAGATGCCTTCTTCGTTATGATGTTTACCCTTATGATGGTGGCTTATTCAGCC
AGTTCCATGGCACTGGCCATAGCAGCAGGTCAGAGTGTGGTTTCTGTAGCAACACTTCTC
ATGACCATCTGTTTTGTGTTTATGATGATTTTTTCAGGTCTGTTGGTCAATCTCACAACC
ATTGCATCTTGGCTGTCATGGCTTCAGTACTTCAGCATTCCACGATATGGATTTACGGCT
TTGCAGCATAATGAATTTTTGGGACAAAACTTCTGCCCAGGACTCAATGCAACAGGAAAC
AATCCTTGTAACTATGCAACATGTACTGGCGAAGAATATTTGGTAAAGCAGGGCATCGAT
CTCTCACCCTGGGGCTTGTGGAAGAATCACGTGGCCTTGGCTTGTATGATTGTTATTTTC
CTCACAATTGCCTACCTGAAATTGTTATTTCTTAAAAAATATTCTTAA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID ABCG2 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID ABCG2 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:74 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location 4
Target 3 Locus 4q22
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Komatani H, Kotani H, Hara Y, Nakagawa R, Matsumoto M, Arakawa H, Nishimura S: Identification of breast cancer resistant protein/mitoxantrone resistance/placenta-specific, ATP-binding cassette transporter as a transporter of NB-506 and J-107088, topoisomerase I inhibitors with an indolocarbazole structure. Cancer Res. 2001 Apr 1;61(7):2827-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zhou S, Schuetz JD, Bunting KD, Colapietro AM, Sampath J, Morris JJ, Lagutina I, Grosveld GC, Osawa M, Nakauchi H, Sorrentino BP: The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat Med. 2001 Sep;7(9):1028-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Schmitz G, Langmann T, Heimerl S: Role of ABCG1 and other ABCG family members in lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2001 Oct;42(10):1513-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Iida A, Saito S, Sekine A, Mishima C, Kitamura Y, Kondo K, Harigae S, Osawa S, Nakamura Y: Catalog of 605 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 13 genes encoding human ATP-binding cassette transporters: ABCA4, ABCA7, ABCA8, ABCD1, ABCD3, ABCD4, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCG1, ABCG2, ABCG4, ABCG5, and ABCG8. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(6):285-310. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Zhang W, Mojsilovic-Petrovic J, Andrade MF, Zhang H, Ball M, Stanimirovic DB: The expression and functional characterization of ABCG2 in brain endothelial cells and vessels. FASEB J. 2003 Nov;17(14):2085-7. Epub 2003 Sep 4. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Allikmets R, Schriml LM, Hutchinson A, Romano-Spica V, Dean M: A human placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette gene (ABCP) on chromosome 4q22 that is involved in multidrug resistance. Cancer Res. 1998 Dec 1;58(23):5337-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Doyle LA, Yang W, Abruzzo LV, Krogmann T, Gao Y, Rishi AK, Ross DD: A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 22;95(26):15665-70. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Huang L, Wang Y, Grimm S: ATP-dependent transport of rosuvastatin in membrane vesicles expressing breast cancer resistance protein. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 May;34(5):738-42. Epub 2006 Jan 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zhang W, Yu BN, He YJ, Fan L, Li Q, Liu ZQ, Wang A, Liu YL, Tan ZR, Fen-Jiang, Huang YF, Zhou HH: Role of BCRP 421C>A polymorphism on rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese males. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Nov;373(1-2):99-103. Epub 2006 May 13. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.