| Version |
2.5 |
| Creation Date |
2005-06-13 13:24:05 |
| Update Date |
2009-06-23 18:07:38 |
| Primary Accession Number |
DB00722 |
| Secondary Accession Number |
|
| Name |
Lisinopril |
| Drug Type |
- Approved
- Investigational
- Small Molecule
|
| Description |
One of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [PubChem] |
| Synonyms |
- lisinopril
|
| Brand Names |
- Acercomp
- Inhibril
- Linopril
- Lisinopril Dihydrate
- Lisipril
- Lysinopril
- Noperten
- Presiten
- Prinivil
- Prinzide
- Renacor
- Sinopril
- Zestoretic
- Zestril
|
| Brand Mixtures |
- Prinzide (Hydrochlorothiazide + Lisinopril)
- Zestoretic Tab 10/12.5mg (Hydrochlorothiazide + Lisinopril)
- Zestoretic Tab 20/12.5mg (Hydrochlorothiazide + Lisinopril)
- Zestoretic Tab 20/25mg (Hydrochlorothiazide + Lisinopril)
|
| Chemical IUPAC Name |
(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid |
| Chemical Formula |
C21H31N3O5 |
| Chemical Structure |
 |
| CAS Registry Number |
83915-83-7 |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1/C21H31N3O5/c22-13-5-4-9-16(19(25)24-14-6-10-18(24)21(28)29)23-17(20(26)27)12-11-15-7-2-1-3-8-15/h1-3,7-8,16-18,23H,4-6,9-14,22H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)/t16-,17-,18-/m0/s1/f/h26,28H |
| InChI Key |
RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-YMXGEOMKDH |
| KEGG Drug |
D00362  |
| KEGG Compound |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound |
5362119  |
| PubChem Substance |
205105  |
| ChEBI ID |
Not Available |
| PharmGKB ID |
PA450242  |
| HET ID |
LPR  |
| GenBank ID |
Not Available |
| Drug ID Number [DIN] |
02217538  |
| RxList Link |
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/lisinop.htm  |
| PDRhealth Link |
Not Available |
| Wikipedia Link |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinopril  |
| FDA Label |
|
| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) |
Not Available |
| Synthesis Reference |
Not Available |
| Average Molecular Weight |
405.4879 |
| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight |
405.2264 |
| State |
Solid |
| Melting Point |
Not Available |
| Experimental Water Solubility |
13 mg/L
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted Water Solubility |
2.16e-01 mg/mL
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity |
-0.9
Source: PhysProp
|
| Predicted LogP |
-1.23
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental LogS |
Not Available |
| Predicted LogS |
-3.27
Calculated using ALOGPS
|
| Experimental Caco2 Permeability |
Not Available |
| pKa/Isoelectric Point |
Not Available |
| Mass Spectrum |
Not Available
|
| MOL File |
Show | Download  |
| SDF File |
Show | Download  |
| PDB File |
Show | Download  |
| 2D Structure |
|
| 3D Structure |
|
| Experimental PDB ID |
1UZF  |
| Experimental PDB File |
Show |
| Experimental PDB Structure |
|
| Isomeric SMILES |
NCCCC[C@H](N[C@@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(O)=O |
| Canonical SMILES |
NCCCCC(NC(CCC1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O)C(=O)N1CCCC1C(O)=O |
| Drug Category |
- Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Cardiotonic Agents
|
| ATC Codes |
|
| AHFS Codes |
|
| Indication |
For the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. It may be used alone or in combination with thiazide diuretics |
| Pharmacology |
Lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, is used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), postmyocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy. Although it is the lysine ester of enalaprilat, the active form of the prodrug enalapril, lisinopril is active unchanged. |
| Mechanism of Action |
Lisinopril competes with angiotensin I for its binding site on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. As angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and a negative feedback mediator for renin activity, lower angiotensin II plasma levels result in decreased blood pressure and increased plasma renin activity. Baroreceptor reflex mechanisms, stimulated by the fall in blood pressure, release kininase II, an enzyme identical to ACE that degrades bradykinin, a vasodilator. |
| Absorption |
Approximately 25%, but widely variable between individuals (6 to 60%) |
| Toxicity |
hypotension, LD50= 2000 mg/kg(orally in rat) |
| Protein Binding |
Lisinopril does not appear to be bound to other serum proteins |
| Biotransformation |
Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine |
| Half Life |
12 hours |
| Dosage Forms |
|
| Patient Information |
Show  |
| Contraindications |
Show  |
| Interactions |
Show  |
| Drug Interactions |
| Drug |
Interaction |
| Amiloride |
Increased risk of hyperkaliemia |
| Clozapine |
Increases the effect and toxicity of clozapine |
| Drospirenone |
Increased risk of hyperkaliemia |
| Lithium |
The ACE inhibitor increases serum levels of lithium |
| Potassium |
Increased risk of hyperkaliemia |
| Spironolactone |
Increased risk of hyperkaliemia |
| Tizanidine |
Tizanidine increases the risk of hypotension with the ACE inhibitor |
| Triamterene |
Increased risk of hyperkaliemia |
|
| Food Interactions |
- Avoid alcohol.
