Repaglinide

Identification

Summary

Repaglinide is a antihyperglycemic used to improve glycemic control in diabetes.

Brand Names
Enyglid, Gluconorm, Prandin
Generic Name
Repaglinide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00912
Background

Repaglinide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the meglitinide class of short-acting insulin secretagogues, which act by binding to β cells of the pancreas to stimulate insulin release. Repaglinide induces an early insulin response to meals decreasing postprandial blood glucose levels. It should only be taken with meals and meal-time doses should be skipped with any skipped meal. Approximately one month of therapy is required before a decrease in fasting blood glucose is seen. Meglitnides may have a neutral effect on weight or cause a slight increase in weight. The average weight gain caused by meglitinides appears to be lower than that caused by sulfonylureas and insulin and appears to occur only in those naïve to oral antidiabetic agents. Due to their mechanism of action, meglitinides may cause hypoglycemia although the risk is thought to be lower than that of sulfonylureas since their action is dependent on the presence of glucose. In addition to reducing postprandial and fasting blood glucose, meglitnides have been shown to decrease glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Meglitinides appear to be more effective at lowering postprandial blood glucose than metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones. Repaglinide is extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in bile. Repaglinide metabolites do not possess appreciable hypoglycemic activity. Approximately 90% of a single orally administered dose is eliminated in feces and 8% in urine.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 452.5857
Monoisotopic: 452.26750765
Chemical Formula
C27H36N2O4
Synonyms
  • Repaglinida
  • Repaglinide
  • Repaglinidum
External IDs
  • AG-EE 388 ZW
  • AG-EE 623 ZW
  • AG-EE-623ZW

Pharmacology

Indication

As an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used as adjunct in combination to manageType 2 diabetes mellitusCombination Product in combination with: Metformin (DB00331)••••••••••••
Management ofType 2 diabetes mellitus••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells is partly controlled by cellular membrane potential. Membrane potential is regulated through an inverse relationship between the activity of cell membrane ATP-sensitive potassium channels (ABCC8) and extracellular glucose concentrations. Extracellular glucose enters the cell via GLUT2 (SLC2A2) transporters. Once inside the cell, glucose is metabolized to produce ATP. High concentrations of ATP inhibit ATP-sensitive potassium channels causing membrane depolarization. When extracellular glucose concentrations are low, ATP-sensitive potassium channels open causing membrane repolarization. High glucose concentrations cause ATP-sensitive potassium channels to close resulting in membrane depolarization and opening of L-type calcium channels. The influx of calcium ions stimulates calcium-dependent exocytosis of insulin granules. Repaglinide increases insulin release by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels in a glucose-dependent manner.

Mechanism of action

Repaglinide activity is dependent on the presence functioning β cells and glucose. In contrast to sulfonylurea insulin secretatogogues, repaglinide has no effect on insulin release in the absence of glucose. Rather, it potentiates the effect of extracellular glucose on ATP-sensitive potassium channel and has little effect on insulin levels between meals and overnight. As such, repaglinide is more effective at reducing postprandial blood glucose levels than fasting blood glucose levels and requires a longer duration of therapy (approximately one month) before decreases in fasting blood glucose are observed. The insulinotropic effects of repaglinide are highest at intermediate glucose levels (3 to 10 mmol/L) and it does not increase insulin release already stimulated by high glucose concentrations (greater than 15 mmol/L). Repaglinide appears to be selective for pancreatic β cells and does not appear to affect skeletal or cardiac muscle or thyroid tissue.

TargetActionsOrganism
AATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8
inhibitor
Humans
UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
agonist
Humans
AHistamine H1 receptor
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly and completely absorbed following oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are observed within 1 hour (range 0.5-1.4 hours). The absolute bioavailability is approximately 56%. Maximal biological effect is observed within 3-3.5 hours and plasma insulin levels remain elevated for 4-6 hours. When a single 2 mg dose of repaglinide is given to healthy subjects, the area under the curve (AUC) is 18.0 - 18.7 (ng/mL/h)^3.

