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| Name | Triazolam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | DB00897 (APRD00313) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | small molecule | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Groups | illicit, approved, withdrawn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Withdrawn in the United Kingdom due to risk of psychiatric adverse drug reactions. This drug continues to be available in the U.S. Internationally, triazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. |
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| Structure |
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure |
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| Synonyms |
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| Brand name mixtures | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| CAS number | 28911-01-5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight |
Average: 343.21 Monoisotopic: 342.043901818 |
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| Chemical Formula | C17H12Cl2N4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=JOFWLTCLBGQGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI |
InChI=1S/C17H12Cl2N4/c1-10-21-22-16-9-20-17(12-4-2-3-5-14(12)19)13-8-11(18)6-7-15(13)23(10)16/h2-8H,9H2,1H3
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| IUPAC Name |
12-chloro-9-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-2,4,5,8-tetraazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(10),3,5,8,11,13-hexaene
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| SMILES |
CC1=NN=C2CN=C(C3=C(Cl)C=CC=C3)C3=C(C=CC(Cl)=C3)N12
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| Mass Spec | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Organic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pharmacology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indication | For the short-term treatment of insomnia. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharmacodynamics | A short-acting benzodiazepine used as a hypnotic agent in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. Triazolam has a shorter half-life than chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, and prazepam and does not generate active metabolites. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of action | Benzodiazepines bind nonspecifically to bezodiazepine receptors BNZ1, which mediates sleep, and BNZ2, which affects affects muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant activity, motor coordination, and memory. As benzodiazepine receptors are thought to be coupled to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, this enhances the effects of GABA by increasing GABA affinity for the GABA receptor. Binding of GABA to the site opens the chloride channel, resulting in a hyperpolarized cell membrane that prevents further excitation of the cell. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Absorption | Bioavailability is 44% (oral) and 53% (sublingual). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Volume of distribution | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein binding | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism |
Hepatic. Small amounts of unmetabolized triazolam appear in the urine.
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| Route of elimination | Triazolam and its metabolites, principally as conjugated glucuronides, which are presumably inactive, are excreted primarily in the urine. Only small amounts of unmetabolized triazolam appear in the urine. The two primary metabolites accounted for 79.9% of urinary excretion. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Half life | 1.5-5.5 hours | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clearance | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity | Symptoms of overdose include drowsiness, slurred speech, motor inco-ordination, coma, and respiratory depression. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pathways | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Patents | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 233-235 oC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| PDB Entries | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FDA label | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | show (5.4 KB) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interactions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Drug Interactions | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Food Interactions | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Targets |
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1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P14867 ![]() Gene: GABRA1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P47869 ![]() Gene: GABRA2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P34903 ![]() Gene: GABRA3 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P48169 ![]() Gene: GABRA4 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P31644 ![]() Gene: GABRA5 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q16445 ![]() Gene: GABRA6 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 7. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P18505 ![]() Gene: GABRB1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 8. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P47870 ![]() Gene: GABRB2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 9. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P28472 ![]() Gene: GABRB3 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 10. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q8N1C3 ![]() Gene: GABRG1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 11. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P18507 ![]() Gene: GABRG2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 12. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q99928 ![]() Gene: GABRG3 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 13. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: O14764 ![]() Gene: GABRD ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 14. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P78334 ![]() Gene: GABRE ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 15. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. In the uterus, the function of the receptor appears to be related to tissue contractility. The binding of this pI subunit with other GABA(A) receptor subunits alters the sensitivity of recombinant receptors to modulatory agents such as pregnanolone Organism class: humanUniProt ID: O00591 ![]() Gene: GABRP ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 16. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P24046 ![]() Gene: GABRR1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 17. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-2 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P28476 ![]() Gene: GABRR2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 18. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel (By similarity) Organism class: humanUniProt ID: A8MPY1 ![]() Gene: GABRR3 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 19. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta Pharmacological action: yesActions: potentiator GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q9UN88 ![]() Gene: GABRQ ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other Responsible for the manifestation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites and is most likely to comprise binding domains for benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides. May play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P30536 ![]() Gene: TSPO ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
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| Enzymes |
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Actions: substrate
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide UniProt ID: P08684![]() Gene: CYP3A4 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: substrate
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics UniProt ID: P20815![]() Gene: CYP3A5 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: substrate
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics UniProt ID: P24462![]() Gene: CYP3A7 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: inhibitor
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) UniProt ID: P10632![]() Gene: CYP2C8 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Actions: inhibitor
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan UniProt ID: P11712![]() Gene: CYP2C9 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
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This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.