Aliskiren

Identification

Summary

Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor used to manage hypertension.

Brand Names
Rasilez, Tekturna, Tekturna Hct
Generic Name
Aliskiren
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09026
Background

Aliskiren is the first drug in the renin inhibitor drug class and is used for the treatment of hypertension.5 It was developed by Speedel and Novartis and initially approved by the FDA in early 2007.10 Aliskiren has been proven to efficacious in reducing blood pressure when used alone or in conjunction with other antihypertensive agents.5

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 551.7583
Monoisotopic: 551.393436443
Chemical Formula
C30H53N3O6
Synonyms
  • Aliskiren
  • Aliskireno
External IDs
  • CGP 60536
  • CGP60536B
  • SPP 100
  • SPP100

Pharmacology

Indication

Aliskiren is used for the treatment of hypertension in children above 6 years and adults.9 This drug may also be used in conjunction with antihypertensives such as calcium channel blockers and thiazides in products form to provide additional blood pressure control.12,13

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to manageHypertensionCombination Product in combination with: Amlodipine (DB00381)••••••••••••••••••
Management ofHypertension••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••
Used in combination to manageHypertensionCombination Product in combination with: Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999)••••••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Aliskiren reduces blood pressure by inhibiting renin. This leads to a cascade of events that decreases blood pressure, lowering the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events including stroke and myocardial infarction.2,9

Mechanism of action

Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor.9 Renin is secreted by the kidneys when blood volume and renal perfusion decrease. It normally cleaves the protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II, an active protein. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that causes the release of catecholamines into the circulation. It also promotes the secretion of aldosterone in addition to sodium reabsorption, increasing blood pressure. Additionally, angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex where it stimulates aldosterone release. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the nephron. 11

Aliskiren prevents the above process via binding to renin at its active site, stopping the cleavage of angiotensin, in turn inhibiting the formation of angiotensin I. This ends the cascade of angiotensin II mediated mechanisms that normally increase blood pressure.5

TargetActionsOrganism
ARenin
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Aliskiren is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is poorly absorbed with a bioavailability between 2.0 and 2.5%.6,9 Peak plasma concentrations of aliskiren are achieved between 1 to 3 hours after administration.6,9 Steady-state concentrations of aliskiren are achieved within 7-8 days of regular administration.1

Volume of distribution

Unchanged aliskiren accounts for about 80% of the drug found in the plasma.7,9

Protein binding

The plasma protein binding of aliskiren ranges from 47-51%.1,6

Metabolism

About 80% of the drug in plasma following oral administration is unchanged. Two major metabolites account for about 1-3% of aliskiren in the plasma. One metabolite is an O-demethylated alcohol derivative and the other is a carboxylic acid derivative. Minor oxidized and hydrolyzed metabolites may also be found in the plasma.7,9

Route of elimination

Aliskiren is mainly excreted via the hepatobiliary route and by oxidative metabolism by hepatic cytochrome enzymes.1 Approximately one-quarter of the absorbed dose appears in the urine as unchanged parent drug. 9 One pharmacokinetic study of radiolabeled aliskiren detected 0.6% radioactivity in the urine and more than 80% in the feces, suggesting that aliskiren is mainly eliminated by the fecal route.7

Half-life

Plasma half-life for aliskiren can range from 30 to 40 hours 7 with an accumulation half-life of about 24 hours.7

Clearance

Aliskiren is partially cleared in the kidneys, and safety data have not been established for patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min.9 One pharmacokinetic study revealed an average renal clearance of 1280 +/- 500 mL/hour in healthy volunteers.8

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 of aliskiren in rats is >2000 mg/kg.14 Overdose information is limited in the literature, however, an overdose with aliskiren is likely to result in hypotension. Supportive treatment should be initiated in the case of an overdose.9,15