Volume of distribution

31 L following IV administration in healthy individuals

Protein binding

>98% (e.g. to to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein)

Metabolism

Repaglinide is rapidly metabolized via oxidation and dealkylation by cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 to form the major dicarboxylic acid derivative (M2). Further oxidation produces the aromatic amine derivative (M1). Glucuronidation of the carboxylic acid group of repaglinide yields an acyl glucuronide (M7). Several other unidentified metabolites have been detected. Repaglinide metabolites to not possess appreciable hypoglycemic activity.

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Route of elimination

90% eliminated in feces (<2% as unchanged drug), 8% in urine (0.1% as unchanged drug)

Half-life

1 hour

Clearance

33-38 L/hour following IV administration

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50 >1 g/kg (rat) (W. Grell)

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Repaglinide Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Repaglinide can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Repaglinide can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Repaglinide can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AcarboseThe risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acarbose is combined with Repaglinide.
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Repaglinide can be increased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
Food Interactions
  • Take before a meal. Repaglinide should be taken before each meal of the day.

Products

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Product Images
International/Other Brands
GlucoNorm (Novo Nordisk) / Surepost
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Act RepaglinideTablet0.5 mgOralTEVA Canada Limited2010-10-18Not applicableCanada flag
Act RepaglinideTablet2 mgOralTEVA Canada Limited2010-10-18Not applicableCanada flag
Act RepaglinideTablet1 mgOralTEVA Canada Limited2010-10-18Not applicableCanada flag
EnyglidTablet2 mgOralKrka, D.D., Novo Mesto2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
EnyglidTablet1 mgOralKrka, D.D., Novo Mesto2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-repaglinideTablet1.0 mgOralApotex Corporation2012-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-repaglinideTablet0.5 mgOralApotex Corporation2012-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-repaglinideTablet2.0 mgOralApotex Corporation2012-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Auro-repaglinideTablet2 mgOralAuro Pharma Inc2014-04-30Not applicableCanada flag
Auro-repaglinideTablet1 mgOralAuro Pharma Inc2014-04-30Not applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
PAREGLIN 1 MG/500 MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 90 ADETRepaglinide (1 mg) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2015-09-14Not applicableTurkey flag
PAREGLIN 2 MG/500 MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 90 ADETRepaglinide (2 mg) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2015-09-14Not applicableTurkey flag
PrandimetRepaglinide (1 mg/1) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg/1)TabletOralNovo Nordisk2009-01-162017-05-31US flag
PrandimetRepaglinide (2 mg/1) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg/1)TabletOralNovo Nordisk2009-01-152017-05-31US flag
Repaglinide and Metformin HydrochlorideRepaglinide (2 mg/1) + Metformin hydrochloride (500 mg/1)TabletOralLupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2015-12-102017-10-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
A10BD14 — Metformin and repaglinideA10BX02 — Repaglinide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperidines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperidine skeleton, which consists of a piperidine bound to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Phenylpiperidines
Direct Parent
Phenylpiperidines
Alternative Parents
Phenylacetamides / Benzoic acids / Aniline and substituted anilines / Benzoyl derivatives / Dialkylarylamines / Phenol ethers / Phenoxy compounds / Alkyl aryl ethers / Amino acids / Secondary carboxylic acid amides
show 7 more
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzoic acid / Benzoic acid or derivatives
show 23 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
piperidines (CHEBI:8805)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
668Z8C33LU
CAS number
135062-02-1
InChI Key
FAEKWTJYAYMJKF-QHCPKHFHSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C27H36N2O4/c1-4-33-25-17-20(12-13-22(25)27(31)32)18-26(30)28-23(16-19(2)3)21-10-6-7-11-24(21)29-14-8-5-9-15-29/h6-7,10-13,17,19,23H,4-5,8-9,14-16,18H2,1-3H3,(H,28,30)(H,31,32)/t23-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
2-ethoxy-4-({[(1S)-3-methyl-1-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]butyl]carbamoyl}methyl)benzoic acid
SMILES
CCOC1=C(C=CC(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C2N2CCCCC2)=C1)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Manne Reddy, "Polymorphic forms of (S)-Repaglinide and the processes for preparation thereof." U.S. Patent US20040102477, issued May 27, 2004.

