Ciclopirox

Identification

Summary

Ciclopirox is a broad-spectrum topical antifungal agent used to treat mild to moderate onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails in immunocompetent patients.

Brand Names
Ciclodan, Cnl8, Loprox, Penlac, Stieprox
Generic Name
Ciclopirox
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01188
Background

Ciclopirox olamine (used in preparations called Batrafen, Loprox, Mycoster, Penlac and Stieprox) is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic treatment of superficial mycoses. In particular, the agent is especially effective in treating Tinea versicolor.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 207.2689
Monoisotopic: 207.125928793
Chemical Formula
C12H17NO2
Synonyms
  • 6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone
  • Ciclopirox
  • Ciclopiroxum
External IDs
  • HOE 296B
  • HOE-296B

Pharmacology

Indication

Used as a topical treatment in immunocompetent patients with mild to moderate onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails without lunula involvement, due to Trichophyton rubrum.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofFungal skin infection••• •••••••••••
Treatment ofSeborrheic dermatitis of the scalp•••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofTinea corporis••••••••••••
Treatment ofTinea cruris••••••••••••
Treatment ofTinea pedis••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Ciclopirox is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication that also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Its main mode of action is thought to be its high affinity for trivalent cations, which inhibit essential co-factors in enzymes. Ciclopirox exhibits either fungistatic or fungicidal activity in vitro against a broad spectrum of fungal organisms, such as dermatophytes, yeasts, dimorphic fungi, eumycetes, and actinomycetes. In addition to its broad spectrum of action, ciclopirox also exerts antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of ciclopirox have been demonstrated in human polymorphonuclear cells, where ciclopirox has inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandin and leukotriene. Ciclopirox can also exhibit its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the formation of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase.

Mechanism of action

Unlike antifungals such as itraconazole and terbinafine, which affect sterol synthesis, ciclopirox is thought to act through the chelation of polyvalent metal cations, such as Fe3+ and Al3+. These cations inhibit many enzymes, including cytochromes, thus disrupting cellular activities such as mitochondrial electron transport processes and energy production. Ciclopirox also appears to modify the plasma membrane of fungi, resulting in the disorganization of internal structures. The anti-inflammatory action of ciclopirox is most likely due to inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. ciclopirox may exert its effect by disrupting DNA repair, cell division signals and structures (mitotic spindles) as well as some elements of intracellular transport.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
binder
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Mean absorption of ciclopirox after application to nails of all twenty digits and adjacent 5 millimeters of skin once daily for 6 months in patients with dermatophytic onychomycoses was less than 5% of the applied dose. Ciclopirox olamine also penetrates into hair and through the epidermis and hair follicles into sebaceous glands and dermis.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Protein binding is 94-97% following topical administration.

Metabolism

Glucuronidation is the main metabolic pathway of ciclopirox.

Route of elimination

Most of the compound is excreted either unchanged or as glucuronide. After oral administration of 10 mg of radiolabeled drug (14C-ciclopirox) to healthy volunteers, approximately 96% of the radioactivity was excreted renally within 12 hours of administration. Ninety-four percent of the renally excreted radioactivity was in the form of glucuronides.

Half-life

1.7 hours for 1% topical solution.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50 in rat is >10 ml/kg. Symptoms of overexposure include drowsiness and headache.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
No interactions found.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Ciclopirox olamine50MD4SB4AP41621-49-2MBRHNTMUYWQHMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Batrafen (Sanofi) / Mycoster (Pierre Fabre) / Stieprox (Stiefel)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CiclopiroxSolution8 g/100mLTopicalDr Marc's Manufacturing And Sales2018-01-302018-04-17US flag
CiclopiroxGel7.7 mg/1gTopicalAlvogen Inc.2017-02-142021-09-01US flag
CiclopiroxGel7.7 mg/1gTopicalPaddock Laboratories, Inc.2009-01-152013-03-24US flag
CiclopiroxKit; Solution2.28 g/1mLTopicalAcella Pharmaceuticals, LLC2011-10-10Not applicableUS flag
Ciclopirox 3%Gel3 g/100gTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2019-05-20Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-ciclopiroxSolution8 % w/wTopicalApotex Corporation2008-04-18Not applicableCanada flag
CiclodanCream7.7 mg/1gTopicalMedimetriks Pharmaceuticals2012-06-152017-12-01US flag
CiclodanSolution2.28 g/1mLTopicalMedimetriks Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2011-04-102019-11-11US flag
CiclodanSolution2.28 g/1mLTopicalMedimetriks Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2011-04-10Not applicableUS flag
CiclodanKit7.7 mg/1gTopicalMedimetriks Pharmaceuticals2012-06-152017-12-01US flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
STIEPROX LIQUIDLiquidGLAXOSMITHKLINE CONSUMER HEALTHCARE SDN. BHD.2020-09-08Not applicableMalaysia flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Pedipirox-4 Nail KitCiclopirox (71.3 mg/1mL) + Ciclopirox (71.3 mg/1mL)KitTopicalPedinol Pharmacal, Inc.2012-02-032015-04-30US flag
Pedipirox-4 Nail KitCiclopirox (71.3 mg/1mL) + Ciclopirox (71.3 mg/1mL)KitTopicalPedinol Pharmacal, Inc.2012-02-032015-04-30US flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CiclomazoleCiclopirox (80 mg/1mL) + Betamethasone dipropionate (0.5 mg/1g) + Clotrimazole (10 mg/1g)Cream; Kit; SolutionTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-12-17Not applicableUS flag
CiclopiroxCiclopirox (2.28 g/1mL)Kit; SolutionTopicalAcella Pharmaceuticals, LLC2011-10-10Not applicableUS flag
CiclopiroxCiclopirox (8 g/100mL)SolutionTopicalDr Marc's Manufacturing And Sales2018-01-302018-04-17US flag
CiclopiroxCiclopirox (80 mg/1mL) + Tocopherol (50 mg/1)KitTopicalAcella Pharmaceuticals, LLC2008-10-272015-05-31US flag
Ciclopirox 0.77% / Salicylic Acid 2%Ciclopirox olamine (1 g/100g) + Salicylic acid (2 g/100g)ShampooTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2019-05-17Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
D01AE14 — CiclopiroxG01AX12 — Ciclopirox
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridinones. These are compounds containing a pyridine ring, which bears a ketone.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Pyridines and derivatives
Sub Class
Hydropyridines
Direct Parent
Pyridinones
Alternative Parents
Methylpyridines / Dihydropyridines / Heteroaromatic compounds / Lactams / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Dihydropyridine / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Lactam / Methylpyridine / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug, pyridone, cyclic hydroxamic acid (CHEBI:453011)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
  • Yeast and other fungi