- Avoid excess salt/sodium unless otherwise instructed by your physician.
- Avoid natural licorice.
- Avoid salt substitutes containing potassium.
- Take without regard to meals.
|
| Pathways |
| Name |
SMPDB Link |
KEGG Link |
| Lisinopril Pathway |
SMP00150  |
|
|
| General References |
- Patchett AA, Harris E, Tristram EW, Wyvratt MJ, Wu MT, Taub D, Peterson ER, Ikeler TJ, ten Broeke J, Payne LG, Ondeyka DL, Thorsett ED, Greenlee WJ, Lohr NS, Hoffsommer RD, Joshua H, Ruyle WV, Rothrock JW, Aster SD, Maycock AL, Robinson FM, Hirschmann R, Sweet CS, Ulm EH, Gross DM, Vassil TC, Stone CA: A new class of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Nature. 1980 Nov 20;288(5788):280-3. [PubMed
]
- Drugs.com

- Wikipedia

- RxList

|
| Organisms Affected |
|
| Targets |
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform
- Angiotensinogen
|
|
Drug Target 1
[top]
|
| Target 1 ID |
143 |
| Target 1 Name |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform |
| Target 1 Synonyms |
- ACE-T
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform precursor
- Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
- EC 3.2.1.-
- EC 3.4.15.1
- Kininase II
|
| Target 1 Gene Name |
ACE |
| Target 1 Protein Sequence |
>Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform precursor
MGQGWATAGLPSLLFLLLCYGHPLLVPSQEASQQVTVTHGTSSQATTSSQTTTHQATAHQ
TSAQSPNLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTSQVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIA
NHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRIIKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVA
TVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKYEDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAAR
LNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLERLFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGP
IPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPSAPSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLL
PVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHASAWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQ
YFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMK
MALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGSITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPG
AKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHEALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLG
FSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSYFKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSE
GPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQWLLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHG
PQFGSEVELRHS
|
| Target 1 Number of Residues |
744 |
| Target 1 Molecular Weight |
83331 |
| Target 1 Theoretical pI |
6.60 |
| Target 1 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
metallopeptidase activity |
|
Process
|
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane |
|
| Target 1 General Function |
Involved in metallopeptidase activity |
| Target 1 Specific Function |
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety |
| Target 1 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 1 Reactions |
- Release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide!Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II COFACTOR Zinc INHIBITOR (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]g lycine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]- (S)-alanine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]glycine benzyl ester; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]-(S)-alanine benzyl ester EFFECTOR Chloride
|
| Target 1 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 1 Signals |
|
| Target 1 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 1 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 1 GenBank ID Protein |
338667  |
| Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P22966  |
| Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
ACET_HUMAN  |
| Target 1 PDB ID |