US20040102477
General References
  1. Massi-Benedetti M, Damsbo P: Pharmacology and clinical experience with repaglinide. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Apr;9(4):885-98. [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: PRANDIN (repaglinide) tablets [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015048
KEGG Drug
D00594
KEGG Compound
C07670
PubChem Compound
65981
PubChem Substance
46508150
ChemSpider
59377
BindingDB
50153520
RxNav
73044
ChEBI
8805
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1272
ZINC
ZINC000003798537
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000133
PharmGKB
PA451234
PDBe Ligand
BJX
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Repaglinide
PDB Entries
6jb1 / 6jb3 / 6pz9 / 7tys / 7tyt / 7u1q / 7u1s / 7y1j / 7y1k / 7y1l
show 2 more
FDA label
Download (175 KB)
MSDS
Download (57.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentDiabetes Mellitus1
4CompletedTreatmentDiabetes / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus10
4CompletedTreatmentType 2 Diabetes Mellitus6
4TerminatedTreatmentDiabetes / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1
4Unknown StatusTreatmentType 2 Diabetes Mellitus1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Novo nordisk inc
  • Novo Nordisk Inc.
Packagers
  • Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Novo Nordisk Inc.
  • Recipharm AB
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
TabletOral0.5 mg
TabletOral1 mg
TabletOral2 mg
TabletOral1.0 mg
TabletOral2.0 mg
Capsule, coatedOral0.5 mg
TabletOral1 mg/tablet
TabletOral2 mg/tablet
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral
TabletOral0.5 mg/1
TabletOral1 mg/1
TabletOral2 mg/1
Tablet, effervescent
TabletOral4 mg
TabletOral0.50 mg
Tablet, effervescentOral
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Prandin 1 mg tablet2.48USD tablet
Prandin 0.5 mg tablet2.47USD tablet
Prandin 2 mg tablet2.33USD tablet
Gluconorm 2 mg Tablet0.34USD tablet
Gluconorm 1 mg Tablet0.32USD tablet
Gluconorm 0.5 mg Tablet0.31USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6677358No2004-01-132018-06-12US flag
CA2111851No2002-02-262011-06-21Canada flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)130-131 °CNot Available
logP5.9Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00294 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.05ALOGPS
logP3.95Chemaxon
logS-5.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.68Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.82Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area78.87 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity131.83 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability51.49 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9172
Blood Brain Barrier-0.7101
Caco-2 permeable-0.5891
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8145
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.6044
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.6868
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.849
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8288
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7019
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9206
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.907
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9264
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8682
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8136
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8004
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.919
Rat acute toxicity2.4497 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9605
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.5272
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0g7j-2958400000-8cbddf3d4598a0fc7340
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0000900000-c0108433e6c3f3bf1c75
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0009000000-30aa31031f07d8ae52b8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-002r-0908000000-b76282b9697187110f0a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0000900000-2f6de321d96a7df0cde9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0140900000-4fef8b8042e88aa84955
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0290000000-4867f74dff429e78bb45
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0290000000-bdb018b622ca04e9d8b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0590000000-60f613e4ee0d364efcea
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f89-2791700000-333192fa8176a2febaa5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0060900000-0e369edcf026ce9d5c40
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0190400000-f619bfacb476f112ab05
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-008i-6390800000-64174b074065b11398e6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01t9-1829500000-3abda6aa42e1aefce480
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01si-5961300000-9ec55f5b998c3ecc5334
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bt9-1962100000-31d3753b8efc764c04b4
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-233.2199722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-234.0079722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-207.23181