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
19W019ZDRJ
CAS number
29342-05-0
InChI Key
SCKYRAXSEDYPSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H17NO2/c1-9-7-11(13(15)12(14)8-9)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h7-8,10,15H,2-6H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-2-one
SMILES
CC1=CC(=O)N(O)C(=C1)C1CCCCC1

References

Synthesis Reference

Lohaus, G.and Dittmar, W.; U.S. Patents 3,972,888; August 3, 1976; and 3,883,545; May 13, 1975; both assigned to Hoechst A .G.

General References
  1. Niewerth M, Kunze D, Seibold M, Schaller M, Korting HC, Hube B: Ciclopirox olamine treatment affects the expression pattern of Candida albicans genes encoding virulence factors, iron metabolism proteins, and drug resistance factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jun;47(6):1805-17. [Article]
  2. Sigle HC, Thewes S, Niewerth M, Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Hube B: Oxygen accessibility and iron levels are critical factors for the antifungal action of ciclopirox against Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 May;55(5):663-73. Epub 2005 Mar 24. [Article]
  3. FDA Approved Drug Products: LOPROX (ciclopirox) cream, gel, and suspension [Link]
  4. FDA Approved Drug Products: LOPROX (ciclopirox) shampoo [Link]
  5. FDA Approved Drug Products: Penlac (ciclopirox) solution [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015319
KEGG Drug
D03488
PubChem Compound
2749
PubChem Substance
46506333
ChemSpider
2647
BindingDB
66087
RxNav
21090
ChEBI
453011
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1413
ZINC
ZINC000000001145
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000466
PharmGKB
PA164747060
PDBe Ligand
B4O
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Ciclopirox
PDB Entries
6j10
FDA label
Download (422 KB)
MSDS
Download (74.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentFoot Dermatoses1
4CompletedTreatmentOnychomycosis1
4Not Yet RecruitingTreatmentOnychomycosis1
4TerminatedNot AvailableFungal skin infection1
4Unknown StatusTreatmentOnychomycosis1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Actavis Group
  • Apotex Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Brookstone Pharmaceuticals
  • Cipla Ltd.
  • Contract Pharm
  • Dermik Labs
  • DispenseXpress Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • E. Fougera and Co.
  • G & W Labs
  • Glenmark Generics Ltd.
  • Groupe Parima Inc.
  • Harris Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
  • JSJ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Medicis Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Nycomed Inc.
  • Paddock Labs
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Perrigo Co.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Sandoz
  • Sanofi-Aventis Inc.
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Tolmar Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CreamCutaneous1 %
CreamCutaneous10 mg/g
PowderTopical1 %
SolutionTopical10 mg/g
SolutionTopical8 %
SolutionTopical80 mg
SolutionTopical
CreamVaginal1 g
GelTopical770 mg
LotionTopical
CreamTopical1.000 g
SprayTopical1 %
ShampooTopical
SolutionTopical10 mg/mL
KitTopical7.7 mg/1g
Cream; kit; solutionTopical
GelTopical7.7 mg/1g
GelTopical7.70 mg/1g
KitTopical
Kit; solutionTopical2.28 g/1mL
LotionTopical7.7 mg/1mL
ShampooTopical1 g/100mL
ShampooTopical10 mg/0.96mL
ShampooTopical10 mg/.96mL
SolutionTopical71.3 mg/1mL
SolutionTopical8 g/100mL
SolutionTopical80 mg/1mL
SolutionTopical80 mg/1g
ShampooTopical
GelTopical3 g/100g
CreamTopical
SolutionTopical
SolutionVaginal
CreamTopical7.7 mg/1g
SuspensionTopical7.70 mg/100mL
SprayCutaneous
CreamTopical10 mg/mL
InsertVaginal1 %
SolutionTopical2.28 g/1mL
Aerosol, foamVaginal2 %
CreamVaginal1 %
InsertVaginal100 MG
SolutionVaginal0.2 %
SolutionTopical8 g
CreamTopical1 % w/w
GelCutaneous0.770 g
KitTopical7.7 mg/1mL
LotionTopical1 % w/w
SuspensionTopical7.7 mg/1mL
CreamTopical10 mg / g
LotionTopical1 %
LotionTopical10 mg / g
CreamTopical1 %
CreamVaginal78 G
EmulsionTopical1 %
EmulsionTopical30 G
LotionCutaneous1 %
SolutionTopical1 %
Aerosol, foamVaginal
CreamTopical
CreamVaginal
InsertVaginal
SolutionCutaneous
CreamTopical10 mg/g
CreamVaginal10 mg/g
SolutionCutaneous0.069 g
SolutionTopical6.92 g
SolutionTopical8 % w/w
SolutionTopical80 MG/G
CreamTopical1 g
LotionTopical1 g
SolutionTopical1 g
Liquid
ShampooTopical1.5 %
EmulsionTopical1.5 g
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Loprox 0.77% Gel 100 gm Jar447.91USD jar
Loprox 0.77% Cream 90 gm Tube266.01USD tube
Ciclopirox 0.77% Gel 100 gm Tube252.1USD tube
