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Identification
Name Ketoconazole
Accession Number DB01026 (APRD00401)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
2%
Ketocanazole
Ketoconazol
Ketoconazol [INN-Spanish]
Ketoconazole [Usan:Ban:Inn:Jan]
Ketoconazolum [INN-Latin]
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Extina
Fungarest
Fungoral
Ketoderm
Ketoisdin
Ketozole
Nizoral
Nizoral a-D
Nizoral a-D Shampoo
Nizoral Cream
Nizoral Shampoo
Orifungal
Orifungal M
Panfungol
Sebazole
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antifungals
  • Antifungal Agents
CAS number 65277-42-1
Weight Average: 531.431
Monoisotopic: 530.148760818
Chemical Formula C26H28Cl2N4O4
InChI Key InChIKey=XMAYWYJOQHXEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C26H28Cl2N4O4/c1-19(33)31-10-12-32(13-11-31)21-3-5-22(6-4-21)34-15-23-16-35-26(36-23,17-30-9-8-29-18-30)24-7-2-20(27)14-25(24)28/h2-9,14,18,23H,10-13,15-17H2,1H3
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
1-[4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethan-1-one
SMILES
CC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C1=CC=C(OCC2COC(CN3C=CN=C3)(O2)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2Cl)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of the following systemic fungal infections: candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral thrush, candiduria, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
Pharmacodynamics Ketoconazole, like clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole, is an imidazole antifungal agent.
Mechanism of action Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability. Other mechanisms may involve the inhibition of endogenous respiration, interaction with membrane phospholipids, inhibition of yeast transformation to mycelial forms, inhibition of purine uptake, and impairment of triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis. Ketoconazole can also inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane and sterols such as aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone.
Absorption Moderate
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 99% (in vitro, plasma protein binding)
Metabolism Hepatic
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 2 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Hepatotoxicity, LD50=86 mg/kg (orally in rat)
Affected organisms
  • Fungi
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Stiefel laboratories inc
  • Altana inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Taro pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
  • Perrigo new york inc
  • Tolmar inc
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Mcneil consumer healthcare
  • Aaipharma llc
  • Apotex inc
  • Mutual pharmacal co
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Pliva inc
  • Taro pharmaceutical industries ltd
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Cream Topical
Shampoo Topical
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Extina 2% Foam 100 gm Can 375.44 USD can
Extina 2% Foam 50 gm Can 201.53 USD can
Nizoral 2% Shampoo 120ml Bottle 49.43 USD bottle
Ketoconazole 2% Cream 60 gm Tube 44.72 USD tube
Ketoconazole 2% Cream 30 gm Tube 29.43 USD tube
Ketoconazole 2% Shampoo 120ml Bottle 27.98 USD bottle
Ketoconazole 2% Cream 15 gm Tube 19.99 USD tube
Ketoconazole powder 15.0 USD g
Nizoral 200 mg tablet 4.75 USD tablet
Extina 2% foam 3.61 USD g
Ketoconazole 200 mg tablet 3.21 USD tablet
Kuric 2% cream 1.54 USD g
Apo-Ketoconazole 200 mg Tablet 1.24 USD tablet
Novo-Ketoconazole 200 mg Tablet 1.24 USD tablet
Nu-Ketocon 200 mg Tablet 1.24 USD tablet
Nizoral 2% cream 1.22 USD g
Ketoconazole 2% cream 1.1 USD g
Ketoderm 2 % Cream 0.35 USD g
Ketoconazole 2% shampoo 0.23 USD ml
Nizoral a-d 1% shampoo 0.07 USD ml
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 7179475 1998-12-04 2018-12-04
United States 5456851 1994-04-07 2014-04-07
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 146 °C PhysProp
water solubility 0.0866 mg/L Not Available
logP 4.35 SANGSTER (1993)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 9.31e-03 g/l ALOGPS
logP 4.3 ALOGPS
logP 4.19 ChemAxon
logS -4.8 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest basic) 6.75 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 6 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon
polar surface area 69.06 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 7 ChemAxon
refractivity 138.07 ChemAxon
polarizability 54.83 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Goeders NE, Peltier RL, Guerin GF: Ketoconazole reduces low dose cocaine self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998 Dec 1;53(1):67-77. Pubmed
  2. Berwaerts J, Verhelst J, Mahler C, Abs R: Cushing’s syndrome in pregnancy treated by ketoconazole: case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1999 Jun;13(3):175-82. Pubmed
  3. Kazy Z, Puho E, Czeizel AE: Population-based case-control study of oral ketoconazole treatment for birth outcomes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2005 Mar;45(1):5-8. Pubmed
  4. Pierard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Decroix J, Pierard GE: A multicenter randomized trial of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1% shampoos in severe dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002 Nov-Dec;15(6):434-41. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00351 Link_out
BindingDB 31768 Link_out
ChEBI 48339 Link_out
ChEMBL 48339 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000630 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450146 Link_out
HET KTN Link_out
Drug Product Database 2237235 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ketocon.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/ketoconazole.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/niz1297.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole Link_out
ATC Codes
  • D01AC08
  • G01AF11
  • J02AB02
AHFS Codes
  • 08:14.08
  • 84:04.08.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (222 KB)
MSDS show (73.3 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Abiraterone Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of abiraterone. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
Acenocoumarol Ketoconazole may increase the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
Alfentanil Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of alfentanil.
