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targets (8) transporters (6)
for drugs
Identification
Name Guanidine
Accession Number DB00536 (APRD01008, EXPT01546)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Aminomethanamidine
Carbamamidine
Carbamidine
Guanidin
Guanidine Hydrochloride
Guanidinium Chloride
Guanidinium Sulfate
Imidourea
Iminourea
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Guanidine hydrochloride Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Parasympathomimetics
CAS number 113-00-8
Weight Average: 59.0705
Monoisotopic: 59.048347175
Chemical Formula CH5N3
InChI Key InChIKey=ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/CH5N3/c2-1(3)4/h(H5,2,3,4)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
guanidine
SMILES
NC(N)=N
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (8.28 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Guanidines
  • Carboxamidines
Substructures
  • Guanidines
  • Carboxamidines
Pharmacology
Indication For the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton-Lambert. It is not indicated for treating myasthenia gravis.
Pharmacodynamics Guanidine apparently acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine following a nerve impulse. It also appears to slow the rates of depolarization and repolarization of muscle cell membranes.
Mechanism of action Not Available
Absorption Rapidly absorbed and distributed
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism Not metabolized.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 7-8 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity LD50 = 475 mg/kg (oral, rat). Can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea), bone marrow suppression, renal insufficiency and other hematologic abnormalities (anemia, leucopenia). Severe guanidine intoxication is characterized by nervous hyperirritability, fibrillary tremors and convulsive contractions of muscle, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, and circulatory disturbances.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Schering corp
Packagers
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Guanidine hcl 125 mg tablet 0.25 USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 50 °C PhysProp
water solubility 1840 mg/L (at 20 °C) GREENWALD,I (1926)
logP -0.6 Not Available
pKa 12.5 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.15e+01 g/l ALOGPS
logP -1.9 ALOGPS
logP -1.2 ChemAxon
logS -0.71 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest basic) 12.55 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 75.89 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 0 ChemAxon
refractivity 25.86 ChemAxon
polarizability 5.57 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
PubChem Compound 3520 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507543 Link_out
ChemSpider 3400 Link_out
ChEBI 24435 Link_out
ChEMBL 24435 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164781028 Link_out
HET GAI Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/guanidine.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A07AB03
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72.9 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Tacrine The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Tacrine, may increase the adverse/toxic effects of Guanidine, a cholinergic agonist. Monitor for increased cholinergic effects and toxicity.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Argininosuccinate synthase

Pharmacological action: unknown

ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + omega-N-(L-arginino)succinate

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P0A6E4 Link_out
Gene: argG
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q14353 Link_out
Gene: GAMT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Komoto J, Yamada T, Takata Y, Konishi K, Ogawa H, Gomi T, Fujioka M, Takusagawa F: Catalytic mechanism of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase: crystal structures of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase ternary complexes. Biochemistry. 2004 Nov 16;43(45):14385-94. Pubmed
  4. Karelin AA, Mardashev SR: [The stimulating effect of cyclic AMP, glucagon and insulin on guanidine acetate-N-methyltransferase activity in rat liver and pancreas] Biokhimiia. 1976 Feb;41(2):316-23. Pubmed
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

3. Ribonuclease pancreatic

Pharmacological action: unknown

Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single stranded and double stranded RNA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07998 Link_out
Gene: RNASE1
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Dodge RW, Laity JH, Rothwarf DM, Shimotakahara S, Scheraga HA: Folding pathway of guanidine-denatured disulfide-intact wild-type and mutant bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. J Protein Chem. 1994 May;13(4):409-21. Pubmed
  4. Nasiri H, Forouzandeh M, Rasaee MJ, Rahbarizadeh F: Modified salting-out method: high-yield, high-quality genomic DNA extraction from whole blood using laundry detergent. J Clin Lab Anal. 2005;19(6):229-32. Pubmed
  5. Loh SN, Rohl CA, Kiefhaber T, Baldwin RL: A general two-process model describes the hydrogen exchange behavior of RNase A in unfolding conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 5;93(5):1982-7. Pubmed
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

4. DNA

Pharmacological action: unknown

DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

5. Disks large homolog 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P78352 Link_out
Gene: DLG4
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

6. Lysozyme

Pharmacological action: unknown

Helps to release the mature phage particles from the cell wall by breaking down the peptidoglycan

Organism class: viral
UniProt ID: P00720 Link_out
Gene: E
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Junn HJ, Youn J, Suh KH, Lee SS: Cloning and expression of Klebsiella phage K11 lysozyme gene. Protein Expr Purif. 2005 Jul;42(1):78-84. Epub 2005 Apr 19. Pubmed
  4. Garcia-Orozco KD, Lopez-Zavala AA, Puentes-Camacho D, Calderon-de-la-Barca AM, Sotelo-Mundo RR: Recombinant bacterial expression of the lysozyme from the tobacco-hornworm Manduca sexta with activity at low temperatures. Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Aug;27(15):1075-80. Pubmed
  5. Shiraki K, Kudou M, Sakamoto R, Yanagihara I, Takagi M: Amino Acid esters prevent thermal inactivation and aggregation of lysozyme. Biotechnol Prog. 2005 Mar-Apr;21(2):640-3. Pubmed

7. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P05091 Link_out
Gene: ALDH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Arginase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Controls arginine catabolism

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P53608 Link_out
Gene: rocF
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. Pubmed
  2. Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. Pubmed
  3. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed
  4. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Chun JK, Babbitt PC, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A). J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16548-54. Pubmed
  2. Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. Pubmed
  3. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Huang W, Ganapathy ME, Wang H, Kekuda R, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):F449-58. Pubmed
  2. Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Wang H, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15971-9. Pubmed

4. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. Pubmed
  2. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed
  3. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. Pubmed
  4. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. Pubmed

5. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: inhibitor

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed

6. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19