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Showing drug card for Budesonide (DB01222)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:04:36
Primary Accession Number DB01222
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00442
Name Budesonide
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. budesonide
Brand Names
  1. Bidien
  2. Budeson
  3. Cortivent
  4. Desowen
  5. Entocort
  6. Entocort EC
  7. Micronyl
  8. Preferid
  9. Pulmicort
  10. Pulmicort Nebuamp
  11. Pulmicort Respules
  12. Pulmicort Turbuhaler
  13. Rhinocort
  14. Rhinocort Aqua
  15. Rhinocort Turbuhaler
  16. Spirocort
  17. Tridesilon
Brand Mixtures
  1. Entocort Enema 0.02 Mg/Ml (Budesonide + Sodium Chloride)
  2. Symbicort 100 Turbuhaler (Budesonide + Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate)
  3. Symbicort 200 Turbuhaler (Budesonide + Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate)
Chemical IUPAC Name Not Available
Chemical Formula C25H34O6
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 51333-22-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C25H34O6/c1-4-5-21-30-20-11-17-16-7-6-14-10-15(27)8-9-23(14,2)22(16)18(28)12-24(17,3)25(20,31-21)19(29)13-26/h8-10,16-18,20-22,26,28H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3/t16-,17-,18-,20+,21-,22+,23-,24-,25+/m0/s1
InChI Key VOVIALXJUBGFJZ-AMTWPJRWBL
KEGG Drug D00246 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 63006 Link Image
PubChem Substance 7847312 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA448681 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02241003 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/entocort.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/cx1621.shtml Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budesonide Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference A. Thalen et al., Arzneimittel-Forsch. 29, 1787; R. L. Brattsand et al., Ger. pat 2,323,215
Average Molecular Weight 430.5339
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 430.2355
State Solid
Melting Point 221-232 oC
Experimental Water Solubility insoluble Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 4.57e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 1.9 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 2.42 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -3.97 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CCC[C@H]1O[C@@H]2C[C@H]3[C@@H]4CCC5=CC(=O)C=C[C@]5(C)[C@H]4[C@@H](O)C[C@]3(C)[C@@]2(O1)C(=O)CO
Canonical SMILES CCCC1OC2CC3C4CCC5=CC(=O)C=CC5(C)C4C(O)CC3(C)C2(O1)C(=O)CO
Drug Category
  • Anti-inflammatory Agents
  • Bronchodilator Agents
  • Corticosteroids
  • Glucocorticoids
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 52:08.08
  • 68:04.00
Indication For the treatment of mild to moderate active Crohn's disease. Also for the treatment of asthma, non-infectious rhinitis (including hay fever and other allergies), and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.
Pharmacology Budesonide is a synthetic corticosteroid used in Crohn's disease to decrease the symptoms and inflammation associated with the disease, especially at times of flare up. Budesonide has a high topical glucocorticosteroid (GCS) activity and a substantial first pass elimination. The formulation contains granules which are coated to protect dissolution in gastric juice, but which dissolve at pH >5.5, ie, normally when the granules reach the duodenum. Thereafter, a matrix of ethylcellulose with budesonide controls the release of the drug into the intestinal lumen in a time-dependent manner.
Mechanism of Action The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Absorption Absorption is complete following oral administration.
Toxicity Single oral doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were lethal in female and male mice, respectively. The signs of acute toxicity were decreased motor activity, piloerection and generalized edema.
Protein Binding 85-90%
Biotransformation Following absorption, budesonide is subject to high first pass metabolism (80-90%). In vitro experiments in human liver microsomes demonstrate that budesonide is rapidly and extensively biotransformed, mainly by CYP3A4, to its 2 major metabolites, 6b-hydroxy budesonide and 16a- hydroxy prednisolone. The glucocorticoid activity of these metabolites is negligible (<1/100) in relation to that of the parent compound.
