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Identification
Name Alitretinoin
Accession Number DB00523 (APRD00017)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

An important regulator of gene expression during growth and development, and in neoplasms. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal vitamin A, is essential for normal growth; and embryonic development. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis; acne vulgaris; and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (leukemia, promyelocytic, acute). [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • 9-cis-Retinoic acid
  • alitretinoin
  • ALRT-1057
  • BAL4079
  • Retinoic Acid
Brand names
  • Panretin
  • Panretin Gel
  • Panretyn
  • Panrexin
  • Renova
  • Retin-A
  • Retin-A Micro
  • Vesanoid
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Keratolytic Agents
CAS number 5300-03-8
Weight Average: 300.4351
Monoisotopic: 300.208930140
Chemical Formula C20H28O2
InChI Key InChIKey=SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-ZVCIMWCZSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H28O2/c1-15(8-6-9-16(2)14-19(21)22)11-12-18-17(3)10-7-13-20(18,4)5/h6,8-9,11-12,14H,7,10,13H2,1-5H3,(H,21,22)/b9-6+,12-11+,15-8-,16-14+
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
SMILES
CC(\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C\C=C\C(C)=C\C(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
Pharmacodynamics Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) is a naturally-occurring endogenous retinoid indicated for topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Alitretinoin inhibits the growth of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells in vitro.
Mechanism of action Alitretinoin binds to and activates all known intracellular retinoid receptor subtypes (RARa, RARb, RARg, RXRa, RXRb and RXRg). Once activated these receptors function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that control the process of cellular differentiation and proliferation in both normal and neoplastic cells.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Eisai inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Cream Topical
Gel Topical
Liquid Topical
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Retin-A Micro Pump 0.04% Gel 50 gm Bottle 246.73 USD bottle
Retin-A Micro Pump 0.1% Gel 50 gm Bottle 246.73 USD bottle
Retin-A Micro 0.04% Gel 45 gm Tube 212.3 USD tube
Retin-A Micro 0.1% Gel 45 gm Tube 212.3 USD tube
Retin-A 0.1% Cream 45 gm Tube 211.1 USD tube
Retin-A 0.05% Cream 45 gm Tube 181.16 USD tube
Retin-A 0.025% Cream 45 gm Tube 163.07 USD tube
Retin-A 0.025% Gel 45 gm Tube 162.79 USD tube
Retin-A 0.01% Gel 45 gm Tube 161.48 USD tube
Retin-A Micro 0.04% Gel 20 gm Tube 123.7 USD tube
Retin-A Micro 0.1% Gel 20 gm Tube 117.51 USD tube
Retin-A 0.1% Cream 20 gm Tube 112.51 USD tube
Retin-A 0.05% Cream 20 gm Tube 97.85 USD tube
Retin-A 0.025% Cream 20 gm Tube 85.59 USD tube
Retin-A 0.01% Gel 15 gm Tube 75.83 USD tube
Retin-A 0.025% Gel 15 gm Tube 69.01 USD tube
Panretin 0.1% gel 41.0 USD g
Vesanoid 10 mg capsule 31.54 USD capsule
Retin-a micro 0.04% gel 5.65 USD g
Retin-a micro 0.1% gel 5.65 USD g
Retin-a micro pump 0.04% gel 4.74 USD g
Retin-a micro pump 0.1% gel 4.74 USD g
Retin-a 0.05% cream 4.64 USD g
Retin-a 0.1% cream 4.51 USD g
Renova 0.02% cream 4.46 USD g
Renova pump 0.02% cream 4.28 USD g
Retin-a 0.025% cream 4.14 USD g
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 5932622 1996-08-03 2016-08-03
Canada 2301907 2009-02-10 2018-08-18
Properties
State solid
Melting point 189-190 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 0.6 mg/L PhysProp
logP 4.2 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 4.77e-03 g/l ALOGPS
logP 5.66 ALOGPS
logP 5.01 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -4.80 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 37.30 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 97.79 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 35.87 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
BindingDB 31883 Link_out
ChEBI 50648 Link_out
ChEMBL 50648 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000275 Link_out
PharmGKB PA448089 Link_out
Drug Product Database 0 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/alitre.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/alitretinoin.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitretinoin Link_out
ATC Codes
  • L01XX22
  • D10AD01
  • L01XX14
AHFS Codes
  • 92:00.00
  • 84:16.00
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (21.8 KB)
MSDS show (37.3 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Retinoic acid receptor alpha

