DrugBank: Netilmicin (DB00955)

targets (2)

Identification

Name

Netilmicin

Accession Number

DB00955 (APRD00232)

Type

small molecule

Groups

approved

Description

Netilmicin is a semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [PubChem] Netilmicin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with mRNA binding and the acceptor tRNA site. The bactericidal effect of netilmiicin is not fully understood.

Structure

Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure

Synonyms

1-N-Ethylsisomicin

Brand names

Netromycin

Brand name mixtures

Not Available

Categories

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides

CAS number

56391-56-1

Weight

Average: 475.5795
Monoisotopic: 475.300598691

Chemical Formula

C₂₁H₄₁N₅O₇

InChI Key

InChIKey=CIDUJQMULVCIBT-MQDUPKMGSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C21H41N5O7/c1-4-26-13-7-12(24)16(32-19-11(23)6-5-10(8-22)31-19)14(27)17(13)33-20-15(28)18(25-3)21(2,29)9-30-20/h5,11-20,25-29H,4,6-9,22-24H2,1-3H3/t11-,12+,13-,14+,15-,16-,17+,18-,19-,20-,21+/m1/s1

Plain Text

IUPAC Name

(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-{[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-amino-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-6-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol

SMILES

CCN[C@@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O[C@H]2OC(CN)=CC[C@H]2N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@H]1OC[C@](C)(O)[C@H](NC)[C@H]1O

Plain Text

Mass Spec

Not Available

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Not Available

Classes

Not Available

Substructures

Not Available

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of bacteremia, septicaemia, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft-tissue infection, burns, wounds, and peri-operative infections caused by susceptible strains.

Pharmacodynamics

Netilmicin is a semisynthetic, water soluble antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, produced by the fermentation of Micromonospora inyoensis, a species of actinomycete. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. It is active at low concentrations against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, bacteria of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp. (indole-positive and indole-negative), including Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, P. rettgrei, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoea. Netilmicin is also active in vitro against isolates of Hemophilus influenzae, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and against penicillinase and non-penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus including methicillin-resistant strains. Some strains of Providencia sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Aeromonas sp. are also sensitive to netilmicin. Many strains of the above organisms which are found to be resistant to other aminoglycosides, such as kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin, are susceptible to netilmicin in vitro. Occasionally, strains have been identified which are resistant to amikacin but susceptible to netilmicin. The combination of netilmicin and penicillin G has a synergistic bactericidal effect against most strains of Streptococcus faecalis (enterococcus). The combined effect of netilmicin and carbenicillin or ticarcillin is synergistic for many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, many isolates of Serratia, which are resistant to multiple antibiotics, are inhibited by synergistic combinations of netilmicin with carbenicillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, cefamandole, cefotaxime or moxalactam. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides like netilmicin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically netilmicin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Absorption

Rapidly and completely absorbed after IM administration, peak serum levels were achieved within 30-60 minutes. Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed orally. Topical absorption is also poor unless severe skin damage is present.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Protein-binding of is low and depends on the test conditions (mainly the concentration of cations in the test medium).

Metabolism

No evidence of metabolic transformation, typically 80% is recoverable in the urine within 24 hours

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

2.5 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

Netilmicin has nephrotoxic and ototoxic potential. Nephrotoxicity occurs via drug accumulation in renal proximal tubular cells resulting in cellular damage. Tubular cells may regenerate despite continued exposure and nephrotoxicity is usually mild and reversible. Netilmicin is less nephrotoxic than neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, likely due to a reduced number of cationic amino groups in its structure. Otoxicity occurs as a result of irreversible damage to hair cells of the cochlea and/or summit of the ampullar cristae in the vestibular complex caused drug accumulation in the endolymph and perilymph of the inner ear. Otoxicity appears to be correlated to total exposure and may be cumulative with further doses of aminoglycosides or other ototoxic drugs (e.g. cisplatin, furosemide). High frequency hearing loss is followed by low frequency hearing loss, which may be followed by retrograde degeneration of the auditory nerve. Vestibular toxicity may cause vertigo, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and loss of balance.

Affected organisms

Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

Pathways

Pathway	Name	SMPDB ID
	Netilmicin Pathway	SMP00257

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Schering corp sub schering plough corp

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution	Intravenous

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

solid

Melting point

Not Available

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	100 mg/mL	PhysProp
logP	-3	PhysProp

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	9.20e+00 g/l	ALOGPS
logP	-1.42	ALOGPS
logP	-3.53	ChemAxon Molconvert
logS	-1.71	ALOGPS
pKa	13.16	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count	12	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count	8	ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area	199.73	ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count	8	ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity	119.84	ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability	50.90	ChemAxon Molconvert

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General Reference

Link
Hemsworth S, Nunn AJ, Selwood K, Osborne C, Jones A, Pizer B: Once-daily netilmicin for neutropenic pyrexia in paediatric oncology. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Mar;94(3):268-74. Pubmed
Klingenberg C, Smabrekke L, Lier T, Flaegstad T: Validation of a simplified netilmicin dosage regimen in infants. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(6-7):474-9. Pubmed
Brooks JR, Marlow N, Reeves BC, Millar MR: Use of once-daily netilmicin to treat infants with suspected sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Biol Neonate. 2004;86(3):170-5. Epub 2004 Jun 29. Pubmed

External Links

Resource	Link
KEGG Compound	C07657
PubChem Compound	13958226
PubChem Substance	46507404
ChEBI	7528
ChEMBL	7528
Therapeutic Targets Database	DAP000404
PharmGKB	PA450614
Drug Product Database	503371
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netilmicin

ATC Codes

J01GB07
S01AA23

AHFS Codes

Not Available

PDB Entries

1P87

FDA label

Not Available

MSDS

show (57 KB)

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Not Available

Food Interactions

Not Available

Targets
1. 30S ribosomal protein S12 Pharmacological action: yes Actions: inhibitor Cryo-EM studies suggest that S12 contacts the EF-Tu bound tRNA in the A-site during codon-recognition. This contact is most likely broken as the aminoacyl-tRNA moves into the peptidyl transferase center in the 50S subunit Organism class: bacterial UniProt ID: P0A7S3 Gene: rpsL Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 2. 16S rRNA Pharmacological action: yes Actions: inhibitor In prokaryotes, the 16S rRNA is essential for recognizing the 5' end of mRNA and hence positioning it correctly on the ribosome. The 16S rRNA has a characteristic secondary structure in which half of the nucleotides are base-paired. The 16S rRNA sequence has been highly conserved and is often used for evolutionary and species comparative analysis. Gene Sequence: FASTA References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed Tuuminen T, Heinasmaki T, Kerttula T: First report of bacteremia by Asaia bogorensis, in a patient with a history of intravenous-drug abuse. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):3048-50. Pubmed

Targets

1. 30S ribosomal protein S12

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Cryo-EM studies suggest that S12 contacts the EF-Tu bound tRNA in the A-site during codon-recognition. This contact is most likely broken as the aminoacyl-tRNA moves into the peptidyl transferase center in the 50S subunit

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P0A7S3 Link_out

Gene: rpsL
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. 16S rRNA

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

In prokaryotes, the 16S rRNA is essential for recognizing the 5' end of mRNA and hence positioning it correctly on the ribosome. The 16S rRNA has a characteristic secondary structure in which half of the nucleotides are base-paired. The 16S rRNA sequence has been highly conserved and is often used for evolutionary and species comparative analysis.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Tuuminen T, Heinasmaki T, Kerttula T: First report of bacteremia by Asaia bogorensis, in a patient with a history of intravenous-drug abuse. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):3048-50. Pubmed

Comments

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on November 10, 2010 13:44

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.