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Showing drug card for Danazol (DB01406)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2007-07-13 20:36:46
Update Date 2009-05-08 15:45:57
Primary Accession Number DB01406
Secondary Accession Number Not Available
Name Danazol
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [PubChem]
Synonyms Not Available
Brand Names
  1. Anatrol
  2. Chronogyn
  3. Cyclomen
  4. Danocrine
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name Not Available
Chemical Formula C22H27NO2
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 17230-88-5
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C22H27NO2/c1-4-22(24)10-8-18-16-6-5-15-11-19-14(13-23-25-19)12-20(15,2)17(16)7-9-21(18,22)3/h1,11,13,16-18,24H,5-10,12H2,2-3H3/t16-,17+,18+,20+,21+,22+/m1/s1
InChI Key POZRVZJJTULAOH-LHZXLZLDBO
KEGG Drug D00289 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 28417 Link Image
PubChem Substance 170876 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA449205 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02018144 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/danazol.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danazol Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 337.4553
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 337.2042
State Solid
Melting Point Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.76e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.51 [PERRISSOUD,D & TESTA,B (1986)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 3.61 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -4.28 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES C[C@]12CC3=C(ON=C3)C=C1CC[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@@]2(C)[C@H]1CC[C@@]2(O)C#C
Canonical SMILES CC12CC3=C(ON=C3)C=C1CCC1C2CCC2(C)C1CCC2(O)C#C
Drug Category
  • Estrogen Antagonists
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 68:08.00
Indication For the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.
Pharmacology Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first drug to specifically treat endometriosis, but its role as a treatment for endometriosis has been largely replaced by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Danazol has antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities. Danazol acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties.
Mechanism of Action As a gonadotropin inhibitor, danazol suppresses the pituitary-ovarian axis possibly by inhibiting the output of pituitary gonadotropins. Danazol also depresses the preovulatory surge in output of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and therefore reduces ovarian estrogen production. Danazol also may directly inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis, bind to androgen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptors, bind to sex-hormone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin, and increase the metabolic clearance rate of progesterone. Endometriosis - As a consequence of suppression of ovarian function, both normal and ectopic endometrial tissues become inactive and atrophic. As a result, anovulation and associated amenorrhea occur. Fibrocystic breast disease - The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but may be related to suppressed estrogenic stimulation as a result of decreased ovarian production of estrogen. A direct effect on steroid receptor sites in breast tissue also is possible. Disappearance of nodularity, relief of pain and tenderness, and possibly changes in the menstrual pattern result. Hereditary angioedema - Danazol corrects the underlying biochemical deficiency by increasing serum concentrations of the deficient C1 esterase inhibitor, resulting in increased serum concentrations of the C4 component of the complement system. (Source: PharmGKB)
Absorption Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic, to principal metabolites, ethisterone and 17-hydroxymethylethisterone.
Half Life Approximately 24 hours.
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Capsule Oral
Patient Information Not Available
Contraindications Not Available
Interactions Not Available
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol The androgen increases the anticoagulant effect
Anisindione The androgen increases the anticoagulant effect
Carbamazepine Increases the effect of carbamazepine
Cyclosporine The androgen increases the anticoagulant effect
Dicumarol The androgen increases the anticoagulant effect
Lovastatin Risk of severe myopathy/rhabdomyolysis with this combination
Tacrolimus Increases the effect and toxicity of tacrolimus
Warfarin The androgen increases the anticoagulant effect
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Wikipedia Link Image
  2. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 19 (Aromatase)
Targets
  1. Estrogen receptor