1UZF  |
| Target 1 PDB File |
Show |
| Target 1 3D Structure |
|
| Target 1 Cellular Location |
- Cell membrane
- single-pass type I membrane protein. Processed form:Secreted protein. A soluble form
|
| Target 1 Gene Sequence |
>2199 bp
ATGGGCCAGGGTTGGGCTACTGCAGGACTTCCCAGCCTCCTCTTCCTGCTGCTCTGCTAC
GGGCACCCTCTGCTGGTCCCCAGCCAGGAGGCATCCCAACAGGTGACAGTCACCCATGGG
ACAAGCAGCCAGGCAACAACCAGCAGCCAGACAACCACCCACCAGGCGACGGCCCACCAG
ACATCAGCCCAGAGCCCAAACCTGGTGACTGATGAGGCTGAGGCCAGCAAGTTTGTGGAG
GAATATGACCGGACATCCCAGGTGGTGTGGAACGAGTATGCCGAGGCCAACTGGAACTAC
AACACCAACATCACCACAGAGACCAGCAAGATTCTGCTGCAGAAGAACATGCAAATAGCC
AACCACACCCTGAAGTACGGCACCCAGGCCAGGAAGTTTGATGTGAACCAGTTGCAGAAC
ACCACTATCAAGCGGATCATAAAGAAGGTTCAGGACCTAGAACGGGCAGCGCTGCCTGCC
CAGGAGCTGGAGGAGTACAACAAGATCCTGTTGGATATGGAAACCACCTACAGCGTGGCC
ACTGTGTGCCACCCGAATGGCAGCTGCCTGCAGCTCGAGCCAGATCTGACGAATGTGATG
GCCACATCCCGGAAATATGAAGACCTGTTATGGGCATGGGAGGGCTGGCGAGACAAGGCG
GGGAGAGCCATCCTCCAGTTTTACCCGAAATACGTGGAACTCATCAACCAGGCTGCCCGG
CTCAATGGCTATGTAGATGCAGGGGACTCGTGGAGGTCTATGTACGAGACACCATCCCTG
GAGCAAGACCTGGAGCGGCTCTTCCAGGAGCTGCAGCCACTCTACCTCAACCTGCATGCC
TACGTGCGCCGGGCCCTGCACCGTCACTACGGGGCCCAGCACATCAACCTGGAGGGGCCC
ATTCCTGCTCACCTGCTGGGGAACATGTGGGCGCAGACCTGGTCCAACATCTATGACTTG
GTGGTGCCCTTCCCTTCAGCCCCCTCGATGGACACCACAGAGGCTATGCTAAAGCAGGGC
TGGACGCCCAGGAGGATGTTTAAGGAGGCTGATGATTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGGGCTGCTG
CCCGTGCCTCCTGAGTTCTGGAACAAGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCAACCGACGGGCGGGAG
GTGGTCTGCCACGCCTCGGCCTGGGACTTCTACAACGGCAAGGACTTCCGGATCAAGCAG
TGCACCACCGTGAACTTGGAGGACCTGGTGGTGGCCCACCACGAAATGGGCCACATCCAG
TATTTCATGCAGTACAAAGACTTACCTGTGGCCTTGAGGGAGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTC
CATGAGGCCATTGGGGACGTGCTAGCCCTCTCAGTGTCTACGCCCAAGCACCTGCACAGT
CTCAACCTGCTGAGCAGTGAGGGTGGCAGCGACGAGCATGACATCAACTTTCTGATGAAG
ATGGCCCTTGACAAGATCGCCTTTATCCCCTTCAGCTACCTCGTCGATCAGTGGCGCTGG
AGGGTATTTGATGGAAGCATCACCAAGGAGAACTATAACCAGGAGTGGTGGAGCCTCAGG
CTGAAGTACCAGGGCCTCTGCCCCCCAGTGCCCAGGACTCAAGGTGACTTTGACCCAGGG
GCCAAGTTCCACATTCCTTCTAGCGTGCCTTACATCAGGTACTTCGTCAGCTTCATCATC
CAGTTCCAGTTCCACGAGGCACTGTGCCAGGCAGCTGGCCACACGGGCCCCCTGCACAAG
TGTGACATCTACCAGTCCAAGGAGGCCGGGCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGCCATGAAGCTGGGC
TTCAGTAGGCCGTGGCCGGAAGCCATGCAGCTGATCACGGGCCAGCCCAACATGAGCGCC
TCGGCCATGTTGAGCTACTTCAAGCCGCTGCTGGACTGGCTCCGCACGGAGAACGAGCTG
CATGGGGAGAAGCTGGGCTGGCCGCAGTACAACTGGACGCCGAACTCCGCTCGCTCAGAA
GGGCCCCTCCCAGACAGCGGCCGCGTCAGCTTCCTGGGCCTGGACCTGGATGCGCAGCAG
GCCCGCGTGGGCCAGTGGCTGCTGCTCTTCCTGGGCATCGCCCTGCTGGTAGCCACCCTG
GGCCTCAGCCAGCGGCTCTTCAGCATCCGCCACCGCAGCCTCCACCGGCACTCCCACGGG
CCCCAGTTCGGCTCCGAGGTGGAGCTGAGACACTCCTGA
|
| Target 1 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 1 GeneCard ID |
ACE  |
| Target 1 GenAtlas ID |
ACE  |
| Target 1 HGNC ID |
HGNC:2707  |
| Target 1 Chromosome Location |
17 |
| Target 1 Locus |
17q23.3 |
| Target 1 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 1 General References |
- Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA: Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet. 1999 May;22(1):59-62. [PubMed
]
- Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL: Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10. [PubMed
]
- Ehlers MR, Riordan JF: Angiotensin-converting enzyme: zinc- and inhibitor-binding stoichiometries of the somatic and testis isozymes. Biochemistry. 1991 Jul 23;30(29):7118-26. [PubMed
]
- Lattion AL, Soubrier F, Allegrini J, Hubert C, Corvol P, Alhenc-Gelas F: The testicular transcript of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme encodes for the ancestral, non-duplicated form of the enzyme. FEBS Lett. 1989 Jul 31;252(1-2):99-104. [PubMed
]
- Ehlers MR, Fox EA, Strydom DJ, Riordan JF: Molecular cloning of human testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme: the testis isozyme is identical to the C-terminal half of endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7741-5. [PubMed
]
