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Identification
Name Procainamide
Accession Number DB01035 (APRD00509)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Biocoryl
Novocainamid
Novocainamide
Novocaine Amide
Novocamid
Procainamide Hcl
Procaine Amide
Procamide
Procan
Procan Sr
Procanbid
Procapan
Promine
Pronestyl
Pronestyl-Sr
First Prev Next Last
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antiarrhythmic Agents
  • Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
CAS number 51-06-9
Weight Average: 235.3253
Monoisotopic: 235.168462309
Chemical Formula C13H21N3O
InChI Key InChIKey=REQCZEXYDRLIBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H21N3O/c1-3-16(4-2)10-9-15-13(17)11-5-7-12(14)8-6-11/h5-8H,3-4,9-10,14H2,1-2H3,(H,15,17)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]benzamide
SMILES
CCN(CC)CCNC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Benzoyl Derivatives
  • Benzamides
Substructures
  • Amino Ketones
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Benzoyl Derivatives
  • Benzamides
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Pharmacodynamics Procainamide is an agent indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia and in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia occurring during cardiac manipulation, such as surgery or catheterization, or which may occur during acute myocardial infarction, digitalis toxicity, or other cardiac diseases. The mode of action of the antiarrhythmic effect of Procainamide appears to be similar to that of procaine and quinidine. Ventricular excitability is depressed and the stimulation threshold of the ventricle is increased during diastole. The sinoatrial node is, however, unaffected.
Mechanism of action Procainamide is sodium channel blocker. It stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action.
Absorption 75 to 95%
Volume of distribution
  • 2 L/kg
Protein binding 15 to 20%
Metabolism Hepatic
Route of elimination Trace amounts may be excreted in the urine as free and conjugated p-aminobenzoic acid, 30 to 60 percent as unchanged PA, and 6 to 52 percent as the NAPA derivative.
Half life ~2.5-4.5 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity LD50=95 mg/kg (rat, IV); LD50=312 mg/kg (mouse, oral); LD50=103 mg/kg (mouse, IV); LD50=250 mg/kg (rabbit, IV)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00324 Procainamide (Antiarrhythmic) Pathway SMP00324
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Parke davis div warner lambert co
  • Panray corp sub ormont drug and chemical co inc
  • Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
  • Parkedale pharmaceuticals inc
  • King pharmaceuticals inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Solution Intramuscular
Tablet, extended release Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Procainamide 500 mg/ml vial 6.45 USD ml
Procainamide 100 mg/ml vial 1.29 USD ml
Procan Sr 750 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.91 USD tablet
Procan Sr 500 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.56 USD tablet
Procan Sr 250 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.4 USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 5656296 1994-08-12 2014-08-12
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 165-169 °C Not Available
water solubility 5050 mg/L Not Available
logP 0.88 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa 9.32 SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 3.02e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 1.42 ALOGPS
logP 0.95 ChemAxon
logS -1.9 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 15.75 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.04 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 58.36 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 6 ChemAxon
refractivity 72.25 ChemAxon
polarizability 27.69 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C07401 Link_out
PubChem Compound 4913 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507313 Link_out
ChemSpider 4744 Link_out
ChEBI 8428 Link_out
ChEMBL 8428 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000516 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451108 Link_out
Drug Product Database 713341 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/procain.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/procainamide.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procainamide Link_out
ATC Codes
  • C01BA02
AHFS Codes
  • 24:04.04.04
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Amiodarone Amiodarone may increase serum levels and toxicity of procainamide.
Artemether Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Cimetidine The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, may increase the effect of procainamide.
Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin may increase the effect of procainamide.
Cisapride Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Dihydroquinidine barbiturate Quinidine increases the effect of procainamide
Donepezil Possible antagonism of action
Fingolimod Pharmacodynamic synergist. Contraindicated. Increased risk of bradycardia, AV block, and torsade de pointes.
Galantamine Possible antagonism of action
Levofloxacin Levofloxacin may increase the effect of procainamide.
Lumefantrine Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Mesoridazine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Ofloxacin Ofloxacin may increase the effect of procainamide.
Quinidine Quinidine increases the effect of procainamide
Quinidine barbiturate Quinidine increases the effect of procainamide
Ranitidine The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine, may increase the effect of procainamide.
Ranolazine Possible additive effect on QT prolongation
Rivastigmine Possible antagonism of action
Tacrolimus Additive QTc-prolongation may occur increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution.
Telavancin Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Terbinafine Terbinafine may reduce the metabolism and clearance of Procainamide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for therapeutic/adverse effects of Procainamide if Terbinafine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Terfenadine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Thioridazine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Thiothixene May cause additive QTc-prolonging effects. Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. Thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
Toremifene Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. A thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
Trimethoprim Trimethoprim may reduce the clearance of Procainamide. Alternative treatments should be considered. If Trimethoprim is initiated or the dose is increased, monitor for increased toxicity of Procainamide (e.g. QTc intervals, EKG, serum drug concentrations). If Trimethoprim is discontinued or the dose decreased, monitor for reduced effects of Procainamide.
Trimipramine Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution.
Vardenafil Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Voriconazole Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Vorinostat Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Ziprasidone Additive QTc-prolonging effects may increase the risk of severe arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Zuclopenthixol Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or use caution and monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with food to reduce irritation.
Targets

1. Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in the electrocardiogram

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q14524 Link_out
Gene: SCN5A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Weiss R, Barmada MM, Nguyen T, Seibel JS, Cavlovich D, Kornblit CA, Angelilli A, Villanueva F, McNamara DM, London B: Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in the Brugada syndrome: a novel gene locus on chromosome 3. Circulation. 2002 Feb 12;105(6):707-13. Pubmed
  2. Brugada R, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C, Kirsch GE, Potenza D, Towbin JA, Brugada P: Sodium channel blockers identify risk for sudden death in patients with ST-segment elevation and right bundle branch block but structurally normal hearts. Circulation. 2000 Feb 8;101(5):510-5. Pubmed
  3. Chen SM, Kuo CT, Lin KH, Chiang FT: Brugada syndrome without mutation of the cardiac sodium channel gene in a Taiwanese patient. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000 Nov;99(11):860-2. Pubmed
  4. Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P: [Brugada syndrome] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1999 Jul;92(7):847-50. Pubmed
  5. Brugada J, Brugada P, Brugada R: The syndrome of right bundle branch block ST segment elevation in V1 to V3 and sudden death—the Brugada syndrome. Europace. 1999 Jul;1(3):156-66. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Methylates CpG residues. Preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA. It is responsible for maintaining methylation patterns established in development. DNA methylation is coordinated with methylation of histones. Mediates transcriptional repression by direct binding to HDAC2

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P26358 Link_out
Gene: DNMT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Oelke K, Lu Q, Richardson D, Wu A, Deng C, Hanash S, Richardson B: Overexpression of CD70 and overstimulation of IgG synthesis by lupus T cells and T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;50(6):1850-60. Pubmed
  2. Januchowski R, Jagodzinski PP: Effect of 5-azacytidine and procainamide on CD3-zeta chain expression in Jurkat T cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Apr;59(3):122-6. Pubmed
  3. Lee BH, Yegnasubramanian S, Lin X, Nelson WG: Procainamide is a specific inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 9;280(49):40749-56. Epub 2005 Oct 17. Pubmed
  4. Scheinbart LS, Johnson MA, Gross LA, Edelstein SR, Richardson BC: Procainamide inhibits DNA methyltransferase in a human T cell line. J Rheumatol. 1991 Apr;18(4):530-4. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lessard E, Hamelin BA, Labbe L, O’Hara G, Belanger PM, Turgeon J: Involvement of CYP2D6 activity in the N-oxidation of procainamide in man. Pharmacogenetics. 1999 Dec;9(6):683-96. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cholinesterase

Actions: inhibitor

An acylcholine + H(2)O = choline + a carboxylate

UniProt ID: P06276 Link_out
Gene: BCHE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bailey DN: Amitriptyline and procainamide inhibition of cocaine and cocaethylene degradation in human serum in vitro. J Anal Toxicol. 1999 Mar-Apr;23(2):99-102. Pubmed
  2. Page JD, Wilson IB, Silman I: Butyrylcholinesterase: inhibition by arsenite, fluoride, and other ligands, cooperativity in binding. Mol Pharmacol. 1985 Apr;27(4):437-43. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. Pubmed
  2. Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H: Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;16(7):871-81. Pubmed
  3. Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. Pubmed
  4. Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. Pubmed
  5. Goralski KB, Lou G, Prowse MT, Gorboulev V, Volk C, Koepsell H, Sitar DS: The cation transporters rOCT1 and rOCT2 interact with bicarbonate but play only a minor role for amantadine uptake into rat renal proximal tubules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Dec;303(3):959-68. Pubmed
  6. Ishiguro N, Saito A, Yokoyama K, Morikawa M, Igarashi T, Tamai I: Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):495-9. Epub 2005 Jan 7. Pubmed
  7. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bednarczyk D, Ekins S, Wikel JH, Wright SH: Influence of molecular structure on substrate binding to the human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;63(3):489-98. Pubmed
  2. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, Yost SC, Terashita S, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;51(6):913-21. Pubmed
  3. Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. Pubmed
  4. Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. Pubmed
  5. Green RM, Lo K, Sterritt C, Beier DR: Cloning and functional expression of a mouse liver organic cation transporter. Hepatology. 1999 May;29(5):1556-62. Pubmed
  6. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Chun JK, Babbitt PC, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A). J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16548-54. Pubmed
  7. Goralski KB, Lou G, Prowse MT, Gorboulev V, Volk C, Koepsell H, Sitar DS: The cation transporters rOCT1 and rOCT2 interact with bicarbonate but play only a minor role for amantadine uptake into rat renal proximal tubules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Dec;303(3):959-68. Pubmed
  8. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed
  9. Grundemann D, Gorboulev V, Gambaryan S, Veyhl M, Koepsell H: Drug excretion mediated by a new prototype of polyspecific transporter. Nature. 1994 Dec 8;372(6506):549-52. Pubmed
  10. Ishiguro N, Saito A, Yokoyama K, Morikawa M, Igarashi T, Tamai I: Transport of the dopamine D2 agonist pramipexole by rat organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in kidney. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):495-9. Epub 2005 Jan 7. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Huang W, Ganapathy ME, Wang H, Kekuda R, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):F449-58. Pubmed

4. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. Pubmed
  2. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed
  3. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. Pubmed
  4. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. Pubmed

5. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 1;1466(1-2):315-27. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19