Half Life 2.0 and 3.6 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Aerosol, metered Nasal
Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation)
Capsule, extended release Oral
Suspension Nasal
Suspension Respiratory (inhalation)
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Itraconazole The imidazole increases levels/effect of budesonide
Ketoconazole The imidazole increases levels/effect of budesonide
Food Interactions
  • A mean delay in time to peak concentration of 2.5 hours is observed with the intake of a high-fat meal, with no significant differences in AUC.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
  4. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Targets
  1. Glucocorticoid receptor
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 871
Target 1 Name Glucocorticoid receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. GR
Target 1 Gene Name NR3C1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Glucocorticoid receptor 
MDSKESLTPGREENPSSVLAQERGDVMDFYKTLRGGATVKVSASSPSLAVASQSDSKQRR
LLVDFPKGSVSNAQQPDLSKAVSLSMGLYMGETETKVMGNDLGFPQQGQISLSSGETDLK
LLEESIANLNRSTSVPENPKSSASTAVSAAPTEKEFPKTHSDVSSEQQHLKGQTGTNGGN
VKLYTTDQSTFDILQDLEFSSGSPGKETNESPWRSDLLIDENCLLSPLAGEDDSFLLEGN
SNEDCKPLILPDTKPKIKDNGDLVLSSPSNVTLPQVKTEKEDFIELCTPGVIKQEKLGTV
YCQASFPGANIIGNKMSAISVHGVSTSGGQMYHYDMNTASLSQQQDQKPIFNVIPPIPVG
SENWNRCQGSGDDNLTSLGTLNFPGRTVFSNGYSSPSMRPDVSSPPSSSSTATTGPPPKL
CLVCSDEASGCHYGVLTCGSCKVFFKRAVEGQHNYLCAGRNDCIIDKIRRKNCPACRYRK
CLQAGMNLEARKTKKKIKGIQQATTGVSQETSENPGNKTIVPATLPQLTPTLVSLLEVIE
PEVLYAGYDSSVPDSTWRIMTTLNMLGGRQVIAAVKWAKAIPGFRNLHLDDQMTLLQYSW
MFLMAFALGWRSYRQSSANLLCFAPDLIINEQRMTLPCMYDQCKHMLYVSSELHRLQVSY
EEYLCMKTLLLLSSVPKDGLKSQELFDEIRMTYIKELGKAIVKREGNSSQNWQRFYQLTK
LLDSMHEVVENLLNYCFQTFLDKTMSIEFPEMLAEIITNQIPKYSNGNIKKLLFHQK
Target 1 Number of Residues 789
Target 1 Molecular Weight 85660
Target 1 Theoretical pI 6.31
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
transcription factor activity
steroid binding
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
steroid hormone receptor activity
glucocorticoid receptor activity
binding
nucleic acid binding
DNA binding
Process
regulation of biological process
regulation of physiological process
regulation of metabolism
regulation of cellular metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Component
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus
Target 1 General Function Involved in DNA binding
Target 1 Specific Function Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action:as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 31680 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P04150 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GCR_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1NHZ Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cytoplasmic in the absence of ligand
  • nuclear after ligand-binding
Target 1 Gene Sequence >2334 bp 
ATGGACTCCAAAGAATCATTAACTCCTGGTAGAGAAGAAAACCCCAGCAGTGTGCTTGCT
CAGGAGAGGGGAGATGTGATGGACTTCTATAAAACCCTAAGAGGAGGAGCTACTGTGAAG
GTTTCTGCGTCTTCACCCTCACTGGCTGTCGCTTCTCAATCAGACTCCAAGCAGCGAAGA
CTTTTGGTTGATTTTCCAAAAGGCTCAGTAAGCAATGCGCAGCAGCCAGATCTGTCCAAA
GCAGTTTCACTCTCAATGGGACTGTATATGGGAGAGACAGAAACAAAAGTGATGGGAAAT
GACCTGGGATTCCCACAGCAGGGCCAAATCAGCCTTTCCTCGGGGGAAACAGACTTAAAG
CTTTTGGAAGAAAGCATTGCAAACCTCAATAGGTCGACCAGTGTTCCAGAGAACCCCAAG