- Sturrock ED, Yu XC, Wu Z, Biemann K, Riordan JF: Assignment of free and disulfide-bonded cysteine residues in testis angiotensin-converting enzyme: functional implications. Biochemistry. 1996 Jul 23;35(29):9560-6. [PubMed
]
|
| Target 1 Drug References |
- Austad SG: [Lisinopril (Zestril)--a new ACE inhibitor] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1989 Jun 20;109(17-18):1921. [PubMed
]
- Frontera Y, Piecuch JF: Multiple episodes of angioedema associated with lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995 Feb;126(2):217-20. [PubMed
]
- Hasslacher C: Influence of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on blood pressure, metabolism, and renal function parameter in hypertensive type II diabetic patients: a postmarketing surveillance study. J Diabetes Complications. 1996 May-Jun;10(3):136-8. [PubMed
]
- Abdelmalek MF, Douglas DD: Lisinopril-induced isolated visceral angioedema: review of ACE-inhibitor-induced small bowel angioedema. Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Apr;42(4):847-50. [PubMed
]
- Tellez-Sanz R, Garcia-Fuentes L, Baron C: Calorimetric analysis of lisinopril binding to angiotensin I-converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 1998 Feb 13;423(1):75-80. [PubMed
]
|
|
Drug Target 2
[top]
|
| Target 2 ID |
244 |
| Target 2 Name |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform |
| Target 2 Synonyms |
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform precursor
- CD143 antigen
- Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
- EC 3.4.15.1
- Kininase II
|
| Target 2 Gene Name |
ACE |
| Target 2 Protein Sequence |
>Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform precursor
MGAASGRRGPGLLLPLPLLLLLPPQPALALDPGLQPGNFSADEAGAQLFAQSYNSSAEQV
LFQSVAASWAHDTNITAENARRQEEAALLSQEFAEAWGQKAKELYEPIWQNFTDPQLRRI
IGAVRTLGSANLPLAKRQQYNALLSNMSRIYSTAKVCLPNKTATCWSLDPDLTNILASSR
SYAMLLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPLYEDFTALSNEAYKQDGFTDTGAYWRSWYNSPTFEDDL
EHLYQQLEPLYLNLHAFVRRALHRRYGDRYINLRGPIPAHLLGDMWAQSWENIYDMVVPF
PDKPNLDVTSTMLQQGWNATHMFRVAEEFFTSLELSPMPPEFWEGSMLEKPADGREVVCH
ASAWDFYNRKDFRIKQCTRVTMDQLSTVHHEMGHIQYYLQYKDLPVSLRRGANPGFHEAI
GDVLALSVSTPEHLHKIGLLDRVTNDTESDINYLLKMALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQWRWGVFS
GRTPPSRYNFDWWYLRTKYQGICPPVTRNETHFDAGAKFHVPNVTPYIRYFVSFVLQFQF
HEALCKEAGYEGPLHQCDIYRSTKAGAKLRKVLQAGSSRPWQEVLKDMVGLDALDAQPLL
KYFQPVTQWLQEQNQQNGEVLGWPEYQWHPPLPDNYPEGIDLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTS
QVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIANHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRI
IKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVATVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKY
EDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAARLNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLER
LFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGPIPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPS
APSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLLPVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHAS
AWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQYFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGD
VLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMKMALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGS
ITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPGAKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHE
ALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLGFSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSY
FKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSEGPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQW
LLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHGPQFGSEVELRHS
|
| Target 2 Number of Residues |
1327 |
| Target 2 Molecular Weight |
149716 |
| Target 2 Theoretical pI |
6.36 |
| Target 2 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
metallopeptidase activity |
|
Process
|
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis |
|
Component
|
cell
membrane |
|
| Target 2 General Function |
Involved in metallopeptidase activity |
| Target 2 Specific Function |
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator |
| Target 2 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 2 Reactions |
- Release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide!Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II COFACTOR Zinc INHIBITOR (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]g lycine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]- (S)-alanine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]glycine benzyl ester; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]-(S)-alanine benzyl ester EFFECTOR Chloride
|
| Target 2 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 2 Signals |
|
| Target 2 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 2 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 2 GenBank ID Protein |
178286  |
| Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P12821  |
| Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
ACE_HUMAN  |
| Target 2 PDB ID |
1UZF  |
| Target 2 PDB File |
Show |
| Target 2 3D Structure |
|
| Target 2 Cellular Location |
- Cell membrane
- single-pass type I membrane protein. Processed form:Secreted protein. A soluble form
|
| Target 2 Gene Sequence |
>3921 bp
ATGGGGGCCGCCTCGGGCCGCCGGGGGCCGGGGCTGCTGCTGCCGCTGCCGCTGCTGTTG
CTGCTGCCGCCGCAGCCCGCCCTGGCGTTGGACCCCGGGCTGCAGCCCGGCAACTTTTCT
GCTGACGAGGCCGGGGCGCAGCTCTTCGCGCAGAGCTACAACTCCAGCGCCGAACAGGTG
CTGTTCCAGAGCGTGGCCGCCAGCTGGGCGCACGACACCAACATCACCGCGGAGAATGCA
AGGCGCCAGGAGGAAGCAGCCCTGCTCAGCCAGGAGTTTGCGGAGGCCTGGGGCCAGAAG
GCCAAGGAGCTGTATGAACCGATCTGGCAGAACTTCACGGACCCGCAGCTGCGCAGGATC
ATCGGAGCTGTGCGAACCCTGGGCTCTGCCAACCTGCCCCTGGCTAAGCGGCAGCAGTAC
AACGCCCTGCTAAGCAACATGAGCAGGATCTACTCCACCGCCAAGGTCTGCCTCCCCAAC
AAGACTGCCACCTGCTGGTCCCTGGACCCAGATCTCACCAACATCCTGGCTTCCTCGCGA
AGCTACGCCATGCTCCTGTTTGCCTGGGAGGGCTGGCACAACGCTGCGGGCATCCCGCTG
AAACCGCTGTACGAGGATTTCACTGCCCTCAGCAATGAAGCCTACAAGCAGGACGGCTTC
ACAGACACGGGGGCCTACTGGCGCTCCTGGTACAACTCCCCCACCTTCGAGGACGATCTG
GAACACCTCTACCAACAGCTAGAGCCCCTCTACCTGAACCTCCATGCCTTCGTCCGCCGC
GCACTGCATCGCCGATACGGAGACAGATACATCAACCTCAGGGGACCCATCCCTGCTCAT
CTGCTGGGAGACATGTGGGCCCAGAGCTGGGAAAACATCTACGACATGGTGGTGCCTTTC
CCAGACAAGCCCAACCTCGATGTCACCAGTACTATGCTGCAGCAGGGCTGGAACGCCACG
CACATGTTCCGGGTGGCAGAGGAGTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGAGCTCTCCCCCATGCCTCCC
GAGTTCTGGGAAGGGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCGGCCGACGGGCGGGAAGTGGTGTGCCAC
GCCTCGGCTTGGGACTTCTACAACAGGAAAGACTTCAGGATCAAGCAGTGCACACGGGTC
ACGATGGACCAGCTCTCCACAGTGCACCATGAGATGGGCCATATACAGTACTACCTGCAG
TACAAGGATCTGCCCGTCTCCCTGCGTCGGGGGGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATT
GGGGACGTGCTGGCGCTCTCGGTCTCCACTCCTGAACATCTGCACAAAATCGGCCTGCTG
GACCGTGTCACCAATGACACGGAAAGTGACATCAATTACTTGCTAAAAATGGCACTGGAA
AAAATTGCCTTCCTGCCCTTTGGCTACTTGGTGGACCAGTGGCGCTGGGGGGTCTTTAGT
GGGCGTACCCCCCCTTCCCGCTACAACTTCGACTGGTGGTATCTTCGAACCAAGTATCAG
GGGATCTGTCCTCCTGTTACCCGAAACGAAACCCACTTTGATGCTGGAGCTAAGTTTCAT
GTTCCAAATGTGACACCATACATCAGGTACTTTGTGAGTTTTGTCCTGCAGTTCCAGTTC
CATGAAGCCCTGTGCAAGGAGGCAGGCTATGAGGGCCCACTGCACCAGTGTGACATCTAC
CGGTCCACCAAGGCAGGGGCCAAGCTCCGGAAGGTGCTGCAGGCTGGCTCCTCCAGGCCC
TGGCAGGAGGTGCTGAAGGACATGGTCGGCTTAGATGCCCTGGATGCCCAGCCGCTGCTC
AAGTACTTCCAGCCAGTCACCCAGTGGCTGCAGGAGCAGAACCAGCAGAACGGCGAGGTC
CTGGGCTGGCCCGAGTACCAGTGGCACCCGCCGTTGCCTGACAACTACCCGGAGGGCATA
GACCTGGTGACTGATGAGGCTGAGGCCAGCAAGTTTGTGGAGGAATATGACCGGACATCC
CAGGTGGTGTGGAACGAGTATGCCGAGGCCAACTGGAACTACAACACCAACATCACCACA
GAGACCAGCAAGATTCTGCTGCAGAAGAACATGCAAATAGCCAACCACACCCTGAAGTAC
GGCACCCAGGCCAGGAAGTTTGATGTGAACCAGTTGCAGAACACCACTATCAAGCGGATC
ATAAAGAAGGTTCAGGACCTAGAACGGGCAGCGCTGCCTGCCCAGGAGCTGGAGGAGTAC
AACAAGATCCTGTTGGATATGGAAACCACCTACAGCGTGGCCACTGTGTGCCACCCGAAT
GGCAGCTGCCTGCAGCTCGAGCCAGATCTGACGAATGTGATGGCCACATCCCGGAAATAT
GAAGACCTGTTATGGGCATGGGAGGGCTGGCGAGACAAGGCGGGGAGAGCCATCCTCCAG
TTTTACCCGAAATACGTGGAACTCATCAACCAGGCTGCCCGGCTCAATGGCTATGTAGAT
