gamma-Aminobutyric acid

Identification

Generic Name
gamma-Aminobutyric acid
DrugBank Accession Number
DB02530
Background

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 103.1198
Monoisotopic: 103.063328537
Chemical Formula
C4H9NO2
Synonyms
  • 4-aminobutanoic acid
  • 4-aminobutyric acid
  • 4Abu
  • GABA
  • gamma-Aminobutyric acid
  • piperidic acid
  • piperidinic acid
  • γ-amino-n-butyric acid
  • γ-aminobutanoic acid
  • γ-Aminobuttersäure
  • γ-aminobutyric acid
  • ω-aminobutyric acid

Pharmacology

Indication

Not Available

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Maintenance ofBrain health••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Not Available

Mechanism of action
TargetActionsOrganism
UGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1Not AvailableHumans
UGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2Not AvailableHumans
UGlycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
HomocarnosinosisDisease
Glutamate MetabolismMetabolic
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia SyndromeDisease
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D and L Form)Disease
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase DeficiencyDisease
Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase DeficiencyDisease
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Hydrochloride0S3LEB8Q585959-35-3QPGLUEKHBNOAHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Gongjinhyang Qi and Jin EyeCream0.022 mL/100mLTopicalLg Household & Health Care Ltd.2010-05-24Not applicableUS flag
เบนโตTablet, coated250 mgOralบริษัท ที.พี.ดรัก แลบบอราทอรี่ส์ (1969) จำกัด2013-11-14Not applicableThailand flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Gongjinhyang Qi and Jin Eyegamma-Aminobutyric acid (0.022 mL/100mL)CreamTopicalLg Household & Health Care Ltd.2010-05-24Not applicableUS flag
Medi-doze Rx Sleep Aidgamma-Aminobutyric acid (30 mg/1) + Melatonin (6 mg/1) + Valerian (50 mg/1)TabletOralTwo Hip Consulting, Llc2013-02-202016-04-11US flag
Prazolaminegamma-Aminobutyric acid (100 mg/1) + Carisoprodol (350 mg/1)KitOralPhysician Therapeutics Llc2011-07-07Not applicableUS flag
Therabenzaprine-60gamma-Aminobutyric acid (100 mg/1) + Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (10 mg/1)KitOralPhysician Therapeutics Llc2011-05-15Not applicableUS flag
Therabenzaprine-90gamma-Aminobutyric acid (100 mg/1) + Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (10 mg/1)KitOralPhysician Therapeutics Llc2011-02-16Not applicableUS flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Gamma amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Amino fatty acids / Straight chain fatty acids / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Amine / Amino acid / Amino fatty acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Fatty acid / Fatty acyl / Gamma amino acid or derivatives / Hydrocarbon derivative
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monocarboxylic acid, gamma-amino acid (CHEBI:16865) / Amino fatty acids, Other amino acids, Biogenic amines (C00334) / Amino fatty acids (LMFA01100039)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
2ACZ6IPC6I
CAS number
56-12-2
InChI Key
BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H9NO2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5H2,(H,6,7)
IUPAC Name
4-aminobutanoic acid
SMILES
NCCCC(O)=O

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0000112
KEGG Drug
D00058
KEGG Compound
C00334
PubChem Compound
119
PubChem Substance
46507841
ChemSpider
116
BindingDB
24183
RxNav
4617
ChEBI
59888
ChEMBL
CHEMBL96
ZINC
ZINC000001532620
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
ABU
Wikipedia
Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid
PDB Entries
1m19 / 1m1a / 1qur / 1s32 / 2jt9 / 2okj / 2okk / 2yoe / 3usu / 3v5a
show 69 more