  2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
  3. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor
  4. Sex hormone-binding globulin
  5. Small inducible cytokine A2
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 19 (Aromatase)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP19A1
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P11511 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Cytochrome P450 19 (Aromatase) 
VLEMLNPIHYNITSIVPEAMPAATMPVLLLTGLFLLVWNYEGTSSIPGPGYCMGIGPLIS
HGRFLWMGIGSACNYYNRVYGEFMRVWISGEETLIISKSSSMFHIMKHNHYSSRFGSKLG
LQCIGMHEKGIIFNNNPELWKTTRPFFMKALSGPGLVRMVTVCAESLKTHLDRLEEVTNE
SGYVDVLTLLRRVMLDTSNTLFLRIPLDESAIVVKIQGYFDAWQALLIKPDIFFKISWLY
KKYEKSVKDLKDAIEVLIAEKRRRISTEEKLEECMDFATELILAEKRGDLTRENVNQCIL
EMLIAAPDTMSVSLFFMLFLIAKHPNVEEAIIKEIQTVIGERDIKIDDIQKLKVMENFIY
ESMRYQPVVDLVMRKALEDDVIDGYPVKKGTNIILNIGRMHRLEFFPKPNEFTLENFAKN
VPYRYFQPFGFGPRGCAGKYIAMVMMKAILVTLLRRFHVKTLQGQCVESIQKIHDLSLHP
DETKNMLEMIFTPRNSDRCLEH
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 136
Target 1 Name Estrogen receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. ER
  2. ER-alpha
  3. Estradiol receptor
Target 1 Gene Name ESR1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Estrogen receptor 
MTMTLHTKASGMALLHQIQGNELEPLNRPQLKIPLERPLGEVYLDSSKPAVYNYPEGAAY
EFNAAAAANAQVYGQTGLPYGPGSEAAAFGSNGLGGFPPLNSVSPSPLMLLHPPPQLSPF
LQPHGQQVPYYLENEPSGYTVREAGPPAFYRPNSDNRRQGGRERLASTNDKGSMAMESAK
ETRYCAVCNDYASGYHYGVWSCEGCKAFFKRSIQGHNDYMCPATNQCTIDKNRRKSCQAC
RLRKCYEVGMMKGGIRKDRRGGRMLKHKRQRDDGEGRGEVGSAGDMRAANLWPSPLMIKR
SKKNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTRPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINW
AKRVPGFVDLTLHDQVHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEG
MVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRVLD
KITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKCKNVVPLYDLL
LEMLDAHRLHAPTSRGGASVEETDQSHLATAGSTSSHSLQKYYITGEAEGFPATV
Target 1 Number of Residues 604
Target 1 Molecular Weight 66217
Target 1 Theoretical pI 8.14
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
steroid binding
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
steroid hormone receptor activity
binding
nucleic acid binding
DNA binding
transcription factor activity
Process
regulation of biological process
regulation of physiological process
regulation of metabolism
regulation of cellular metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Component
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus
Target 1 General Function Involved in transcription factor activity
Target 1 Specific Function Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 31234 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P03372 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ESR1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1R5K Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Nucleus
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1788 bp 
ATGACCATGACCCTCCACACCAAAGCATCTGGGATGGCCCTACTGCATCAGATCCAAGGG
AACGAGCTGGAGCCCCTGAACCGTCCGCAGCTCAAGATCCCCCTGGAGCGGCCCCTGGGC
GAGGTGTACCTGGACAGCAGCAAGCCCGCCGTGTACAACTACCCCGAGGGCGCCGCCTAC
GAGTTCAACGCCGCGGCCGCCGCCAACGCGCAGGTCTACGGTCAGACCGGCCTCCCCTAC
GGCCCCGGGTCTGAGGCTGCGGCGTTCGGCTCCAACGGCCTGGGGGGTTTCCCCCCACTC
AACAGCGTGTCTCCGAGCCCGCTGATGCTACTGCACCCGCCGCCGCAGCTGTCGCCTTTC
CTGCAGCCCCACGGCCAGCAGGTGCCCTACTACCTGGAGAACGAGCCCAGCGGCTACACG
GTGCGCGAGGCCGGCCCGCCGGCATTCTACAGGCCAAATTCAGATAATCGACGCCAGGGT
GGCAGAGAAAGATTGGCCAGTACCAATGACAAGGGAAGTATGGCTATGGAATCTGCCAAG
GAGACTCGCTACTGTGCAGTGTGCAATGACTATGCTTCAGGCTACCATTATGGAGTCTGG
TCCTGTGAGGGCTGCAAGGCCTTCTTCAAGAGAAGTATTCAAGGACATAACGACTATATG
TGTCCAGCCACCAACCAGTGCACCATTGATAAAAACAGGAGGAAGAGCTGCCAGGCCTGC
CGGCTCCGCAAATGCTACGAAGTGGGAATGATGAAAGGTGGGATACGAAAAGACCGAAGA
GGAGGGAGAATGTTGAAACACAAGCGCCAGAGAGATGATGGGGAGGGCAGGGGTGAAGTG
GGGTCTGCTGGAGACATGAGAGCTGCCAACCTTTGGCCAAGCCCGCTCATGATCAAACGC
TCTAAGAAGAACAGCCTGGCCTTGTCCCTGACGGCCGACCAGATGGTCAGTGCCTTGTTG
GATGCTGAGCCCCCCATACTCTATTCCGAGTATGATCCTACCAGACCCTTCAGTGAAGCT
TCGATGATGGGCTTACTGACCAACCTGGCAGACAGGGAGCTGGTTCACATGATCAACTGG
GCGAAGAGGGTGCCAGGCTTTGTGGATTTGACCCTCCATGATCAGGTCCACCTTCTAGAA
TGTGCCTGGCTAGAGATCCTGATGATTGGTCTCGTCTGGCGCTCCATGGAGCACCCAGTG
AAGCTACTGTTTGCTCCTAACTTGCTCTTGGACAGGAACCAGGGAAAATGTGTAGAGGGC
ATGGTGGAGATCTTCGACATGCTGCTGGCTACATCATCTCGGTTCCGCATGATGAATCTG
CAGGGAGAGGAGTTTGTGTGCCTCAAATCTATTATTTTGCTTAATTCTGGAGTGTACACA
TTTCTGTCCAGCACCCTGAAGTCTCTGGAAGAGAAGGACCATATCCACCGAGTCCTGGAC
AAGATCACAGACACTTTGATCCACCTGATGGCCAAGGCAGGCCTGACCCTGCAGCAGCAG
CACCAGCGGCTGGCCCAGCTCCTCCTCATCCTCTCCCACATCAGGCACATGAGTAACAAA
GGCATGGAGCATCTGTACAGCATGAAGTGCAAGAACGTGGTGCCCCTCTATGACCTGCTG
CTGGAGATGCTGGACGCCCACCGCCTACATGCGCCCACTAGCCGTGGAGGGGCATCCGTG
GAGGAGACGGACCAAAGCCACTTGGCCACTGCGGGCTCTACTTCATCGCATTCCTTGCAA
AAGTATTACATCACGGGGGAGGCAGAGGGTTTCCCTGCCACAGTCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ESR1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ESR1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:3467 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 6
