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Identification
Name Miconazole
Accession Number DB01110 (APRD01115)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • MCZ
  • miconazole
Brand names
  • Daktarin
  • Femizol-M
  • M-zole 3 Combination Pack
  • M-zole 7 Dual Pack
  • Micatin
  • Miconazole 3
  • Miconazole 3 Combination Pack
  • Miconazole 7
  • Miconazole 7 Combination Pack
  • Miconazole Nitrate
  • Miconazole Nitrate Combination Pack
  • Miconazole-7
  • Micozole
  • Minostate
  • Monazole 7
  • Monistat
  • Monistat 1 Combination Pack
  • Monistat 3
  • Monistat 3 Combination Pack
  • Monistat 3 Dual-Pak
  • Monistat 3 Vaginal Ovules
  • Monistat 5
  • Monistat 5 Tampon
  • Monistat 7
  • Monistat 7 Combination Pack
  • Monistat 7 Dual-Pak
  • Monistat 7 Vaginal Suppositories
  • Monistat Dual- PAK
  • Monistat IV
  • Monistat-3 Combination Pack
  • Monistat-Derm
  • Novo-Miconazole Vaginal Ovules
  • Vusion
  • Zimycan
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antifungal Agents
CAS number 22916-47-8
Weight Average: 416.129
Monoisotopic: 413.986023908
Chemical Formula C18H14Cl4N2O
InChI Key InChIKey=BYBLEWFAAKGYCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H14Cl4N2O/c19-13-2-1-12(16(21)7-13)10-25-18(9-24-6-5-23-11-24)15-4-3-14(20)8-17(15)22/h1-8,11,18H,9-10H2
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-1H-imidazole
SMILES
ClC1=CC(Cl)=C(COC(CN2C=CN=C2)C2=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Benzyl Alcohols and Derivatives
  • Phenethylamines
Substructures
  • Benzyl Alcohols and Derivatives
  • Ethers
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Halobenzenes
  • Imidazoles
  • Phenethylamines
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Cyanamides
Pharmacology
Indication For topical application in the treatment of tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum, in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis (moniliasis), and in the treatment of tinea versicolor.
Pharmacodynamics Miconazole is an anti-fungal medication related to fluconazole (Diflucan), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), and clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex). It is used either on the skin or in the vagina for fungal infections. Miconazole was approved by the FDA in 1974. Miconazole prevents fungal organisms from producing vital substances required for growth and function. This medication is effective only for infections caused by fungal organisms. It will not work for bacterial or viral infections.
Mechanism of action Miconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Miconazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50 = 3800 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 3 gm/kg. Ingestion of the amounts of the components contained in a tube of cream are unlikely to produce overdosage and toxic effects.
Affected organisms
  • Fungi, yeast and protozoans
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
  • Bioalliance pharma
  • G and w laboratories inc
  • Perrigo r and d co
  • Perrigo co
  • Johnson and johnson healthcare products
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Orthoneutrogena
  • L perrigo co
  • Taro pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Taro pharmaceuticals inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Johnson and johnson consumer companies inc
  • Personal products co
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Aerosol Topical
Cream Intravaginal
Cream Topical
Suppository Intravaginal
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Vusion 0.25-15-81.35% Ointment 50 gm Tube 284.34 USD tube
Miconazole 3 3 200 mg Suppository Box 51.2 USD box
Monistat-Derm 2% Cream 28.35 gm Tube 41.99 USD tube
Monistat-Derm 2% Cream 15 gm Tube 32.0 USD tube
Monistat 1 combination pack 16.81 USD each
Monistat 7 combination pack 15.96 USD each
Miconazole Nitrate 2% Cream 28 gm Tube 12.99 USD tube
Miconazole powder 4.59 USD g
Monistat 1 6.5% ointment 3.6 USD g
Miconazole nitrate powder 3.55 USD g
Vusion ointment 3.17 USD g
Monistat-derm 2% cream 1.11 USD g
Miconazole nitrate 2% cream 0.19 USD g
CVS Pharmacy miconazole 7 cream 0.18 USD g
Miconazole 7 cream 0.15 USD g
Antifungal 2% cream 0.1 USD g
Micatin 2% aerosol spray 0.05 USD g
Lotrimin af 2% liquid spray 0.04 USD g
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 7651698 2006-01-08 2026-01-08
United States 5514698 1994-03-21 2014-03-21
Properties
State solid
Melting point 159 - 163 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1g/100mL (20°C) PhysProp
logP 6.1 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 7.63e-04 g/l ALOGPS
logP 5.86 ALOGPS
logP 5.96 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -5.74 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 27.05 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 6 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 103.07 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 39.54 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00882 Link_out
KEGG Compound C08070 Link_out
PubChem Compound 4189 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506017 Link_out
ChemSpider 4044 Link_out
BindingDB 31772 Link_out
ChEBI 6923 Link_out
ChEMBL 6923 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000154 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450494 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2245546 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/micon.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/miconazole-cream.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/mon1273.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miconazole Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A01AB09
  • A07AC01
  • D01AC02
  • G01AF04
  • J02AB01
  • S02AA13
AHFS Codes
  • 84:04.08.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (650.1 KB)
MSDS show (73.7 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Cytochrome P450 51