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Abaloparatide is combined with Aliskiren.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Aliskiren can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AcebutololAcebutolol may increase the hypotensive activities of Aliskiren.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of renal failure and hypertension can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Aliskiren.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of renal failure and hypertension can be increased when Acemetacin is combined with Aliskiren.
Food Interactions
  • Do not take with or immediately after a high-fat meal. The absorption of aliskiren is substantially reduced by taking it with high-fat meals.
  • Take with or without food. Take consistently at the same time in regard to meals.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Aliskiren hemifumarateC8A0P8G029173334-58-2KLRSDBSKUSSCGU-KRQUFFFQSA-N
Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
RasilezTablet, film coated150 mgOralNoden Pharma Dac2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
RasilezTablet, film coated300 mgOralNoden Pharma Dac2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
RasilezTablet, film coated150 mgOralNoden Pharma Dac2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
RasilezTablet, film coated150 mgOralNoden Pharma Dac2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
RasilezTablet, film coated300 mgOralNoden Pharma Dac2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AliskirenTablet, film coated300 mg/1OralPar Pharmaceutical, Inc.2019-03-25Not applicableUS flag
AliskirenTablet, film coated150 mg/1OralPrasco Laboratories2019-03-04Not applicableUS flag
AliskirenTablet, film coated150 mg/1OralPar Pharmaceutical, Inc.2019-03-25Not applicableUS flag
AliskirenTablet, film coated300 mg/1OralPrasco Laboratories2019-03-04Not applicableUS flag
Sandoz AliskirenTablet300 mgOralSandoz Canada IncorporatedNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AmturnideAliskiren hemifumarate (300 mg/1) + Amlodipine besylate (10 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralNovartis2010-12-212015-10-31US flag
AmturnideAliskiren hemifumarate (150 mg/1) + Amlodipine besylate (5 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralNovartis2010-12-212015-09-30US flag
AmturnideAliskiren hemifumarate (300 mg/1) + Amlodipine besylate (5 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralNovartis2010-12-212016-03-31US flag
AmturnideAliskiren hemifumarate (300 mg/1) + Amlodipine besylate (10 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralNovartis2010-12-212016-01-31US flag
AmturnideAliskiren hemifumarate (300 mg/1) + Amlodipine besylate (5 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralNovartis2010-12-212016-01-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C09XA54 — Aliskiren, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazideC09XA53 — Aliskiren and amlodipineC09DX02 — Valsartan and aliskirenC09XA02 — AliskirenC09XA52 — Aliskiren and hydrochlorothiazide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as delta amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group and an amino group at the C5 carbon atom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Delta amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Beta amino acids and derivatives / Phenylbutylamines / Anisoles / Methoxybenzenes / Phenoxy compounds / Alkyl aryl ethers / Aralkylamines / N-acyl amines / Secondary carboxylic acid amides / 1,2-aminoalcohols
show 8 more
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid / Beta amino acid or derivatives / Carbonyl group
show 24 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monocarboxylic acid amide, monomethoxybenzene (CHEBI:601027)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
502FWN4Q32
CAS number
173334-57-1
InChI Key
UXOWGYHJODZGMF-QORCZRPOSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C30H53N3O6/c1-19(2)22(14-21-10-11-26(38-8)27(15-21)39-13-9-12-37-7)16-24(31)25(34)17-23(20(3)4)28(35)33-18-30(5,6)29(32)36/h10-11,15,19-20,22-25,34H,9,12-14,16-18,31H2,1-8H3,(H2,32,36)(H,33,35)/t22-,23-,24-,25-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S,4S,5S,7S)-5-amino-N-(2-carbamoyl-2,2-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-7-{[4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl]methyl}-8-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)nonanamide
SMILES
COCCCOC1=C(OC)C=CC(C[C@@H](C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(C)(C)C(N)=O)C(C)C)=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Hanessian S, Guesné S, Chénard E. Total synthesis of "aliskiren": the first Renin inhibitor in clinical practice for hypertension. Org Lett. 2010;12(8):1816‐1819. doi:10.1021/ol100427v