Target 1 Locus 6q25.1
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Montano MM, Ekena K, Delage-Mourroux R, Chang W, Martini P, Katzenellenbogen BS: An estrogen receptor-selective coregulator that potentiates the effectiveness of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):6947-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Rogatsky I, Trowbridge JM, Garabedian MJ: Potentiation of human estrogen receptor alpha transcriptional activation through phosphorylation of serines 104 and 106 by the cyclin A-CDK2 complex. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22296-302. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW: A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 26;274(48):34283-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schubert EL, Lee MK, Newman B, King MC: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor gene and breast cancer susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Nov;71(1-2):21-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Sauve F, McBroom LD, Gallant J, Moraitis AN, Labrie F, Giguere V: CIA, a novel estrogen receptor coactivator with a bifunctional nuclear receptor interacting determinant. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Jan;21(1):343-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Wong CW, McNally C, Nickbarg E, Komm BS, Cheskis BJ: Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14783-8. Epub 2002 Nov 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Reese JC, Katzenellenbogen BS: Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. Studies in cell extracts and intact cells and their implications for hormone-dependent transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9868-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Schwabe JW, Neuhaus D, Rhodes D: Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor. Nature. 1990 Nov 29;348(6300):458-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 2792078 Tora L, Mullick A, Metzger D, Ponglikitmongkol M, Park I, Chambon P: The cloned human oestrogen receptor contains a mutation which alters its hormone binding properties. EMBO J. 1989 Jul;8(7):1981-6.
  12. 3753802 Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J: Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1150-4.
  13. 3754034 Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P, Chambon P: Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 1986 Mar 13-19;320(6058):134-9.
  14. 7476978 Joel PB, Traish AM, Lannigan DA: Estradiol and phorbol ester cause phosphorylation of serine 118 in the human estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Aug;9(8):1041-52.
  15. 7539106 Arnold SF, Obourn JD, Jaffe H, Notides AC: Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor on tyrosine 537 in vivo and by src family tyrosine kinases in vitro. Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Jan;9(1):24-33.
  16. 7838153 Arnold SF, Obourn JD, Jaffe H, Notides AC: Serine 167 is the major estradiol-induced phosphorylation site on the human estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Sep;8(9):1208-14.
  17. 7916651 Pfeffer U, Fecarotta E, Castagnetta L, Vidali G: Estrogen receptor variant messenger RNA lacking exon 4 in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1993 Feb 15;53(4):741-3.
  18. 8221895 Schwabe JW, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D: The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements. Cell. 1993 Nov 5;75(3):567-78.
  19. 8600466 Pink JJ, Wu SQ, Wolf DM, Bilimoria MM, Jordan VC: A novel 80 kDa human estrogen receptor containing a duplication of exons 6 and 7. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Mar 1;24(5):962-9.
  20. 8961262 McInerney EM, Ince BA, Shapiro DJ, Katzenellenbogen BS: A transcriptionally active estrogen receptor mutant is a novel type of dominant negative inhibitor of estrogen action. Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Dec;10(12):1519-26.
  21. 9195227 Anderson TI, Wooster R, Laake K, Collins N, Warren W, Skrede M, Elles R, Tveit KM, Johnston SR, Dowsett M, Olsen AO, Moller P, Stratton MR, Borresen-Dale AL: Screening for ESR mutations in breast and ovarian cancer patients. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(6):531-6.
  22. 9338790 Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Engstrom O, Ohman L, Greene GL, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M: Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature. 1997 Oct 16;389(6652):753-8.
  23. 9600906 Tanenbaum DM, Wang Y, Williams SP, Sigler PB: Crystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 May 26;95(11):5998-6003.
  24. 9619507 Maalouf GJ, Xu W, Smith TF, Mohr SC: Homology model for the ligand-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 1998 Apr;15(5):841-51.