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentPain1
4CompletedTreatmentVertigo1
1, 2CompletedTreatmentType 1 Diabetes Mellitus1
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableType 1 Diabetes Mellitus1
Not AvailableCompletedOtherSleep disorders and disturbances1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CreamTopical0.022 mL/100mL
TabletOral
KitOral
Tablet, coatedOral250 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility365.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-3ALOGPS
logP-2.9Chemaxon
logS0.55ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.53Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.22Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area63.32 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity25.46 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability10.62 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9258
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9117
Caco-2 permeable-0.6516
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7407
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9819
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9677
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8182
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8751
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7724
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7728
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9495
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9641
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9786
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9777
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.942
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9821
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8858
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7416
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.9414
Rat acute toxicity1.1546 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9362
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9322
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00dj-1900000000-f831f79dfcaeffa8b177
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-2de9d92a2cfc7bc655f4
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-73bbf2ee0803f058dbed
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1901000000-85d4bd98af8534428b5a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-6be23968e972a414be51
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-9a224763afd8ca892add
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-9800000000-d8906d09ca1872a6391c
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-54db7e21790401045519
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1901000000-b047af158215c2b5b8e8
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-d5f55a414ff1e8c65d9d
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-21ea76dfb0da62031f1d
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-00di-0901000000-5d60b0a446fd8122f613
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00dj-1900000000-f831f79dfcaeffa8b177
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-2de9d92a2cfc7bc655f4
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-73bbf2ee0803f058dbed
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-1901000000-85d4bd98af8534428b5a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-6be23968e972a414be51
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-9a224763afd8ca892add
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-9800000000-d8906d09ca1872a6391c
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-54db7e21790401045519
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-00di-1901000000-b047af158215c2b5b8e8
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00dj-1900000000-1219470a0be188da64e6
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-f7117dfaf9d856c95919
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0006-1900000000-e35585a985d8128d044e
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-dbf4f9e19a35f953a189
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0uxr-8900000000-ce0d8f44422836cd9965
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9000000000-8ce5afb97d7c08821da3
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9100000000-32c433b2c916697690f8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-5831aaabdf53f3132ae5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9babfd4a6937ecba7318
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e1c0c1485d846e9b123b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-647d55ecf98850e7a875
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-7c107641a38922c88fca
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-86718b349efad6334e3a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-a1e84e55e4b6c6628d5d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0009000000-29c22bf0ed844d09c0af
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-1d00adad47e42c60c340
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-47b195fb74720cc99464
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-a14a52dc59bf9988bb44
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-5900000000-20c55b2809389d5ad83b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-eca4c5aefca98751a11e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-9000000000-f0783316e09291749409
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9000000000-81837eb9c0b926cb0e81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9000000000-8b48126992d7fa242636
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-7d4636efbc4e5d75872e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-1d00adad47e42c60c340
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-d8ff5f7f2b000a2455d5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-a14a52dc59bf9988bb44
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-cf22f0f1cb463112f455
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-27785600db8d1dd60f65
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-5900000000-c8c55b5a6abccc85a5e2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-eca4c5aefca98751a11e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-9000000000-f0783316e09291749409
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9000000000-7da11b34d3bda6932394
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-9000000000-8b48126992d7fa242636
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9babfd4a6937ecba7318
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-0154dce35de7f8820ebe
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-86718b349efad6334e3a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-7d4636efbc4e5d75872e
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-73e7e15a1b7cb86f1f7f
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9200000000-798d6fe6d2e79765073c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-92d4e281643b6e8d042f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-2c9498e4380d6834f590
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ue9-5900000000-3f6753727909fcf2c1f1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-1cf1c0b219cfc10e6b5e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9000000000-e7e20f13ebd4d4934b3a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-4a7a4ae90ad600a15727
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-117.1838019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-117.2559019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-117.1606019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-130.9198
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+118.1164019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+117.9935019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+118.2127019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+133.68158
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+117.6179019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+117.6420019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+117.6317019
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+141.82634
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
G-protein coupled gaba receptor activity
Specific Function
Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coup...
Gene Name
GABBR1
Uniprot ID
Q9UBS5
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1
Molecular Weight
108319.4 Da
References
  1. Olianas MC, Ambu R, Garau L, Onali P: Allosteric modulation of GABA(B) receptor function in human frontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2005 Jan;46(2):149-58. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
G-protein coupled gaba receptor activity
Specific Function
Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coup...
Gene Name
GABBR2
Uniprot ID
O75899
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2
Molecular Weight
105820.52 Da
References
  1. Olianas MC, Ambu R, Garau L, Onali P: Allosteric modulation of GABA(B) receptor function in human frontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2005 Jan;46(2):149-58. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Glycine amidinotransferase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. May play a role in embryonic and central ner...
Gene Name
GATM
Uniprot ID
P50440
Uniprot Name
Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
48455.01 Da
References
  1. Fritsche E, Humm A, Huber R: The ligand-induced structural changes of human L-Arginine:Glycine amidinotransferase. A mutational and crystallographic study. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 29;274(5):3026-32. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recog...
Gene Name
SLC36A1
Uniprot ID
Q7Z2H8
Uniprot Name
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
Molecular Weight
53075.045 Da
References
  1. Thwaites DT, Basterfield L, McCleave PM, Carter SM, Simmons NL: Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;129(3):457-64. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51