AGTTCAGCATCCACTGCTGTGTCTGCTGCCCCCACAGAGAAGGAGTTTCCAAAAACTCAC
TCTGATGTATCTTCAGAACAGCAACATTTGAAGGGCCAGACTGGCACCAACGGTGGCAAT
GTGAAATTGTATACCACAGACCAAAGCACCTTTGACATTTTGCAGGATTTGGAGTTTTCT
TCTGGGTCCCCAGGTAAAGAGACGAATGAGAGTCCTTGGAGATCAGACCTGTTGATAGAT
GAAAACTGTTTGCTTTCTCCTCTGGCGGGAGAAGACGATTCATTCCTTTTGGAAGGAAAC
TCGAATGAGGACTGCAAGCCTCTCATTTTACCGGACACTAAACCCAAAATTAAGGATAAT
GGAGATCTGGTTTTGTCAAGCCCCAGTAATGTAACACTGCCCCAAGTGAAAACAGAAAAA
GAAGATTTCATCGAACTCTGCACCCCTGGGGTAATTAAGCAAGAGAAACTGGGCACAGTT
TACTGTCAGGCAAGCTTTCCTGGAGCAAATATAATTGGTAATAAAATGTCTGCCATTTCT
GTTCATGGTGTGAGTACCTCTGGAGGACAGATGTACCACTATGACATGAATACAGCATCC
CTTTCTCAACAGCAGGATCAGAAGCCTATTTTTAATGTCATTCCACCAATTCCCGTTGGT
TCCGAAAATTGGAATAGGTGCCAAGGATCTGGAGATGACAACTTGACTTCTCTGGGGACT
CTGAACTTCCCTGGTCGAACAGTTTTTTCTAATGGCTATTCAAGCCCCAGCATGAGACCA
GATGTAAGCTCTCCTCCATCCAGCTCCTCAACAGCAACAACAGGACCACCTCCCAAACTC
TGCCTGGTGTGCTCTGATGAAGCTTCAGGATGTCATTATGGAGTCTTAACTTGTGGAAGC
TGTAAAGTTTTCTTCAAAAGAGCAGTGGAAGGACAGCACAATTACCTATGTGCTGGAAGG
AATGATTGCATCATCGATAAAATTCGAAGAAAAAACTGCCCAGCATGCCGCTATCGAAAA
TGTCTTCAGGCTGGAATGAACCTGGAAGCTCGAAAAACAAAGAAAAAAATAAAAGGAATT
CAGCAGGCCACTACAGGAGTCTCACAAGAAACCTCTGAAAATCCTGGTAACAAAACAATA
GTTCCTGCAACGTTACCACAACTCACCCCTACCCTGGTGTCACTGTTGGAGGTTATTGAA
CCTGAAGTGTTATATGCAGGATATGATAGCTCTGTTCCAGACTCAACTTGGAGGATCATG
ACTACGCTCAACATGTTAGGAGGGCGGCAAGTGATTGCAGCAGTGAAATGGGCAAAGGCA
ATACCAGGTTTCAGGAACTTACACCTGGATGACCAAATGACCCTACTGCAGTACTCCTGG
ATGTTTCTTATGGCATTTGCTCTGGGGTGGAGATCATATAGACAATCAAGTGCAAACCTG
CTGTGTTTTGCTCCTGATCTGATTATTAATGAGCAGAGAATGACTCTACCCTGCATGTAC
GACCAATGTAAACACATGCTGTATGTTTCCTCTGAGTTACACAGGCTTCAGGTATCTTAT
GAAGAGTATCTCTGTATGAAAACCTTACTGCTTCTCTCTTCAGTTCCTAAGGACGGTCTG
AAGAGCCAAGAGCTATTTGATGAAATTAGAATGACCTACATCAAAGAGCTAGGAAAAGCC
ATTGTCAAGAGGGAAGGAAACTCCAGCCAGAACTGGCAGCGGTTTTATCAACTGACAAAA
CTCTTGGATTCTATGCATGAAGTGGTTGAAAATCTCCTTAACTATTGCTTCCAAACATTT
TTGGATAAGACCATGAGTATTGAATTCCCCGAGATGTTAGCTGAAATCATCACCAATCAG
ATACCAAAATATTCAAATGGAAATATCAAAAAACTTCTGTTTCATCAAAAGTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID NR3C1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID NR3C1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:7978 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 5
Target 1 Locus 5q31.3
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schneikert J, Hubner S, Martin E, Cato AC: A nuclear action of the eukaryotic cochaperone RAP46 in downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor activity. J Cell Biol. 1999 Sep 6;146(5):929-40. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Rivers C, Levy A, Hancock J, Lightman S, Norman M: Insertion of an amino acid in the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor as a result of alternative splicing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Nov;84(11):4283-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Diamond MI, Robinson MR, Yamamoto KR: Regulation of expanded polyglutamine protein aggregation and nuclear localization by the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):657-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Mahajan MA, Samuels HH: A new family of nuclear receptor coregulators that integrate nuclear receptor signaling through CREB-binding protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jul;20(14):5048-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Feng J, Zheng J, Bennett WP, Heston LL, Jones IR, Craddock N, Sommer SS: Five missense variants in the amino-terminal domain of the glucocorticoid receptor: no association with puerperal psychosis or schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Jun 12;96(3):412-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Kayes-Wandover KM, White PC: Steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the human heart. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;85(7):2519-25. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Strickland I, Kisich K, Hauk PJ, Vottero A, Chrousos GP, Klemm DJ, Leung DY: High constitutive glucocorticoid receptor beta in human neutrophils enables them to reduce their spontaneous rate of cell death in response to corticosteroids. J Exp Med. 2001 Mar 5;193(5):585-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N, Weaver JU: The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2270-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA: Molecular identification and characterization of a and b forms of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jul;15(7):1093-103. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 11555652 Wallace AD, Cidlowski JA: Proteasome-mediated glucocorticoid receptor degradation restricts transcriptional signaling by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 16;276(46):42714-21. Epub 2001 Sep 12.
  12. 11589680 Ruiz M, Lind U, Gafvels M, Eggertsen G, Carlstedt-Duke J, Nilsson L, Holtmann M, Stierna P, Wikstrom AC, Werner S: Characterization of two novel mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor gene in patients with primary cortisol resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Sep;55(3):363-71.
  13. 11701741 Kino T, Stauber RH, Resau JH, Pavlakis GN, Chrousos GP: Pathologic human GR mutant has a transdominant negative effect on the wild-type GR by inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus: importance of the ligand-binding domain for intracellular GR trafficking. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5600-8.
  14. 11932321 Mendonca BB, Leite MV, de Castro M, Kino T, Elias LL, Bachega TA, Arnhold IJ, Chrousos GP, Latronico AC: Female pseudohermaphroditism caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation of the GR gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1805-9.
  15. 12000743 Wang Z, Frederick J, Garabedian MJ: Deciphering the phosphorylation "code" of the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 19;277(29):26573-80. Epub 2002 May 8.
  16. 12050230 Vottero A, Kino T, Combe H, Lecomte P, Chrousos GP: A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2658-67.
  17. 12144530 Tian S, Poukka H, Palvimo JJ, Janne OA: Small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1) modification of the glucocorticoid receptor. Biochem J. 2002 Nov 1;367(Pt 3):907-11.
  18. 12151000 Bledsoe RK, Montana VG, Stanley TB, Delves CJ, Apolito CJ, McKee DD, Consler TG, Parks DJ, Stewart EL, Willson TM, Lambert MH, Moore JT, Pearce KH, Xu HE: Crystal structure of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain reveals a novel mode of receptor dimerization and coactivator recognition. Cell. 2002 Jul 12;110(1):93-105.
  19. 12415108 Wong CW, McNally C, Nickbarg E, Komm BS, Cheskis BJ: Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14783-8. Epub 2002 Nov 1.