  25. 9875847 Shiau AK, Barstad D, Loria PM, Cheng L, Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL: The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell. 1998 Dec 23;95(7):927-37.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Snyder BW, Beecham GD, Winneker RC: Danazol suppression of luteinizing hormone in the rat: evidence for mediation by both androgen and estrogen receptors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1990 May;194(1):54-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Snyder BW, Beecham GD, Winneker RC: Studies on the mechanism of action of danazol and gestrinone (R2323) in the rat: evidence for a masked estrogen component. Fertil Steril. 1989 Apr;51(4):705-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Benz C, Hollander C, Miller B: Endocrine-responsive pancreatic carcinoma: steroid binding and cytotoxicity studies in human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1986 May;46(5):2276-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Sanfilippo JS, Barrows GH, Apkarian RP, Wittliff JL: Evaluation of danazol influence upon the uterus using scanning electron microscopic morphometric and biochemical analyses. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985 May;160(5):421-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Fujimoto J, Hori M, Itoh T, Ichigo S, Nishigaki M, Tamaya T: Danazol decreases transcription of estrogen receptor gene in human monocytes. Gen Pharmacol. 1995 May;26(3):507-16. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 226
Target 2 Name Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. GnRH receptor
  2. GnRH-R
Target 2 Gene Name GNRHR
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor 
MANSASPEQNQNHCSAINNSIPLMQGNLPTLTLSGKIRVTVTFFLFLLSATFNASFLLKL
QKWTQKKEKGKKLSRMKLLLKHLTLANLLETLIVMPLDGMWNITVQWYAGELLCKVLSYL
KLFSMYAPAFMMVVISLDRSLAITRPLALKSNSKVGQSMVGLAWILSSVFAGPQLYIFRM
IHLADSSGQTKVFSQCVTHCSFSQWWHQAFYNFFTFSCLFIIPLFIMLICNAKIIFTLTR
VLHQDPHELQLNQSKNNIPRARLKTLKMTVAFATSFTVCWTPYYVLGIWYWFDPEMLNRL
SDPVNHFFFLFAFLNPCFDPLIYGYFSL
Target 2 Number of Residues 333
Target 2 Molecular Weight 37731
Target 2 Theoretical pI 9.93
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
protein-hormone receptor activity
gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Target 2 Specific Function Receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) that mediate the action of GnRH to stimulate the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH). This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Isoform 2 may act a an inhibitor of GnRH-R signaling
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 39-58
  • 78-97
  • 116-137
  • 165-184
  • 213-232
  • 282-300
  • 307-326
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 183422 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P30968 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GNRHR_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >987 bp 
ATGGCAAACAGTGCCTCTCCTGAACAGAATCAAAATCACTGTTCAGCCATCAACAACAGC
ATCCCACTGATGCAGGGCAACCTCCCCACTCTGACCTTGTCTGGAAAGATCCGAGTGACG
GTTACTTTCTTCCTTTTTCTGCTCTCTGCGACCTTTAATGCTTCTTTCTTGTTGAAACTT
CAGAAGTGGACACAGAAGAAAGAGAAAGGGAAAAAGCTCTCAAGAATGAAGCTGCTCTTA
AAACATCTGACCTTAGCCAACCTGTTGGAGACTCTGATTGTCATGCCACTGGATGGGATG
TGGAACATTACAGTCCAATGGTATGCTGGAGAGTTACTCTGCAAAGTTCTCAGTTATCTA
AAGCTTTTCTCCATGTATGCCCCAGCCTTCATGATGGTGGTGATCAGCCTGGACCGCTCC
CTGGCTATCACGAGGCCCCTAGCTTTGAAAAGCAACAGCAAAGTCGGACAGTCCATGGTT
GGCCTGGCCTGGATCCTCAGTAGTGTCTTTGCAGGACCACAGTTATACATCTTCAGGATG
ATTCATCTAGCAGACAGCTCTGGACAGACAAAAGTTTTCTCTCAATGTGTAACACACTGC
AGTTTTTCACAATGGTGGCATCAAGCATTTTATAACTTTTTCACCTTCAGCTGCCTCTTC
ATCATCCCTCTTTTCATCATGCTGATCTGCAATGCAAAAATCATCTTCACCCTGACACGG
GTCCTTCATCAGGACCCCCACGAACTACAACTGAATCAGTCCAAGAACAATATACCAAGA
GCACGGCTGAAGACTCTAAAAATGACGGTTGCATTTGCCACTTCATTTACTGTCTGCTGG
ACTCCCTACTATGTCCTAGGAATTTGGTATTGGTTTGATCCTGAAATGTTAAACAGGTTG
TCAGACCCAGTAAATCACTTCTTCTTTCTCTTTGCCTTTTTAAACCCATGCTTTGATCCA
CTTATCTATGGATATTTTTCTCTGTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID GNRHR Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID GNRHR Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:4421 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 4
Target 2 Locus 4q21.2
