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Identification
Name Thiothixene
Accession Number DB01623
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • (e)-thiothixene
  • Cis-thiothixene
  • Thiothixine
  • Tiotixene
  • Tiotixeno [inn-spanish]
  • Tiotixenum [inn-latin]
Brand names
  • Navan
  • Navane
  • Navaron
  • Orbinamon
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Dopamine Antagonists
  • Antipsychotic Agents
  • Thioxanthenes
CAS number 5591-45-7
Weight Average: 443.625
Monoisotopic: 443.170118567
Chemical Formula C23H29N3O2S2
InChI Key InChIKey=GFBKORZTTCHDGY-UWVJOHFNSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H29N3O2S2/c1-24(2)30(27,28)18-10-11-23-21(17-18)19(20-7-4-5-9-22(20)29-23)8-6-12-26-15-13-25(3)14-16-26/h4-5,7-11,17H,6,12-16H2,1-3H3/b19-8-
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(9Z)-N,N-dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propylidene]-9H-thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide
SMILES
CN(C)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC2=C(SC3=C(C=CC=C3)\C2=C\CCN2CCN(C)CC2)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Thioxanthenes
Substructures
  • Ethers
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Phenylpropenes
  • Sulfonyls
  • Piperazines
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Benzenesulfonamides
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Isoprenes
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Thioxanthenes
  • Sulfonamides
Pharmacology
Indication For the management of schizophrenia.
Pharmacodynamics Thiothixene is an antipsychotic of the thioxanthene series. Navane possesses certain chemical and pharmacological similarities to the piperazine phenothiazines and differences from the aliphatic group of phenothiazines. Although widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia for several decades, thiothixene is seldom used today in favor of atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone.
Mechanism of action Thiothixene acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on histaminergic-receptors (H1-receptors, sedation, antiemesis, vertigo, fall in blood pressure and weight gain), alpha1/alpha2-receptors (antisympathomimetic properties, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo, sedation, hypersalivation and incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction, but may also attenuate pseudoparkinsonism - controversial) and finally on muscarinic (cholinergic) M1/M2-receptors (causing anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth, blurred vision, obstipation, difficulty/inability to urinate, sinus tachycardia, ECG-changes and loss of memory, but the anticholinergic action may attenuate extrapyramidal side-effects).
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism

Hepatic.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 10-20 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include central nervous system depression, coma, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, drowsiness, head tilted to the side, low blood pressure, muscle twitching, rigid muscles, salivation, tremors, walking disturbances, and weakness.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Pfizer inc
  • American therapeutics inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Alpharma us pharmaceuticals division
  • Paco research corp
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Roxane laboratories inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Navane 20 mg capsule 3.15 USD capsule
Navane 10 mg capsule 1.66 USD capsule
Navane 5 mg capsule 1.2 USD capsule
Navane 2 mg capsule 0.8 USD capsule
Thiothixene 10 mg capsule 0.67 USD capsule
Thiothixene 5 mg capsule 0.47 USD capsule
Thiothixene 2 mg capsule 0.31 USD capsule
Thiothixene 1 mg capsule 0.24 USD capsule
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Melting point Not Available
Experimental Properties Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.39e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 4.01 ALOGPS
logP 3.36 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -4.50 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 43.86 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 137.85 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 50.35 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
PubChem Compound 941651 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505564 Link_out
ChemSpider 819430 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000318 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451669 Link_out
Drug Product Database 24430 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/thiothix.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/thiothixene.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/nav1285.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiothixene Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N05AF04
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol
Targets

1. D(2) dopamine receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14416 Link_out
Gene: DRD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Shultz PJ, Sedor JR, Abboud HE: Dopaminergic stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cultured rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol. 1987 Aug;253(2 Pt 2):H358-64. Pubmed
  2. Oades RD, Rao ML, Bender S, Sartory G, Muller BW: Neuropsychological and conditioned blocking performance in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of the contribution of neuroleptic dose, serum levels and dopamine D2-receptor occupancy. Behav Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;11(3-4):317-30. Pubmed
  3. Seeman P: Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;47(1):27-38. Pubmed
  4. Wu S, Xing Q, Gao R, Li X, Gu N, Feng G, He L: Response to chlorpromazine treatment may be associated with polymorphisms of the DRD2 gene in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 7;376(1):1-4. Epub 2004 Dec 2. Pubmed
  5. Wu SN, Gao R, Xing QH, Li HF, Shen YF, Gu NF, Feng GY, He L: Association of DRD2 polymorphisms and chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006 Aug;27(8):966-70. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  7. Seeman P: Dopamine D2 receptors as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2010 Apr;4(1):56-73. Pubmed

2. D(1A) dopamine receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P21728 Link_out
Gene: DRD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Shultz PJ, Sedor JR, Abboud HE: Dopaminergic stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cultured rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol. 1987 Aug;253(2 Pt 2):H358-64. Pubmed
  2. Kanba S, Suzuki E, Nomura S, Nakaki T, Yagi G, Asai M, Richelson E: Affinity of neuroleptics for D1 receptor of human brain striatum. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1994 Jul;19(4):265-9. Pubmed

3. 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This receptor is involved in tracheal smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and control of aldosterone production

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28223 Link_out
Gene: HTR2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kusumi I, Takahashi Y, Suzuki K, Kameda K, Koyama T: Differential effects of subchronic treatments with atypical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the rat brain. J Neural Transm. 2000;107(3):295-302. Pubmed
  2. Yamada J, Sugimoto Y, Horisaka K: Serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) inhibits chlorpromazine- and haloperidol-induced hypothermia in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Nov;18(11):1580-3. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bednarczyk D, Ekins S, Wikel JH, Wright SH: Influence of molecular structure on substrate binding to the human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;63(3):489-98. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Serum albumin

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kitamura K, Omran AA, Nagata C, Kamijima Y, Tanaka R, Takegami S, Kitade T: Effects of inorganic ions on the binding of triflupromazine and chlorpromazine to bovine serum albumin studied by spectrometric methods. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2006 Jul;54(7):972-6. Pubmed
  2. Rukhadze MD, Bezarashvili GS, Sidamonidze NS, Tsagareli SK: Investigation of binding process of chlorpromazine to bovine serum albumin by means of passive and active experiments. Biomed Chromatogr. 2001 Oct;15(6):365-73. Pubmed
  3. Silva D, Cortez CM, Louro SR: Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin by chlorpromazine and hemin. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Jul;37(7):963-8. Epub 2004 Jun 22. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on August 29, 2007 14:17 / Updated on January 02, 2011 10:51

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.