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is a receptor for retinoic acid. This metabolite has profound effects on vertebrate development. Retinoic acid is a morphogen and is a powerful teratogen. This receptor controls cell function by directly regulating gene expression

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P10276 Link_out
Gene: RARA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Baumann L, Vujevich J, Halem M, Martin LK, Kerdel F, Lazarus M, Pacheco H, Black L, Bryde J: Open-label pilot study of alitretinoin gel 0.1% in the treatment of photoaging. Cutis. 2005 Jul;76(1):69-73. Pubmed
  2. Milliano MT, Luxon BA: Rat hepatic stellate cells become retinoid unresponsive during activation. Hepatol Res. 2005 Nov;33(3):225-33. Epub 2005 Oct 25. Pubmed
  3. Rasooly R, Schuster GU, Gregg JP, Xiao JH, Chandraratna RA, Stephensen CB: Retinoid x receptor agonists increase bcl2a1 expression and decrease apoptosis of naive T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2005 Dec 15;175(12):7916-29. Pubmed
  4. Schrage K, Koopmans G, Joosten EA, Mey J: Macrophages and neurons are targets of retinoic acid signaling after spinal cord contusion injury. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jan;23(2):285-95. Pubmed
  5. Ritter M, Kattmann D, Teichler S, Hartmann O, Samuelsson MK, Burchert A, Bach JP, Kim TD, Berwanger B, Thiede C, Jager R, Ehninger G, Schafer H, Ueki N, Hayman MJ, Eilers M, Neubauer A: Inhibition of retinoic acid receptor signaling by Ski in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2006 Mar;20(3):437-43. Pubmed
  6. Cheng C, Michaels J, Scheinfeld N: Alitretinoin: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;17(3):437-43. Pubmed
  7. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Nuclear hormone receptor. Involved in the retinoic acid response pathway. Binds 9-cis retinoic acid (9C-RA). ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P19793 Link_out
Gene: RXRA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bartholin L, Powers SE, Melhuish TA, Lasse S, Weinstein M, Wotton D: TGIF inhibits retinoid signaling. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;26(3):990-1001. Pubmed
  2. Calleja C, Messaddeq N, Chapellier B, Yang H, Krezel W, Li M, Metzger D, Mascrez B, Ohta K, Kagechika H, Endo Y, Mark M, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P: Genetic and pharmacological evidence that a retinoic acid cannot be the RXR-activating ligand in mouse epidermis keratinocytes. Genes Dev. 2006 Jun 1;20(11):1525-38. Pubmed
  3. Zhelyaznik N, Mey J: Regulation of retinoic acid receptors alpha, beta and retinoid X receptor alpha after sciatic nerve injury. Neuroscience. 2006 Sep 15;141(4):1761-74. Epub 2006 Jun 19. Pubmed
  4. Fukasawa H, Kagechika H, Shudo K: [Retinoid therapy for autoimmune diseases] Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2006 Jun;29(3):114-26. Pubmed
  5. Mizuguchi Y, Wada A, Nakagawa K, Ito M, Okano T: Antitumoral activity of 13-demethyl or 13-substituted analogues of all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid in the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Sep;29(9):1803-9. Pubmed
  6. Cheng C, Michaels J, Scheinfeld N: Alitretinoin: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;17(3):437-43. Pubmed
  7. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM: Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs. 2009 Aug 20;69(12):1625-34. Pubmed

3. Retinoic acid receptor beta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is a receptor for retinoic acid. This metabolite has profound effects on vertebrate development. Retinoic acid is a morphogen and is a powerful teratogen. This receptor controls cell function by directly regulating gene expression