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Kottler ML, Bergametti F, Carre MC, Morice S, Decoret E, Lagarde JP, Starzec A, Counis R: Tissue-specific pattern of variant transcripts of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jun;140(6):561-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kakar SS, Musgrove LC, Devor DC, Sellers JC, Neill JD: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of human gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 30;189(1):289-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kakar SS, Grizzle WE, Neill JD: The nucleotide sequences of human GnRH receptors in breast and ovarian tumors are identical with that found in pituitary. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994 Dec;106(1-2):145-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chi L, Zhou W, Prikhozhan A, Flanagan C, Davidson JS, Golembo M, Illing N, Millar RP, Sealfon SC: Cloning and characterization of the human GnRH receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1993 Feb;91(1-2):R1-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Grosse R, Schoneberg T, Schultz G, Gudermann T: Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor signaling by expression of a splice variant of the human receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Aug;11(9):1305-18. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kakar SS: Molecular structure of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Aug;137(2):183-92. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Tian ZZ, Zhao H, Chen BY: [Effect of Chinese herbal medicine for nourishing yin and purging fire on mRNA expressions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor in precocious puberty model rats] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2003 Sep;23(9):695-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Roth C, Hegemann F, Hildebrandt J, Balzer I, Witt A, Wuttke W, Jarry H: Pituitary and gonadal effects of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) analogues in two peripubertal female rat models. Pediatr Res. 2004 Jan;55(1):126-33. Epub 2003 Nov 6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Barbieri RL: Comparison of the pharmacology of nafarelin and danazol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Feb;162(2):581-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Menon M, Peegel H, Katta V: Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in rat anterior pituitary monolayer cell cultures by danazol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Feb;154(2):367-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 524
Target 3 Name Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. GnRH-II-R
  2. Type II GnRH receptor
Target 3 Gene Name GNRHR2
Target 3 Protein Sequence Not Available
Target 3 Number of Residues 0
Target 3 Molecular Weight 41576
Target 3 Theoretical pI 9.68
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
protein-hormone receptor activity
gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 3 General Function Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Target 3 Specific Function Receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone II (GnRH II). This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system (Potential)
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • None
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 41-60
  • 77-96
  • 115-136
  • 161-178
  • 205-224
  • 279-297
  • 304-323
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 16589056 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q96P88 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GNRR2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID Not Available
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence >1140 bp 
CATGTCTGCAGGCAACGGCACCCCTTGGGGTCAGCAGCGGGGGAGGAGGTCTGGGCTGGA
TCAGGAGTGGAGGTGGAGGGCTCAGAGCTGCCCACCTTCTCGGCAGCAGCCAAGGTCCGA
GTGGGAGTGACCATTGTGCTGTTTGTTTCTTCGGCTGGAGGGAACCTGGCAGTCCTGTGG
TCAGTGACACGGCGGGAACCCAGCCAGCTCCGCCCCTCTCCGGTCAGGAGACTCTTCATC
CATTTAGCAGCCGCCGACTTACTAGTCACTTTTGTGGTTATGCCCCTAGATGCCACCTGG
AATATCACTGTTCAATGGCTGGCTGTGGACATCGCATGTCGGACACTGATGTTCCTGAAA
CTAATGGCCACGTATTCTGCAGCTTTCCTGCCTGTGGTCATTGGATTGGACCGCCAGGCA
GCAGTACTCAACCCGCTTGGATCCCGTTCAGGTGTAAGGAAACTTCTGGGGGCAGCCTGG
GGACTTAGTTTCCTGCTTGCCTTCCCCCAGCTGTTCCTGTTCCACACGGTCCACTGAGCT
GGCCCAGTCCCTTTCACTCAGTGTGTCACCAAAGGCAGCTTCAAGGCTCAATGGCAAGAG
ACCACCTATAACCTCTTCACCTTCTGCTGCCTCTTTCTGCTGCCACTGACTGCCATGGCC
ATCTGCTATAGCCGCATTGTCCTCAGTGTGTCCAGGCCCCAGACAAGGAAGGGGAGCCAT
GCCCCTGCTGGTGAATTTGCCCTCCCCCGCTCCTTTGACAATTGTCCCCGTGTTCGTCTC
CGGGCCCTGAGACTGGCCCTGCTTATCTTGCTGACCTTCATCCTCTGCTGGACACCTTAT
TACCTACTGGGTATGTGGTACTGGTTCTCCCCCACCATGCTAACTGAAGTCCCTCCCAGC
CTGAGCCACATCCTTTTCCTCTTGGGCCTCCTCAATGCTCCTTTGGATCCTCTCCTCTAT
GGGGCCTTCACCCTTGGCTGCCGAAGAGGGCACCAAGAACTTAGTATAGACTCTTCTAAA
GAAGGGTCTGGGAGAATGCTCCAAGAGGAGATTCATGCCTTTAGACAGCTGGAAGTACAA
AAAACTGTGACATCAAGAAGGGCAGGAGAAACAAAAGGCATTTCTATAACATCTATCTGA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID GNRHR2 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID GNRHR2 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:16341 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location 1
Target 3 Locus 1q12
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Faurholm B, Millar RP, Katz AA: The genes encoding the type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and the ribonucleoprotein RBM8A in humans overlap in two genomic loci. Genomics. 2001 Nov;78(1-2):15-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Neill JD: GnRH and GnRH receptor genes in the human genome. Endocrinology. 2002 Mar;143(3):737-43. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 4 [top]