GCAGGGGACTCGTGGAGGTCTATGTACGAGACACCATCCCTGGAGCAAGACCTGGAGCGG
CTCTTCCAGGAGCTGCAGCCACTCTACCTCAACCTGCATGCCTACGTGCGCCGGGCCCTG
CACCGTCACTACGGGGCCCAGCACATCAACCTGGAGGGGCCCATTCCTGCTCACCTGCTG
GGGAACATGTGGGCGCAGACCTGGTCCAACATCTATGACTTGGTGGTGCCCTTCCCTTCA
GCCCCCTCGATGGACACCACAGAGGCTATGCTAAAGCAGGGCTGGACGCCCAGGAGGATG
TTTAAGGAGGCTGATGATTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGGGCTGCTGCCCGTGCCTCCTGAGTTC
TGGAACAAGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCAACCGACGGGCGGGAGGTGGTCTGCCACGCCTCG
GCCTGGGACTTCTACAACGGCAAGGACTTCCGGATCAAGCAGTGCACCACCGTGAACTTG
GAGGACCTGGTGGTGGCCCACCACGAAATGGGCCACATCCAGTATTTCATGCAGTACAAA
GACTTACCTGTGGCCTTGAGGGAGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATTGGGGAC
GTGCTAGCCCTCTCAGTGTCTACGCCCAAGCACCTGCACAGTCTCAACCTGCTGAGCAGT
GAGGGTGGCAGCGACGAGCATGACATCAACTTTCTGATGAAGATGGCCCTTGACAAGATC
GCCTTTATCCCCTTCAGCTACCTCGTCGATCAGTGGCGCTGGAGGGTATTTGATGGAAGC
ATCACCAAGGAGAACTATAACCAGGAGTGGTGGAGCCTCAGGCTGAAGTACCAGGGCCTC
TGCCCCCCAGTGCCCAGGACTCAAGGTGACTTTGACCCAGGGGCCAAGTTCCACATTCCT
TCTAGCGTGCCTTACATCAGGTACTTTGTCAGCTTCATCATCCAGTTCCAGTTCCACGAG
GCACTGTGCCAGGCAGCTGGCCACACGGGCCCCCTGCACAAGTGTGACATCTACCAGTCC
AAGGAGGCCGGGCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGCCATGAAGCTGGGCTTCAGTAGGCCGTGGCCG
GAAGCCATGCAGCTGATCACGGGCCAGCCCAACATGAGCGCCTCGGCCATGTTGAGCTAC
TTCAAGCCGCTGCTGGACTGGCTCCGCACGGAGAACGAGCTGCATGGGGAGAAGCTGGGC
TGGCCGCAGTACAACTGGACGCCGAACTCCGCTCGCTCAGAAGGGCCCCTCCCAGACAGC
GGCCGCGTCAGCTTCCTGGGCCTGGACCTGGATGCGCAGCAGGCCCGCGTGGGCCAGTGG
CTGCTGCTCTTCCTGGGCATCGCCCTGCTGGTAGCCACCCTGGGCCTCAGCCAGCGGCTC
TTCAGCATCCGCCACCGCAGCCTCCACCGGCACTCCCACGGGCCCCAGTTCGGCTCCGAG
GTGGAGCTGAGACACTCCTGA
|
| Target 2 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 2 GeneCard ID |
ACE  |
| Target 2 GenAtlas ID |
ACE  |
| Target 2 HGNC ID |
HGNC:2707  |
| Target 2 Chromosome Location |
17 |
| Target 2 Locus |
17q23.3 |
| Target 2 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 2 General References |
- Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA: Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet. 1999 May;22(1):59-62. [PubMed
]
- Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed
]
- Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ: A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 27;275(43):33238-43. [PubMed
]
- Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robison K, Jeyaseelan R, Breitbart RE, Acton S: A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res. 2000 Sep 1;87(5):E1-9. [PubMed
]
- Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL: Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10. [PubMed
]
- Ehlers MR, Riordan JF: Angiotensin-converting enzyme: zinc- and inhibitor-binding stoichiometries of the somatic and testis isozymes. Biochemistry. 1991 Jul 23;30(29):7118-26. [PubMed
]
- Takeuchi K, Shimizu T, Ohishi N, Seyama Y, Takaku F, Yotsumoto H: Purification of human lung angiotensin-converting enzyme by high-performance liquid chromatography: properties and N-terminal amino acid sequence. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1989 Sep;106(3):442-5. [PubMed
]
- Soubrier F, Alhenc-Gelas F, Hubert C, Allegrini J, John M, Tregear G, Corvol P: Two putative active centers in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9386-90. [PubMed
]
|
| Target 2 Drug References |
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed
]
|
|
Drug Target 3
[top]
|
| Target 3 ID |
1694 |
| Target 3 Name |
Angiotensinogen |
| Target 3 Synonyms |
- Angiotensinogen precursor
- Serpin A8
|
| Target 3 Gene Name |
AGT |
| Target 3 Protein Sequence |
>Angiotensinogen precursor
MRKRAPQSEMAPAGVSLRATILCLLAWAGLAAGDRVYIHPFHLVIHNESTCEQLAKANAG
KPKDPTFIPAPIQAKTSPVDEKALQDQLVLVAAKLDTEDKLRAAMVGMLANFLGFRIYGM
HSELWGVVHGATVLSPTAVFGTLASLYLGALDHTADRLQAILGVPWKDKNCTSRLDAHKV
LSALQAVQGLLVAQGRADSQAQLLLSTVVGVFTAPGLHLKQPFVQGLALYTPVVLPRSLD
FTELDVAAEKIDRFMQAVTGWKTGCSLMGASVDSTLAFNTYVHFQGKMKGFSLLAEPQEF