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+232.1213722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+232.2016722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+209.62738
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+232.6062722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+232.5770722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+215.53992
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sulfonylurea receptor activity
Specific Function
Subunit of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP). Regulator of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and insulin release.
Gene Name
ABCC8
Uniprot ID
Q09428
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8
Molecular Weight
176990.36 Da
References
  1. Hu S, Wang S, Fanelli B, Bell PA, Dunning BE, Geisse S, Schmitz R, Boettcher BR: Pancreatic beta-cell K(ATP) channel activity and membrane-binding studies with nateglinide: A comparison with sulfonylureas and repaglinide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):444-52. [Article]
  2. Sunaga Y, Gonoi T, Shibasaki T, Ichikawa K, Kusama H, Yano H, Seino S: The effects of mitiglinide (KAD-1229), a new anti-diabetic drug, on ATP-sensitive K+ channels and insulin secretion: comparison with the sulfonylureas and nateglinide. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 9;431(1):119-25. [Article]
  3. Hansen AM, Christensen IT, Hansen JB, Carr RD, Ashcroft FM, Wahl P: Differential interactions of nateglinide and repaglinide on the human beta-cell sulphonylurea receptor 1. Diabetes. 2002 Sep;51(9):2789-95. [Article]
  4. Wangler B, Schneider S, Thews O, Schirrmacher E, Comagic S, Feilen P, Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M, Shiue CY, Alavi A, Hohnemann S, Piel M, Rosch F, Schirrmacher R: Synthesis and evaluation of (S)-2-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)-4-([3-methyl-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-butyl-carbam oyl]-methyl)-benzoic acid ([18F]repaglinide): a promising radioligand for quantification of pancreatic beta-cell mass with positron emission tomography (PET). Nucl Med Biol. 2004 Jul;31(5):639-47. [Article]
  5. Wangler B, Beck C, Shiue CY, Schneider S, Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M, Feilen PJ, Alavi A, Rosch F, Schirrmacher R: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of (S)-2-([11C]methoxy)-4-[3-methyl-1-(2-piperidine-1-yl-phenyl)-butyl-carbamoyl]-be nzoic acid ([11C]methoxy-repaglinide): a potential beta-cell imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Oct 18;14(20):5205-9. [Article]
  6. Dornhorst A: Insulinotropic meglitinide analogues. Lancet. 2001 Nov 17;358(9294):1709-16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
Gene Name
PPARG
Uniprot ID
P37231
Uniprot Name
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Molecular Weight
57619.58 Da
References
  1. Scarsi M, Podvinec M, Roth A, Hug H, Kersten S, Albrecht H, Schwede T, Meyer UA, Rucker C: Sulfonylureas and glinides exhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity: a combined virtual screening and biological assay approach. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;71(2):398-406. Epub 2006 Nov 2. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name
HRH1
Uniprot ID
P35367
Uniprot Name
Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight
55783.61 Da
References
  1. Horak F, Unkauf M, Beckers C, Mittermaier EM: Efficacy and tolerability of intranasally applied dimetindene maleate solution versus placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Dec;50(12):1099-105. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1300341. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Bidstrup TB, Bjornsdottir I, Sidelmann UG, Thomsen MS, Hansen KT: CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principal enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;56(3):305-14. [Article]
  3. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Bidstrup TB, Bjornsdottir I, Sidelmann UG, Thomsen MS, Hansen KT: CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principal enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;56(3):305-14. [Article]
  2. Kajosaari LI, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: Metabolism of repaglinide by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: effect of fibrates and rifampicin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 Oct;97(4):249-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_157.x. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
Gene Name
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID
Q9Y6L6
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
Molecular Weight
76447.99 Da
References
  1. He J, Qiu Z, Li N, Yu Y, Lu Y, Han D, Li T, Zhao D, Sun W, Fang F, Zheng J, Fan H, Chen X: Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;67(7):701-7. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-0994-7. Epub 2011 Feb 17. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name
ABCB11
Uniprot ID
O95342
Uniprot Name
Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight
146405.83 Da
References
  1. Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48