Target 4 ID 756
Target 4 Name Sex hormone-binding globulin
Target 4 Synonyms
  1. ABP
  2. SBP
  3. SHBG
  4. Sex hormone-binding globulin precursor
  5. Sex steroid-binding protein
  6. TeBG
  7. Testis-specific androgen-binding protein
  8. Testosterone-estradiol- binding globulin
  9. Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin
Target 4 Gene Name SHBG
Target 4 Protein Sequence >Sex hormone-binding globulin precursor 
MESRGPLATSRLLLLLLLLLLRHTRQGWALRPVLPTQSAHDPPAVHLSNGPGQEPIAVMT
FDLTKITKTSSSFEVRTWDPEGVIFYGDTNPKDDWFMLGLRDGRPEIQLHNHWAQLTVGA
GPRLDDGRWHQVEVKMEGDSVLLEVDGEEVLRLRQVSGPLTSKRHPIMRIALGGLLFPAS
NLRLPLVPALDGCLRRDSWLDKQAEISASAPTSLRSCDVESNPGIFLPPGTQAEFNLRDI
PQPHAEPWAFSLDLGLKQAAGSGHLLALGTPENPSWLSLHLQDQKVVLSSGSGPGLDLPL
VLGLPLQLKLSMSRVVLSQGSKMKALALPPLGLAPLLNLWAKPQGRLFLGALPGEDSSTS
FCLNGLWAQGQRLDVDQALNRSHEIWTHSCPQSPGNGTDASH
Target 4 Number of Residues 408
Target 4 Molecular Weight 43780
Target 4 Theoretical pI 6.70
Target 4 GO Classification Not Available
Target 4 General Function Involved in androgen binding
Target 4 Specific Function Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration
Target 4 Pathways Not Available
Target 4 Reactions Not Available
Target 4 Pfam Domain Function
Target 4 Signals
  • 1-29
Target 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 4 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 4 GenBank ID Protein 296673 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P04278 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SHBG_HUMAN Link Image
Target 4 PDB ID 1F5F Link Image
Target 4 PDB File Show
Target 4 3D Structure
Target 4 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the
Target 4 Gene Sequence >1209 bp 
ATGGAGAGCAGAGGCCCACTGGCTACCTCGCGCCTGCTGCTGTTGCTGCTGTTGCTACTA
CTGCGTCACACCCGCCAGGGATGGGCCCTGAGACCTGTTCTCCCCACCCAGAGTGCCCAC
GACCCTCCGGCTGTCCACCTCAGCAATGGCCCAGGACAAGAGCCTATCGCTGTCATGACC
TTTGACCTCACCAAGATCACAAAAACCTCCTCCTCCTTTGAGGTTCGAACCTGGGACCCA
GAGGGAGTGATTTTTTATGGGGATACCAACCCTAAGGATGACTGGTTTATGCTGGGACTT
CGAGACGGCAGGCCTGAGATCCAACTGCACAATCACTGGGCCCAGCTTACGGTGGGTGCT
GGACCACGGCTGGATGATGGGAGATGGCACCAGGTGGAAGTCAAGATGGAGGGGGACTCT
GTGCTGCTGGAGGTGGATGGGGAGGAGGTGCTGCGCCTGAGACAGGTCTCTGGGCCCCTG
ACCAGCAAACGCCATCCCATCATGAGGATTGCGCTTGGGGGGCTGCTCTTCCCCGCTTCC
AACCTTCGGTTGCCGCTGGTTCCTGCCCTGGATGGCTGCCTGCGCCGGGATTCCTGGCTG
GACAAACAGGCCGAGATCTCAGCATCTGCCCCCACTAGCCTCAGAAGCTGTGATGTAGAA
TCAAATCCCGGGATATTTCTCCCTCCAGGGACTCAGGCAGAATTCAATCTCCGAGACATT
CCCCAGCCTCATGCAGAGCCCTGGGCCTTCTCTTTGGACCTGGGACTCAAGCAGGCAGCA
GGCTCAGGCCACCTCCTTGCTCTTGGGACACCAGAGAACCCATCTTGGCTCAGTCTCCAC
CTCCAAGATCAAAAGGTGGTGTTGTCTTCTGGGTCGGGGCCAGGGCTGGATCTGCCCCTG
GTCTTGGGACTCCCTCTTCAGCTGAAGCTGAGTATGTCCAGGGTGGTCTTGAGCCAAGGG
TCGAAGATGAAGGCCCTTGCCCTGCCTCCCTTAGGCCTGGCTCCCCTCCTTAACCTCTGG
GCCAAGCCTCAAGGGCGTCTCTTCCTGGGGGCTTTACCAGGAGAAGACTCTTCCACCTCT
TTTTGCCTGAATGGCCTTTGGGCACAAGGTCAGAGGCTGGATGTGGACCAGGCCCTGAAC
AGAAGCCATGAGATCTGGACTCACAGCTGCCCCCAGAGCCCAGGCAATGGCACTGACGCT
TCCCATTAA
Target 4 GenBank Gene ID
Target 4 GeneCard ID SHBG Link Image
Target 4 GenAtlas ID SHBG Link Image
Target 4 HGNC ID HGNC:10839 Link Image
Target 4 Chromosome Location 17
Target 4 Locus 17p13-p12
Target 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 4 General References
  1. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Grishkovskaya I, Avvakumov GV, Sklenar G, Dales D, Hammond GL, Muller YA: Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin: steroid transport by a laminin G-like domain. EMBO J. 2000 Feb 15;19(4):504-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Grishkovskaya I, Avvakumov GV, Hammond GL, Catalano MG, Muller YA: Steroid ligands bind human sex hormone-binding globulin in specific orientations and produce distinct changes in protein conformation. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 30;277(35):32086-93. Epub 2002 Jun 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Power SG, Bocchinfuso WP, Pallesen M, Warmels-Rodenhiser S, Van Baelen H, Hammond GL: Molecular analyses of a human sex hormone-binding globulin variant: evidence for an additional carbohydrate chain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Oct;75(4):1066-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gershagen S, Lundwall A, Fernlund P: Characterization of the human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) gene and demonstration of two transcripts in both liver and testis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Nov 25;17(22):9245-58. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Hammond GL, Underhill DA, Rykse HM, Smith CL: The human sex hormone-binding globulin gene contains exons for androgen-binding protein and two other testicular messenger RNAs. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Nov;3(11):1869-76. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Que BG, Petra PH: Characterization of a cDNA coding for sex steroid-binding protein of human plasma. FEBS Lett. 1987 Jul 27;219(2):405-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Gershagen S, Fernlund P, Lundwall A: A cDNA coding for human sex hormone binding globulin. Homology to vitamin K-dependent protein S. FEBS Lett. 1987 Aug 10;220(1):129-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Walsh KA, Titani K, Takio K, Kumar S, Hayes R, Petra PH: Amino acid sequence of the sex steroid binding protein of human blood plasma. Biochemistry. 1986 Nov 18;25(23):7584-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Hammond GL, Underhill DA, Smith CL, Goping IS, Harley MJ, Musto NA, Cheng CY, Bardin CW: The cDNA-deduced primary structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin and location of its steroid-binding domain. FEBS Lett. 1987 May 4;215(1):100-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 3702459 Hammond GL, Robinson PA, Sugino H, Ward DN, Finne J: Physicochemical characteristics of human sex hormone binding globulin: evidence for two identical subunits. J Steroid Biochem. 1986 Apr;24(4):815-24.
  12. 7714097 Hardy DO, Carino C, Catterall JF, Larrea F: Molecular characterization of a genetic variant of the steroid hormone-binding globulin gene in heterozygous subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1253-6.
Target 4 Drug References
  1. De Leo V, Morgante G, La Marca A, Musacchio MC, Sorace M, Cavicchioli C, Petraglia F: A benefit-risk assessment of medical treatment for uterine leiomyomas. Drug Saf. 2002;25(11):759-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Telimaa S, Apter D, Reinila M, Ronnberg L, Kauppila A: Placebo-controlled comparison of hormonal and biochemical effects of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1990 Jul-Aug;36(1-2):97-105. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Donaldson VH: Danazol. Am J Med. 1989 Sep;87(3N):49N-55N. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Valimaki M, Nilsson CG, Roine R, Ylikorkala O: Comparison between the effects of nafarelin and danazol on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Dec;69(6):1097-103. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Forbes KL, Dowsett M, Rose GL, Mudge JE, Jeffcoate SL: Dosage-related effects of danazol on sex hormone binding globulin and free and total androgen levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1986 Nov;25(5):597-605. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 5 [top]
Target 5 ID 1649
Target 5 Name Small inducible cytokine A2
Target 5 Synonyms
  1. CCL2
  2. HC11
  3. MCAF
  4. MCP-1
  5. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
  6. Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor
  7. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
  8. Monocyte secretory protein JE
  9. Small inducible cytokine A2 precursor
Target 5 Gene Name CCL2
Target 5 Protein Sequence >Small inducible cytokine A2 precursor 
MKVSAALLCLLLIAATFIPQGLAQPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCP
KEAVIFKTIVAKEICADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPKT
Target 5 Number of Residues 100
Target 5 Molecular Weight 11025
Target 5 Theoretical pI 9.72
Target 5 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor binding
cytokine activity
chemokine activity
Process
response to stimulus
response to biotic stimulus
defense response
immune response
Component
cell
membrane
extracellular region
Target 5 General Function Involved in chemokine activity
Target 5 Specific Function Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis
Target 5 Pathways Not Available
Target 5 Reactions Not Available
Target 5 Pfam Domain Function
Target 5 Signals
  • 1-23
Target 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 5 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 5 GenBank ID Protein 307163 Link Image
Target 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P13500 Link Image
Target 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CCL2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 5 PDB ID 1DON Link Image
Target 5 PDB File Show
Target 5 3D Structure
Target 5 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
Target 5 Gene Sequence >300 bp 
ATGAAAGTCTCTGCCGCCCTTCTGTGCCTGCTGCTCATAGCAGCCACCTTCATTCCCCAA
GGGCTCGCTCAGCCAGATGCAATCAATGCCCCAGTCACCTGCTGTTATAACTTCACCAAT
AGGAAGATCTCAGTGCAGAGGCTCGCGAGCTATAGAAGAATCACCAGCAGCAAGTGTCCC
AAAGAAGCTGTGATCTTCAAGACCATTGTGGCCAAGGAGATCTGTGCTGACCCCAAGCAG
AAGTGGGTTCAGGATTCCATGGACCACCTGGACAAGCAAACCCAAACTCCGAAGACTTGA
Target 5 GenBank Gene ID
Target 5 GeneCard ID CCL2 Link Image
Target 5 GenAtlas ID CCL2 Link Image
Target 5 HGNC ID HGNC:10618 Link Image
Target 5 Chromosome Location 17
Target 5 Locus 17q11.2-q12
Target 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 5 General References
