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targets (4) transporters (1)
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Identification
Name Cyclothiazide
Accession Number DB00606 (APRD00895, EXPT01082)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Ciclotiazida [INN-Spanish]
Ciclotiazide [DCIT]
Cyclothiazidum [INN-Latin]
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Anhydron
Aquirel
Doburil
Fluidil
Renazide
Valmiran
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Diuretics
CAS number 2259-96-3
Weight Average: 389.878
Monoisotopic: 389.027075102
Chemical Formula C14H16ClN3O4S2
InChI Key InChIKey=BOCUKUHCLICSIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H16ClN3O4S2/c15-10-5-11-13(6-12(10)23(16,19)20)24(21,22)18-14(17-11)9-4-7-1-2-8(9)3-7/h1-2,5-9,14,17-18H,3-4H2,(H2,16,19,20)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
3-{bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}-6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1$l^{6},2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
SMILES
NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C=C2NC(NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1)C1CC2CC1C=C2
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (9.61 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Benzenesulfonamides
  • Sulfanilamides
Substructures
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Sulfonyls
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Benzenesulfonamides
  • Halobenzenes
  • Aminals and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Thiadiazines
  • Sulfanilamides
  • Sulfonamides
  • Cyclohexenes and Derivatives
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.
Pharmacodynamics Like other thiazides, cyclothiazide promotes water loss from the body (diuretics). It inhibits Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue. Cyclothiazide affects the distal renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. At maximal therapeutic dosages, all thiazides are approximately equal in their diuretic efficacy. Cyclothiazide increases excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Natriuresis may be accompanied by some loss of potassium and bicarbonate.
Mechanism of action Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. Normally, the sodium-chloride symporter transports sodium and chloride from the lumen into the epithelial cell lining the distal convoluted tubule. The energy for this is provided by a sodium gradient established by sodium-potassium ATPases on the basolateral membrane. Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. By blocking the sodium-chloride symporter, hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces the osmotic gradient and water reabsorption throughout the nephron.Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. Normally, the sodium-chloride symporter transports sodium and chloride from the lumen into the epithelial cell lining the distal convoluted tubule. The energy for this is provided by a sodium gradient established by sodium-potassium ATPases on the basolateral membrane. Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. By blocking the sodium-chloride symporter, hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces the osmotic gradient and water reabsorption throughout the nephron.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Oral LD50 in mouse is > 10000 mg/kg, and > 4000 mg/kg in rat. Signs of overdose include those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00103 Cyclothiazide Pathway SMP00103
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
Packagers Not Available
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices Not Available
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 234 °C PhysProp
logP 1.95 YAMAZAKI,M ET AL. (1984)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.79e-01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 1.32 ALOGPS
logP 0.94 ChemAxon
logS -3.1 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 9.06 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -2.5 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 118.36 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 2 ChemAxon
refractivity 92.65 ChemAxon
polarizability 37.1 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D01256 Link_out
KEGG Compound C12685 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2910 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46508269 Link_out
ChemSpider 2807 Link_out
BindingDB 50192229 Link_out
ChEBI 31448 Link_out
ChEMBL 31448 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000604 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449168 Link_out
HET CYZ Link_out
ATC Codes
  • C03AA09
  • C03AB09
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (74.8 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Digoxin Possible electrolyte variations and arrhythmias
Lithium The thiazide diuretic, cyclothiazide, may increase serum levels of lithium.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase gamma chain

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P54710 Link_out
Gene: FXYD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Carbonic anhydrase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00915 Link_out
Gene: CA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Rammes G, Zeilhofer HU, Collingridge GL, Parsons CG, Swandulla D: Expression of early hippocampal CA1 LTP does not lead to changes in AMPA-EPSC kinetics or sensitivity to cyclothiazide. Pflugers Arch. 1999 Jan;437(2):191-6. Pubmed
  2. Rammes G, Swandulla D, Collingridge GL, Hartmann S, Parsons CG: Interactions of 2,3-benzodiazepines and cyclothiazide at AMPA receptors: patch clamp recordings in cultured neurones and area CA1 in hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;117(6):1209-21. Pubmed
  3. Fleck MW, Bahring R, Patneau DK, Mayer ML: AMPA receptor heterogeneity in rat hippocampal neurons revealed by differential sensitivity to cyclothiazide. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2322-33. Pubmed
  4. Pirotte B, Podona T, Diouf O, de Tullio P, Lebrun P, Dupont L, Somers F, Delarge J, Morain P, Lestage P, Lepagnol J, Spedding M: 4H-1,2,4-Pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides and 2,3-dihydro-4H-1,2, 4-pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides chemically related to diazoxide and cyclothiazide as powerful positive allosteric modulators of (R/S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid receptors: design, synthesis, pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem. 1998 Jul 30;41(16):2946-59. Pubmed
  5. Larson J, Le TT, Hall RA, Lynch G: Effects of cyclothiazide on synaptic responses in slices of adult and neonatal rat hippocampus. Neuroreport. 1994 Jan 12;5(4):389-92. Pubmed

3. Carbonic anhydrase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00918 Link_out
Gene: CA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Liljequist S, Cebers G, Kalda A: Effects of decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid monohydrate, a novel AMPA receptor antagonist, on glutamate-induced CA2+ responses and neurotoxicity in rat cortical and cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Nov 27;50(11):1761-74. Pubmed
  2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

4. Carbonic anhydrase 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P22748 Link_out
Gene: CA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Uwai Y, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui KI: Interaction and transport of thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and acetazolamide via rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):261-5. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19