  20. 12686538 Kauppi B, Jakob C, Farnegardh M, Yang J, Ahola H, Alarcon M, Calles K, Engstrom O, Harlan J, Muchmore S, Ramqvist AK, Thorell S, Ohman L, Greer J, Gustafsson JA, Carlstedt-Duke J, Carlquist M: The three-dimensional structures of antagonistic and agonistic forms of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding domain: RU-486 induces a transconformation that leads to active antagonism. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 20;278(25):22748-54. Epub 2003 Apr 9.
  21. 1704018 Hurley DM, Accili D, Stratakis CA, Karl M, Vamvakopoulos N, Rorer E, Constantine K, Taylor SI, Chrousos GP: Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Invest. 1991 Feb;87(2):680-6.
  22. 1707881 Encio IJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD: The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 15;266(11):7182-8.
  23. 1958537 Govindan MV, Pothier F, Leclerc S, Palaniswami R, Xie B: Human glucocorticoid receptor gene promotor-homologous down regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991;40(1-3):317-23.
  24. 2026589 Leclerc S, Xie BX, Roy R, Govindan MV: Purification of a human glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter-binding protein. Production of polyclonal antibodies against the purified factor. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 15;266(14):8711-9.
  25. 2867473 Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM: Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature. 1985 Dec 19-1986 Jan 1;318(6047):635-41.
  26. 3841189 Weinberger C, Hollenberg SM, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM: Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1985 Dec 19-1986 Jan 1;318(6047):670-2.
  27. 7683692 Malchoff DM, Brufsky A, Reardon G, McDermott P, Javier EC, Bergh CH, Rowe D, Malchoff CD: A mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary cortisol resistance. J Clin Invest. 1993 May;91(5):1918-25.
  28. 8316249 Ashraf J, Thompson EB: Identification of the activation-labile gene: a single point mutation in the human glucocorticoid receptor presents as two distinct receptor phenotypes. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 May;7(5):631-42.
  29. 8358712 Moalli PA, Pillay S, Krett NL, Rosen ST: Alternatively spliced glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in glucocorticoid-resistant human multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 1;53(17):3877-9.
  30. 8358735 Powers JH, Hillmann AG, Tang DC, Harmon JM: Cloning and expression of mutant glucocorticoid receptors from glucocorticoid-sensitive and -resistant human leukemic cells. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 1;53(17):4059-65.
  31. 8445027 Karl M, Lamberts SW, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Encio IJ, Stratakis CA, Hurley DM, Accili D, Chrousos GP: Familial glucocorticoid resistance caused by a splice site deletion in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar;76(3):683-9.
  32. 9150737 Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, Huizenga NA, Molijn GJ, Pols HA, Grobbee DE, Karl M, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW: Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet. 1997 May;99(5):663-8.
  33. 9154805 Henriksson A, Almlof T, Ford J, McEwan IJ, Gustafsson JA, Wright AP: Role of the Ada adaptor complex in gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):3065-73.
  34. 9590696 Fryer CJ, Archer TK: Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex. Nature. 1998 May 7;393(6680):88-91.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Zhang X, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H: Enhancement of human eosinophil apoptosis by fluticasone propionate, budesonide, and beclomethasone. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct 20;406(3):325-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Henriksson G, Norlander T, Forsgren J, Stierna P: Effects of topical budesonide treatment on glucocorticoid receptor mRNA down-regulation and cytokine patterns in nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol. 2001 Jan-Feb;15(1):1-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Zhang X, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H: Beclomethasone, budesonide and fluticasone propionate inhibit human neutrophil apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 23;431(3):365-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Kompella UB, Bandi N, Ayalasomayajula SP: Subconjunctival nano- and microparticles sustain retinal delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid capable of inhibiting VEGF expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Mar;44(3):1192-201. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kunz S, Sandoval R, Carlsson P, Carlstedt-Duke J, Bloom JW, Miesfeld RL: Identification of a novel glucocorticoid receptor mutation in budesonide-resistant human bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Dec;17(12):2566-82. Epub 2003 Aug 14. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.