WVDNSTSVSVPMLSGMGTFQHWSDIQDNFSVTQVPFTESACLLLIQPHYASDLDKVEGLT
FQQNSLNWMKKLSPRTIHLTMPQLVLQGSYDLQDLLAQAELPAILHTELNLQKLSNDRIR
VGEVLNSIFFELEADEREPTESTQQLNKPEVLEVTLNRPFLFAVYDQSATALHFLGRVAN
PLSTA
|
| Target 3 Number of Residues |
493 |
| Target 3 Molecular Weight |
53155 |
| Target 3 Theoretical pI |
6.27 |
| Target 3 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
enzyme regulator activity
enzyme inhibitor activity
protease inhibitor activity
endopeptidase inhibitor activity
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity |
|
Process
|
| Not Available |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 3 General Function |
Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity |
| Target 3 Specific Function |
Angiotensin-3 stimulates aldosterone release |
| Target 3 Pathways |
Not Available
|
| Target 3 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Pfam Domain Function |
|
| Target 3 Signals |
|
| Target 3 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 3 Essentiality |
Non-Essential |
| Target 3 GenBank ID Protein |
178640  |
| Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID |
P01019  |
| Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name |
ANGT_HUMAN  |
| Target 3 PDB ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Cellular Location |
|
| Target 3 Gene Sequence |
>1458 bp
ATGCGGAAGCGAGCACCCCAGTCTGAGATGGCTCCTGCCGGTGTGAGCCTGAGGGCCACC
ATCCTCTGCCTCCTGGCCTGGGCTGGCCTGGCTGCAGGTGACCGGGTGTACATACACCCC
TTCCACCTCGTCATCCACAATGAGAGTACCTGTGAGCAGCTGGCAAAGGCCAATGCCGGG
AAGCCCAAAGACCCCACCTTCATACCTGCTCCAATTCAGGCCAAGACATCCCCTGTGGAT
GAAAAGGCCCTACAGGACCAGCTGGTGCTAGTCGCTGCAAAACTTGACACCGAAGACAAG
TTGAGGGCCGCAATGGTCGGGATGCTGGCCAACTTCTTGGGCTTCCGTATATATGGCATG
CACAGTGAGCTATGGGGCGTGGTCCATGGGGCCACCGTCCTCTCCCCAACGGCTGTCTTT
GGCACCCTGGCCTCTCTCTATCTGGGAGCCTTGGACCACACAGCTGACAGGCTACAGGCA
ATCCTGGGTGTTCCTTGGAAGGACAAGAACTGCACCTCCCGGCTGGATGCGCACAAGGTC
CTGTCTGCCCTGCAGGCTGTACAGGGCCTGCTAGTGGCCCAGGGCAGGGCTGATAGCCAG
GCCCAGCTGCTGCTGTCCACGGTGGTGGGCGTGTTCACAGCCCCAGGCCTGCACCTGAAG
CAGCCGTTTGTGCAGGGCCTGGCTCTCTATACCCCTGTGGTCCTCCCACGCTCTCTGGAC
TTCACAGAACTGGATGTTGCTGCTGAGAAGATTGACAGGTTCATGCAGGCTGTGACAGGA
TGGAAGACTGGCTGCTCCCTGATGGGAGCCAGTGTGGACAGCACCCTGGCTTTCAACACC
TACGTCCACTTCCAAGGGAAGATGAAGGGCTTCTCCCTGCTGGCCGAGCCCCAGGAGTTC
TGGGTGGACAACAGCACCTCAGTGTCTGTTCCCATGCTCTCTGGCATGGGCACCTTCCAG
CACTGGAGTGACATCCAGGACAACTTCTCGGTGACTCAAGTGCCCTTCACTGAGAGCGCC
TGCCTGCTGCTGATCCAGCCTCACTATGCCTCTGACCTGGACAAGGTGGAGGGTCTCACT
TTCCAGCAAAACTCCCTCAACTGGATGAAGAAACTGTCTCCCCGGACCATCCACCTGACC
ATGCCCCAACTGGTGCTGCAAGGATCTTATGACCTGCAGGACCTGCTCGCCCAGGCTGAG
CTGCCCGCCATTCTGCACACCGAGCTGAACCTGCAAAAATTGAGCAATGACCGCATCAGG
GTGGGGGAGGTGCTGAACAGCATTTTTTTTGAGCTTGAAGCGGATGAGAGAGAGCCCACA
GAGTCTACCCAACAGCTTAACAAGCCTGAGGTCTTGGAGGTGACCCTGAACCGCCCATTC
CTGTTTGCTGTGTATGATCAAAGCGCCACTGCCCTGCACTTCCTGGGCCGCGTGGCCAAC
CCGCTGAGCACAGCATGA
|
| Target 3 GenBank Gene ID |
|
| Target 3 GeneCard ID |
AGT  |
| Target 3 GenAtlas ID |
AGT  |
| Target 3 HGNC ID |
HGNC:333  |
| Target 3 Chromosome Location |
1 |
| Target 3 Locus |
1q42-q43 |
| Target 3 SNPs |
SNPJam Report  |
| Target 3 General References |
- Goodfriend TL, Peach MJ: Angiotensin III: (DES-Aspartic Acid-1)-Angiotensin II. Evidence and speculation for its role as an important agonist in the renin - angiotensin system. Circ Res. 1975 Jun;36(6 Suppl 1):38-48. [PubMed
]
- Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev YV, Lifton RP, Williams CS, Charru A, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Lalouel JM, et al.: Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell. 1992 Oct 2;71(1):169-80. [PubMed
]
- Fukamizu A, Takahashi S, Seo MS, Tada M, Tanimoto K, Uehara S, Murakami K: Structure and expression of the human angiotensinogen gene. Identification of a unique and highly active promoter. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 5;265(13):7576-82. [PubMed
]
- Kunapuli SP, Kumar A: Molecular cloning of human angiotensinogen cDNA and evidence for the presence of its mRNA in rat heart. Circ Res. 1987 May;60(5):786-90. [PubMed