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol which is critical for ergosterol biosynthesis. It transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol

Organism class: fungal
UniProt ID: P10613 Link_out
Gene: ERG11
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA: Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Apr;11(2):382-402. Pubmed
  2. Ghannoum MA, Rice LB: Antifungal agents: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Oct;12(4):501-17. Pubmed
  3. Edlind T, Smith L, Henry K, Katiyar S, Nickels J: Antifungal activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is modulated by calcium signalling. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Oct;46(1):257-68. Pubmed
  4. Georgopapadakou NH, Walsh TJ: Antifungal agents: chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Feb;40(2):279-91. Pubmed

2. Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. No mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P29474 Link_out
Gene: NOS3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wolff DJ, Datto GA, Samatovicz RA: The dual mode of inhibition of calmodulin-dependent nitric-oxide synthase by antifungal imidazole agents. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 5;268(13):9430-6. Pubmed
  2. Bogle RG, Whitley GS, Soo SC, Johnstone AP, Vallance P: Effect of anti-fungal imidazoles on mRNA levels and enzyme activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;111(4):1257-61. Pubmed
  3. Sennequier N, Wolan D, Stuehr DJ: Antifungal imidazoles block assembly of inducible NO synthase into an active dimer. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 8;274(2):930-8. Pubmed
  4. Dudek RR, Conforto A, Pinto V, Wildhirt S, Suzuki H: Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by cytochrome P-450 reductase inhibitors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995 May;209(1):60-4. Pubmed

3. Nitric oxide synthase, inducible

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35228 Link_out
Gene: NOS2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wolff DJ, Datto GA, Samatovicz RA: The dual mode of inhibition of calmodulin-dependent nitric-oxide synthase by antifungal imidazole agents. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 5;268(13):9430-6. Pubmed
  2. Bogle RG, Whitley GS, Soo SC, Johnstone AP, Vallance P: Effect of anti-fungal imidazoles on mRNA levels and enzyme activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;111(4):1257-61. Pubmed
  3. Sennequier N, Wolan D, Stuehr DJ: Antifungal imidazoles block assembly of inducible NO synthase into an active dimer. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 8;274(2):930-8. Pubmed
  4. Dudek RR, Conforto A, Pinto V, Wildhirt S, Suzuki H: Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by cytochrome P-450 reductase inhibitors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995 May;209(1):60-4. Pubmed

4. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map. Kinetics of KCNMA1 channels are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination with modulating beta subunits. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q12791 Link_out
Gene: KCNMA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

5. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel. Modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity. Increases the apparent Ca(2+)/voltage sensitivity of the KCNMA1 channel. It also modifies KCNMA1 channel kinetics and alters its pharmacological properties. It slows down the activation and the deactivation kinetics of the channel. Acts as a negative regulator of smooth muscle contraction by enhancing the calcium sensitivity to KCNMA1. Its presence is also a requirement for internal binding of the KCNMA1 channel opener dehydrosoyasaponin I (DHS-1) triterpene glycoside and for external binding of the agonist hormone 17-beta-estradiol (E2). Increases the binding activity of charybdotoxin (CTX) toxin to KCNMA1 peptide blocker by increasing the CTX association rate and decreasing the dissociation rate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16558 Link_out
Gene: KCNMB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

6. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel. Modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity. Acts as a negative regulator that confers rapid and complete inactivation of KCNMA1 channel complex. May participate in KCNMA1 inactivation in chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland or in hippocampal CA1 neurons

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9Y691 Link_out
Gene: KCNMB2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

7. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel. Modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity. Alters the functional properties of the current expressed by the KCNMA1 channel. Isoform 2, isoform 3 and isoform 4 partially inactivate the current of KCNBMA. Isoform 4 induces a fast and incomplete inactivation of KCNMA1 channel that is detectable only at large depolarizations. In contrast, isoform 1 does not induce detectable inactivation of KCNMA1. Two or more subunits of KCNMB3 are required to block the KCNMA1 tetramer

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NPA1 Link_out
Gene: KCNMB3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

8. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel. Modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity. Decreases the gating kinetics and calcium sensitivity of the KCNMA1 channel, but with fast deactivation kinetics. May decrease KCNMA1 channel openings at low calcium concentrations but increases channel openings at high calcium concentrations. Makes KCNMA1 channel resistant to 100 nM charybdotoxin (CTX) toxin concentrations

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q86W47 Link_out
Gene: KCNMB4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

9. Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel that is activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization which promotes calcium influx. The channel is blocked by clotrimazole and charybdotoxin but is insensitive to apamin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O15554 Link_out
Gene: KCNN4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

10. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization. Thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic afterhyperpolarization. The channel is blocked by apamin (By similarity)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q92952 Link_out
Gene: KCNN1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

11. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization. Thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic afterhyperpolarization. The channel is blocked by apamin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9H2S1 Link_out
Gene: KCNN2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

12. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization. Thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic afterhyperpolarization. The channel is blocked by apamin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UGI6 Link_out
Gene: KCNN3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Alvarez J, Montero M, Garcia-Sancho J: High affinity inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 15;267(17):11789-93. Pubmed

13. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifying potassium current in heart (IKr). Isoform 3 has no channel activity by itself, but modulates channel characteristics when associated with isoform 1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q12809 Link_out
Gene: KCNH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Kikuchi K, Nagatomo T, Abe H, Kawakami K, Duff HJ, Makielski JC, January CT, Nakashima Y: Blockade of HERG cardiac K+ current by antifungal drug miconazole. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;144(6):840-8. Pubmed

14. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated potassium channel. Elicits a slowly activating, rectifying current. Channel properties may be modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9H252 Link_out
Gene: KCNH6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Kikuchi K, Nagatomo T, Abe H, Kawakami K, Duff HJ, Makielski JC, January CT, Nakashima Y: Blockade of HERG cardiac K+ current by antifungal drug miconazole. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;144(6):840-8. Pubmed

15. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated potassium channel. Channel properties may be modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NS40 Link_out
Gene: KCNH7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hatton CJ, Peers C: Effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on ionic currents in isolated rat type I carotid body cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 1):C85-92. Pubmed
  2. Kikuchi K, Nagatomo T, Abe H, Kawakami K, Duff HJ, Makielski JC, January CT, Nakashima Y: Blockade of HERG cardiac K+ current by antifungal drug miconazole. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;144(6):840-8. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sakaeda T, Iwaki K, Kakumoto M, Nishikawa M, Niwa T, Jin JS, Nakamura T, Nishiguchi K, Okamura N, Okumura K: Effect of micafungin on cytochrome P450 3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1 activities, and its comparison with azole antifungal drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;57(6):759-64. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial

Actions: inhibitor

Has steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity. In addition to this activity, the 18 or 19-hydroxylation of steroids and the aromatization of androstendione to estrone have also been ascribed to cytochrome P450 XIB

UniProt ID: P15538 Link_out
Gene: CYP11B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 19A1

Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens

UniProt ID: P11511 Link_out
Gene: CYP19A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: inhibitor

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Actions: inhibitor

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms

UniProt ID: P05181 Link_out
Gene: CYP2E1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ekins S, Kim RB, Leake BF, Dantzig AH, Schuetz EG, Lan LB, Yasuda K, Shepard RL, Winter MA, Schuetz JD, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):964-73. Pubmed
  2. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. Pubmed
  3. Yasuda K, Lan LB, Sanglard D, Furuya K, Schuetz JD, Schuetz EG: Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors with P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Oct;303(1):323-32. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 19, 2011 15:08

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.