General References
  1. Vaidyanathan S, Jarugula V, Dieterich HA, Howard D, Dole WP: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(8):515-31. [Article]
  2. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, Nussberger J, Chiang Y, Bedigian MP: Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2005 Mar 1;111(8):1012-8. Epub 2005 Feb 21. [Article]
  3. Staessen JA, Li Y, Richart T: Oral renin inhibitors. Lancet. 2006 Oct 21;368(9545):1449-56. [Article]
  4. Sanoski CA: Aliskiren: an oral direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Feb;29(2):193-212. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.2.193. [Article]
  5. Oh BH: Aliskiren, the first in a new class of direct renin inhibitors for hypertension: present and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Nov;8(16):2839-49. doi: 10.1517/14656566.8.16.2839. [Article]
  6. Buczko W, Hermanowicz JM: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor. Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Sep-Oct;60(5):623-31. [Article]
  7. Waldmeier F, Glaenzel U, Wirz B, Oberer L, Schmid D, Seiberling M, Valencia J, Riviere GJ, End P, Vaidyanathan S: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Aug;35(8):1418-28. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.013797. Epub 2007 May 17. [Article]
  8. Vaidyanathan S, Bigler H, Yeh C, Bizot MN, Dieterich HA, Howard D, Dole WP: Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren alone and in combination with irbesartan in renal impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(8):661-75. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200746080-00003. [Article]
  9. FDA Approved Products: Tekturna (Aliskiren) oral tablets and pellets [Link]
  10. The Pharmaletter: Novartis and Speedel [Link]
  11. NIH StatPearls: Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System [Link]
  12. FDA Approved Products: Tekamlo (amlodipine and aliskiren) oral tablets [Link]
  13. FDA Approved Products: Tekturna HCT (aliskiren and hydrochlorothiazide) oral tablets [Link]
  14. Product monograph: Rasilez HCT (Aliskiren fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide oral tablets) [Link]
  15. NIH StatPearls: Aliskiren [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015387
KEGG Drug
D03208
PubChem Compound
5493444
PubChem Substance
310264980
ChemSpider
4591452
BindingDB
17950
RxNav
325646
ChEBI
601027
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1639
ZINC
ZINC000004393164
PharmGKB
PA143487910
PDBe Ligand
C41
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Aliskiren
PDB Entries
2v0z
FDA label
Download (612 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableType 2 Diabetes Mellitus1
4CompletedDiagnosticHypertension1
4CompletedOtherCoronary Artery Disease (CAD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1
4CompletedScreeningChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Hypertension / Proteinuria1
4CompletedTreatmentBlood Pressures / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Proteinuria1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral150 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral300 MG
TabletOral
TabletOral150 mg
TabletOral300 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral150 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral300 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
CA2147056No2005-10-252015-04-13Canada flag
US5559111Yes1996-09-242019-01-21US flag
US8617595Yes2013-12-312026-08-19US flag
US8618172No2013-12-312028-07-13US flag
US8168616No2012-05-012026-07-03US flag
US8613949No2013-12-242029-12-21US flag
US8618174No2013-12-312021-11-15US flag
US8183295No2012-05-222023-05-16US flag
US9023893No2015-05-052022-03-03US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)>95https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022545Orig1s000EA.pdf
boiling point (°C)748.4±60.0https://m.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB9966226.htm
water solubilityHighly soluble in water (as hemifumarate salt)Not Available
logP2.45https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103912/
pKa9.49https://m.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB9966226.htm
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0021 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.87ALOGPS
logP3.12Chemaxon
logS-5.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.56Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.57Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area146.13 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count19Chemaxon
Refractivity154.32 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability63.28 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-001c-6393230000-97b551a81f81203eb590
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uxr-0700090000-7a3148e765b056fbdbb2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-3901100000-cb596bd3c4d4c9e1c01f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00kr-7911000000-f660df43e70edac0517a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0079-5910000000-d3e40bdba155982e7e43
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00dr-3900000000-8bce7f74c2390532741c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-3900000000-12d8e1ded46f53c83764
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0019-0000950000-e45c32fa4cac95668993
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0v4i-4920100000-82dc644fa438b541d394
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0fk9-9810000000-c1c9bdda4686e3e603b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-3900000000-f5052afca313a2f0c68b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f9f-7900000000-12cc981f01c6cad986b8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9300000000-a3026b636a234fc9ae1f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gb9-0200590000-4ad109603a6b610b1065
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0291460000-a7b1a433f03788c72107
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01qi-0009600000-8a93475868455e81179e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-6249480000-2a3f8daecdfbe6ef352b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05mo-1007900000-6a0f017df33b43ecc071
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-054o-7339430000-456f2b7247a438959a62
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-271.6406298
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-236.74153
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+271.0560298
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+238.56642
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+270.8682298
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+244.17224
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details
1. Renin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Receptor binding
Specific Function
Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of b...
Gene Name
REN
Uniprot ID
P00797
Uniprot Name
Renin
Molecular Weight
45057.125 Da
References
  1. Nussberger J, Wuerzner G, Jensen C, Brunner HR: Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Hypertension. 2002 Jan;39(1):E1-8. [Article]
  2. Wood JM, Maibaum J, Rahuel J, Grutter MG, Cohen NC, Rasetti V, Ruger H, Goschke R, Stutz S, Fuhrer W, Schilling W, Rigollier P, Yamaguchi Y, Cumin F, Baum HP, Schnell CR, Herold P, Mah R, Jensen C, O'Brien E, Stanton A, Bedigian MP: Structure-based design of aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Sep 5;308(4):698-705. [Article]
  3. Menard J, Guyene TT, Peyrard S, Azizi M: Conformational changes in prorenin during renin inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Hypertens. 2006 Mar;24(3):529-34. [Article]
  4. Azizi M, Webb R, Nussberger J, Hollenberg NK: Renin inhibition with aliskiren: where are we now, and where are we going? J Hypertens. 2006 Feb;24(2):243-56. [Article]
  5. Gradman AH, Vivas Y: New drugs for hypertension: what do they offer? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006 Oct;8(5):425-32. [Article]
  6. Wal P, Wal A, Rai AK, Dixit A: Aliskiren: An orally active renin inhibitor. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011 Apr;3(2):189-93. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.80764. [Article]
  7. FDA Approved Products: Tekturna (Aliskiren) oral tablets and pellets [Link]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Vaidyanathan S, Jarugula V, Dieterich HA, Howard D, Dole WP: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(8):515-31. [Article]
  2. Buczko W, Hermanowicz JM: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor. Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Sep-Oct;60(5):623-31. [Article]
  3. FDA Approved Products: Tekturna (Aliskiren) oral tablets and pellets [Link]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Tsukimoto M, Ohashi R, Torimoto N, Togo Y, Suzuki T, Maeda T, Kagawa Y: Effects of the inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein on aliskiren pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2015 Jan;36(1):15-33. doi: 10.1002/bdd.1920. Epub 2014 Oct 31. [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Products: Tekturna (Aliskiren) oral tablets and pellets [Link]

Drug created at October 13, 2014 22:29 / Updated at March 19, 2024 11:06