]
- Gaillard I, Clauser E, Corvol P: Structure of human angiotensinogen gene. DNA. 1989 Mar;8(2):87-99. [PubMed
]
- Kunapuli SP, Benedict CR, Kumar A: Tissue specific hormonal regulation of the rat angiotensinogen gene expression. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 May 1;254(2):642-6. [PubMed
]
- Campbell DJ, Bouhnik J, Coezy E, Menard J, Corvol P: Processing of rat and human angiotensinogen precursors by microsomal membranes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1985 Nov;43(1):31-40. [PubMed
]
- Arakawa K, Minohara A, Yamada J, Nakamura M: Enzymatic degradation and electrophoresis of human angiotensin I. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Sep 10;168(1):106-12. [PubMed
]
- Kageyama R, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S: Primary structure of human preangiotensinogen deduced from the cloned cDNA sequence. Biochemistry. 1984 Jul 31;23(16):3603-9. [PubMed
]
- Tewksbury DA, Dart RA, Travis J: The amino terminal amino acid sequence of human angiotensinogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Apr 30;99(4):1311-5. [PubMed
]
- 7539791 Oxvig C, Haaning J, Kristensen L, Wagner JM, Rubin I, Stigbrand T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L: Identification of angiotensinogen and complement C3dg as novel proteins binding the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human pregnancy serum and plasma. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 9;270(23):13645-51.
- 7607642 Hixson JE, Powers PK: Detection and characterization of new mutations in the human angiotensinogen gene (AGT). Hum Genet. 1995 Jul;96(1):110-2.
- 7744780 Inoue I, Rohrwasser A, Helin C, Jeunemaitre X, Crain P, Bohlender J, Lifton RP, Corvol P, Ward K, Lalouel JM: A mutation of angiotensinogen in a patient with preeclampsia leads to altered kinetics of the renin-angiotensin system. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 12;270(19):11430-6.
- 8513325 Ward K, Hata A, Jeunemaitre X, Helin C, Nelson L, Namikawa C, Farrington PF, Ogasawara M, Suzumori K, Tomoda S, et al.: A molecular variant of angiotensinogen associated with preeclampsia. Nat Genet. 1993 May;4(1):59-61.
- 8621667 Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Leconte I, Cohen P, Simon D, Guyene TT, Celerier J, Pau B, Corvol P, Clauser E, Jeunemaitre X: The natural mutation Y248C of human angiotensinogen leads to abnormal glycosylation and altered immunological recognition of the protein. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9838-44.
- 9492317 Carpenter KA, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW: The octapeptide angiotensin II adopts a well-defined structure in a phospholipid environment. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):448-53.
|
| Target 3 Drug References |
- Bernier NJ, Kaiya H, Takei Y, Perry SF: Mediation of humoral catecholamine secretion by the renin-angiotensin system in hypotensive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Endocrinol. 1999 Mar;160(3):351-63. [PubMed
]
- Wang R, Zagariya A, Ibarra-Sunga O, Gidea C, Ang E, Deshmukh S, Chaudhary G, Baraboutis J, Filippatos G, Uhal BD: Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in human and rat alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1999 May;276(5 Pt 1):L885-9. [PubMed
]
- Takai S, Jin D, Sakaguchi M, Miyazaki M: Chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human vascular tissue. Circulation. 1999 Aug 10;100(6):654-8. [PubMed
]
- Bernier NJ, Gilmour KM, Takei Y, Perry SF: Cardiovascular control via angiotensin II and circulating catecholamines in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. J Comp Physiol [B]. 1999 Jul;169(4-5):237-48. [PubMed
]
- Takai S, Sakaguchi M, Jin D, Yamada M, Kirimura K, Miyazaki M: Different angiotensin II-forming pathways in human and rat vascular tissues. Clin Chim Acta. 2001 Mar;305(1-2):191-5. [PubMed
]
|