Penlac 8% Solution 6.6ml Bottle244.87USD bottle
Loprox 1% Shampoo 120ml Bottle235.49USD bottle
Loprox 0.77% Suspension 60ml Bottle223.11USD bottle
Loprox 0.77% Gel 45 gm Tube219.21USD tube
Ciclopirox 8% Solution 6.6ml Bottle177.27USD bottle
Loprox 0.77% Gel 30 gm Tube155.63USD tube
Ciclopirox 1% Shampoo 120ml Bottle153.24USD bottle
Ciclopirox Olamine 0.77% Cream 90 gm Tube128.77USD tube
Ciclopirox 0.77% Gel 45 gm Tube125.88USD tube
Loprox 0.77% Cream 30 gm Tube107.88USD tube
Ciclopirox Olamine 0.77% Suspension 60ml Bottle100.0USD bottle
Ciclopirox 0.77% Gel 30 gm Tube83.91USD tube
Ciclopirox Olamine 0.77% Cream 30 gm Tube53.24USD tube
Ciclopirox Olamine 0.77% Suspension 30ml Bottle50.48USD bottle
Penlac 8% solution39.24USD ml
Ciclopirox Olamine 0.77% Cream 15 gm Tube29.8USD tube
Ciclopirox olamine powder10.47USD g
Loprox 0.77% cream2.96USD g
Ciclopirox 0.77% cream1.64USD g
Loprox 1 % Cream0.53USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US7026337No2006-04-112016-11-21US flag
US7018656No2006-03-282018-09-05US flag
US7981909No2011-07-192017-09-16US flag
US8227490No2012-07-242017-09-16US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)143Lohaus, G.and Dittmar, W.; U.S. Patents 3,972,888; August 3, 1976; and 3,883,545; May 13, 1975; both assigned to Hoechst A .G.
logP2.3Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.41 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.15ALOGPS
logP2.22Chemaxon
logS-2.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.84Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6.2Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area40.54 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity60.91 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.13 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9952
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9892
Caco-2 permeable+0.5125
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.731
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7715
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9497
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8234
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.6075
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8043
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6051
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.5732
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5951
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8998
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.6613
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.873
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5218
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6085
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9004
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.802
Rat acute toxicity2.3495 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9727
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.5929
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-02vi-1900000000-b0302ddc025a747a3484
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-2690000000-d99ab83d27dce32743cf
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-883d6f12796ee4fed765
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a59-9730000000-b6d0b65d6a115e2d9eb4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-1920000000-f11c53dffc84d74e7899
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0apl-9500000000-9266a88854401b1b7c37
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-066u-9800000000-9f2b671ea01e634ddc8a
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-153.0397947
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-145.71362
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+154.0818947
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+148.1092
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+153.2505947
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+154.14458
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
Steroid hormone binding
Specific Function
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates th...
Gene Name
ATP1A1
Uniprot ID
P05023
Uniprot Name
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
112895.01 Da
References
  1. Niewerth M, Kunze D, Seibold M, Schaller M, Korting HC, Hube B: Ciclopirox olamine treatment affects the expression pattern of Candida albicans genes encoding virulence factors, iron metabolism proteins, and drug resistance factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jun;47(6):1805-17. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48