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P10826 Link_out
Gene: RARB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mizuiri H, Yoshida K, Toge T, Oue N, Aung PP, Noguchi T, Yasui W: DNA methylation of genes linked to retinoid signaling in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: DNA methylation of CRBP1 and TIG1 is associated with tumor stage. Cancer Sci. 2005 Sep;96(9):571-7. Pubmed
  2. Milliano MT, Luxon BA: Rat hepatic stellate cells become retinoid unresponsive during activation. Hepatol Res. 2005 Nov;33(3):225-33. Epub 2005 Oct 25. Pubmed
  3. Liu Z, Zhang L, Ding F, Li J, Guo M, Li W, Wang Y, Yu Z, Zhan Q, Wu M, Liu Z: 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine induces retinoic acid receptor-beta(2) demethylation and growth inhibition in esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2005 Dec 18;230(2):271-83. Pubmed
  4. Nalbandian A, Pang AL, Rennert OM, Chan WY, Ravindranath N, Djakiew D: A novel function of differentiation revealed by cDNA microarray profiling of p75NTR-regulated gene expression. Differentiation. 2005 Oct;73(8):385-96. Pubmed
  5. Husson M, Enderlin V, Delacourte A, Ghenimi N, Alfos S, Pallet V, Higueret P: Retinoic acid normalizes nuclear receptor mediated hypo-expression of proteins involved in beta-amyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of vitamin A deprived rats. Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Jul;23(1):1-10. Epub 2006 Mar 10. Pubmed
  6. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM: Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs. 2009 Aug 20;69(12):1625-34. Pubmed

4. Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Nuclear hormone receptor. Involved in the retinoic acid response pathway. Binds 9-cis retinoic acid (9C-RA)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28702 Link_out
Gene: RXRB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Brtko J: Role of retinoids and their cognate nuclear receptors in breast cancer chemoprevention. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2007 Mar;15(1):3-6. Pubmed
  2. Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, De Lera AR, Lotan R, Mangelsdorf DJ, Gronemeyer H: International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2006 Dec;58(4):760-72. Pubmed
  3. Bergheim I, Wolfgarten E, Bollschweiler E, Holscher AH, Bode CH, Parlesak A: Role of retinoic acid receptors in squamous-cell carcinoma in human esophagus. J Carcinog. 2005 Nov 8;4:20. Pubmed
  4. Schrage K, Koopmans G, Joosten EA, Mey J: Macrophages and neurons are targets of retinoic acid signaling after spinal cord contusion injury. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jan;23(2):285-95. Pubmed
  5. Hoegberg P, Schmidt CK, Fletcher N, Nilsson CB, Trossvik C, Gerlienke Schuur A, Brouwer A, Nau H, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P, Hakansson H: Retinoid status and responsiveness to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking retinoid binding protein or retinoid receptor forms. Chem Biol Interact. 2005 Sep 10;156(1):25-39. Pubmed
  6. Cheng C, Michaels J, Scheinfeld N: Alitretinoin: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;17(3):437-43. Pubmed
  7. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM: Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs. 2009 Aug 20;69(12):1625-34. Pubmed

5. Retinoic acid receptor gamma-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is a receptor for retinoic acid. This metabolite has profound effects on vertebrate development. Retinoic acid is a morphogen and is a powerful teratogen. This receptor controls cell function by directly regulating gene expression

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13631 Link_out
Gene: RARG Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Dzhagalov I, Chambon P, He YW: Regulation of CD8+ T lymphocyte effector function and macrophage inflammatory cytokine production by retinoic acid receptor gamma. J Immunol. 2007 Feb 15;178(4):2113-21. Pubmed
  2. Parrella E, Gianni M, Fratelli M, Barzago MM, Raska I Jr, Diomede L, Kurosaki M, Pisano C, Carminati P, Merlini L, Dallavalle S, Tavecchio M, Rochette-Egly C, Terao M, Garattini E: Antitumor activity of the retinoid-related molecules (E)-3-(4’-hydroxy-3’-adamantylbiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic acid (ST1926) and 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) in F9 teratocarcinoma: Role of retinoic acid receptor gamma and retinoid-independent pathways. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;70(3):909-24. Epub 2006 Jun 20. Pubmed
  3. Li M, Hener P, Zhang Z, Kato S, Metzger D, Chambon P: Topical vitamin D3 and low-calcemic analogs induce thymic stromal lymphopoietin in mouse keratinocytes and trigger an atopic dermatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 1;103(31):11736-41. Epub 2006 Jul 31. Pubmed
  4. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM: Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs. 2009 Aug 20;69(12):1625-34. Pubmed
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

6. Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Nuclear hormone receptor. Involved in the retinoic acid response pathway. Binds 9-cis retinoic acid (9C-RA)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48443 Link_out
Gene: RXRG Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Adamczewski Z, Makarewicz J, Mikosinski S, Knapska-Kucharska M, Gunerska-Szadkowska A, Oszukowska L, Karwowska A, Lewinski A: [Application of 13-cis-retinoic acid in patients with 131I scintigraphically-negative metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma] Endokrynol Pol. 2006 Jul-Aug;57(4):403-6. Pubmed
  2. Brtko J: Role of retinoids and their cognate nuclear receptors in breast cancer chemoprevention. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2007 Mar;15(1):3-6. Pubmed
  3. Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, De Lera AR, Lotan R, Mangelsdorf DJ, Gronemeyer H: International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2006 Dec;58(4):760-72. Pubmed
  4. He JC, Lu TC, Fleet M, Sunamoto M, Husain M, Fang W, Neves S, Chen Y, Shankland S, Iyengar R, Klotman PE: Retinoic acid inhibits HIV-1-induced podocyte proliferation through the cAMP pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;18(1):93-102. Epub 2006 Dec 20. Pubmed
  5. Day RM, Lee YH, Park AM, Suzuki YJ: Retinoic acid inhibits airway smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006 Jun;34(6):695-703. Epub 2006 Feb 2. Pubmed
  6. Garnock-Jones KP, Perry CM: Alitretinoin: in severe chronic hand eczema. Drugs. 2009 Aug 20;69(12):1625-34. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Schuetz EG, Yasuda K, Arimori K, Schuetz JD: Human MDR1 and mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein alter the cellular retention and disposition of erythromycin, but not of retinoic acid or benzo(a)pyrene. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998 Feb 15;350(2):340-7. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2

Cytosolic CRABPs may regulate the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors. CRABP2 may participate in a regulatory feedback mechanism to control the action of retinoic acid on cell differentiation

UniProt ID: P29373 Link_out
Gene: CRABP2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hoegberg P, Schmidt CK, Fletcher N, Nilsson CB, Trossvik C, Gerlienke Schuur A, Brouwer A, Nau H, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P, Hakansson H: Retinoid status and responsiveness to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking retinoid binding protein or retinoid receptor forms. Chem Biol Interact. 2005 Sep 10;156(1):25-39. Pubmed
  2. Donato LJ, Noy N: Suppression of mammary carcinoma growth by retinoic acid: proapoptotic genes are targets for retinoic acid receptor and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II signaling. Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 15;65(18):8193-9. Pubmed
  3. Bry K, Lappalainen U: Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the role of interleukin 1beta in the regulation of inflammation-mediated pulmonary retinoic acid pathways in transgenic mice. Semin Perinatol. 2006 Jun;30(3):121-8. Pubmed
  4. Wei T, Geiser AG, Qian HR, Su C, Helvering LM, Kulkarini NH, Shou J, N’Cho M, Bryant HU, Onyia JE: DNA microarray data integration by ortholog gene analysis reveals potential molecular mechanisms of estrogen-dependent growth of human uterine fibroids. BMC Womens Health. 2007 Apr 2;7:5. Pubmed
  5. Boorjian SA, Milowsky MI, Kaplan J, Albert M, Cobham MV, Coll DM, Mongan NP, Shelton G, Petrylak D, Gudas LJ, Nanus DM: Phase 1/2 clinical trial of interferon alpha2b and weekly liposome-encapsulated all-trans retinoic acid in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother (1997). 2007 Sep;30(6):655-62. Pubmed

2. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1

Cytosolic CRABPs may regulate the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors

UniProt ID: P29762 Link_out
Gene: CRABP1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hoegberg P, Schmidt CK, Fletcher N, Nilsson CB, Trossvik C, Gerlienke Schuur A, Brouwer A, Nau H, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P, Hakansson H: Retinoid status and responsiveness to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking retinoid binding protein or retinoid receptor forms. Chem Biol Interact. 2005 Sep 10;156(1):25-39. Pubmed
  2. Goelden U, Pfoertner S, Hansen W, Toepfer T, von Knobloch R, Hofmann R, Buer J, Schrader AJ: Expression and functional influence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int. 2005;75(3):269-76. Pubmed
  3. Levadoux-Martin M, Li Y, Blackburn A, Chabanon H, Hesketh JE: Perinuclear localisation of cellular retinoic acid binding protein I mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Feb 3;340(1):326-31. Pubmed
  4. Jetten AM: Multi-stage program of differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes: regulation by retinoids. J Invest Dermatol. 1990 Nov;95(5 Suppl):44S-46S. Pubmed
  5. Bry K, Lappalainen U: Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the role of interleukin 1beta in the regulation of inflammation-mediated pulmonary retinoic acid pathways in transgenic mice. Semin Perinatol. 2006 Jun;30(3):121-8. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on July 14, 2011 08:41

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.