  1. Finzer P, Soto U, Delius H, Patzelt A, Coy JF, Poustka A, zur Hausen H, Rosl F: Differential transcriptional regulation of the monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene in tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic HPV 18 positive cells: the role of the chromatin structure and AP-1 composition. Oncogene. 2000 Jul 6;19(29):3235-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ: Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;305:47-56. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Gronenborn AM, Clore GM: Modeling the three-dimensional structure of the monocyte chemo-attractant and activating protein MCAF/MCP-1 on the basis of the solution structure of interleukin-8. Protein Eng. 1991 Feb;4(3):263-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Rollins BJ, Morton CC, Ledbetter DH, Eddy RL Jr, Shows TB: Assignment of the human small inducible cytokine A2 gene, SCYA2 (encoding JE or MCP-1), to 17q11.2-12: evolutionary relatedness of cytokines clustered at the same locus. Genomics. 1991 Jun;10(2):489-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Decock B, Conings R, Lenaerts JP, Billiau A, Van Damme J: Identification of the monocyte chemotactic protein from human osteosarcoma cells and monocytes: detection of a novel N-terminally processed form. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Mar 30;167(3):904-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Shyy YJ, Li YS, Kolattukudy PE: Structure of human monocyte chemotactic protein gene and its regulation by TPA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 15;169(2):346-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Yoshimura T, Yuhki N, Moore SK, Appella E, Lerman MI, Leonard EJ: Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Full-length cDNA cloning, expression in mitogen-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes, and sequence similarity to mouse competence gene JE. FEBS Lett. 1989 Feb 27;244(2):487-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Rollins BJ, Stier P, Ernst T, Wong GG: The human homolog of the JE gene encodes a monocyte secretory protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):4687-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Chang HC, Hsu F, Freeman GJ, Griffin JD, Reinherz EL: Cloning and expression of a gamma-interferon-inducible gene in monocytes: a new member of a cytokine gene family. Int Immunol. 1989;1(4):388-97. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Robinson EA, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Tanaka S, Griffin PR, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Appella E: Complete amino acid sequence of a human monocyte chemoattractant, a putative mediator of cellular immune reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):1850-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 2923622 Furutani Y, Nomura H, Notake M, Oyamada Y, Fukui T, Yamada M, Larsen CG, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K: Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Feb 28;159(1):249-55.
  12. 8107690 Li YS, Shyy YJ, Wright JG, Valente AJ, Cornhill JF, Kolattukudy PE: The expression of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in human vascular endothelium in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biochem. 1993 Sep 8;126(1):61-8.
  13. 8195247 Zhang YJ, Rutledge BJ, Rollins BJ: Structure/activity analysis of human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by mutagenesis. Identification of a mutated protein that inhibits MCP-1-mediated monocyte chemotaxis. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jun 3;269(22):15918-24.
  14. 8627182 Weber M, Uguccioni M, Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I, Dahinden CA: Deletion of the NH2-terminal residue converts monocyte chemotactic protein 1 from an activator of basophil mediator release to an eosinophil chemoattractant. J Exp Med. 1996 Feb 1;183(2):681-5.
  15. 8639605 Handel TM, Domaille PJ: Heteronuclear (1H, 13C, 15N) NMR assignments and solution structure of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) dimer. Biochemistry. 1996 May 28;35(21):6569-84.
  16. 8898111 Kim KS, Rajarathnam K, Clark-Lewis I, Sykes BD: Structural characterization of a monomeric chemokine: monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. FEBS Lett. 1996 Oct 21;395(2-3):277-82.
  17. 8989326 Lubkowski J, Bujacz G, Boque L, Domaille PJ, Handel TM, Wlodawer A: The structure of MCP-1 in two crystal forms provides a rare example of variable quaternary interactions. Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Jan;4(1):64-9.
Target 5 Drug References
  1. Boucher A, Lemay A, Akoum A: Effect of hormonal agents on monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression by endometrial epithelial cells of women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2000 Nov;74(5):969-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Jolicoeur C, Lemay A, Akoum A: Comparative effect of danazol and a GnRH agonist on monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression by endometriotic cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2001 Feb;45(2):86-93. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.