Alfuzosin The antifungal increases the effect of alfuzosin
Almotriptan This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of the triptan
Alprazolam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, alprazolam.
Aluminium Aluminum-containing antacids may decrease the effect of ketoconazole.
Amitriptyline Ketoconazole, a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of amitriptyline by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of amitriptyline if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Anisindione Ketoconazole may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
Apixaban Avoid combination. Otherwise, ketoconazole will likely increase apixaban serum concentration.
Aprepitant This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of aprepitant
Aripiprazole Ketoconazole may increase the effect of aripiprazole.
Artemether Concurrent oral administration of ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, with a single dose of Coartem Tablets resulted in a moderate increase in exposure to artemether, DHA, and lumefantrine in a study of 15 healthy subjects.
Astemizole Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Atorvastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
Bosentan Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of bosentan.
Bromazepam Ketoconazole may increase the serum concentration of bromazepam by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of bromazepam if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Budesonide Ketoconazole may increase levels/effect of budesonide.
Cabazitaxel Concomitant therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor may increase concentrations of cabazitaxel. Avoid concomitant therapy.
Calcium Calcium-containing antacids may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Carbamazepine Ketoconazole may increase the effect of carbamazepine.
Cerivastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
Chlordiazepoxide Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide.
Ciclesonide Increased effects/toxicity of ciclesonide
Cilostazol Ketoconazole may increase the effect of cilostazol.
Cimetidine The H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Cinacalcet Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of cinacalcet.
Cisapride Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Clobazam Clobazam may increase levels by affecting CYP2C19 metabolism. Interaction is significant so monitor closely. Dose adjustment may be necessary.
Clonazepam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Clorazepate Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clorazepate.
Conivaptan Antifungal Agents (Azole Derivatives, Systemic) may decrease the metabolism of Conivaptan. Concomitant use of conivaptan with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., azole antifungals) is contraindicated.
Cyclosporine Ketoconazole may increase the effect of cyclosporine.
Dabigatran etexilate Coadministration with a strong p-glycoprotein inhibitor may increase the level or effect of dabigatran. Monitor closely for adverse effects.
Dantrolene Ketoconazole may increase the serum concentration of dantrolene by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of dantrolene if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Darifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolism
Diazepam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, diazepam.
Dicumarol Ketoconazole may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
Dihydroergotamine Possible ergotism and severe ischemia with this combination
Docetaxel Ketoconazole may increase the serum levels and toxicity of docetaxel.
Dofetilide This strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of dofetilide
Dronedarone Ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor in which concomitant use with dronedarone will significantly increase its exposure. Avoid concomitant use.
Eletriptan This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor increases the effect and toxicity of the triptan
Eplerenone Ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the effect and toxicity of eplerenone.
Ergotamine Possible ergotism and severe ischemia with this combination.
Erlotinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of erlotinib
Esomeprazole The proton pump inhibitor, esomeprazole, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Estazolam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, estazolam.
Ethinyl Estradiol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive
Everolimus Ketoconazole may increase everolimus levels/toxicity.
Famotidine The H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Fentanyl Ketoconazole may increase levels/toxicity of fentanyl.
Fesoterodine Ketoconazole is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor thus reducing clearance. Avoid concomitant use with fesoterodine.
Fingolimod Exposure is increased by 70% during concomitant use with systemic ketoconazole, and risk of adverse reactions is greater.
Flurazepam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, flurazepam.
Galantamine Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of galantamine
Gefitinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of gefitinib
Glimepiride Ketoconazole increases the effect of rosiglitazone
Halazepam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, halazepam.
Haloperidol Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of haloperidol.
Iloperidone Ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that increases serum concentration of iloperidone and likelihood of observing adverse effects such as QT prolongation. Reduce dose of iloperidone by 50%
Imatinib Ketoconazole may increase the levels of imatinib.
Imipramine Ketoconazole, a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of imipramine by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of imipramine if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Indacaterol Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increase levels of indacaterol. Consider alternate therapy.
Indinavir Indinavir may increase the serum concentration of ketoconazole. Ketoconazole may increase the serum concentration of indinavir. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of both agents if either agent is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Irinotecan Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of irinotecan
Isoniazid Isoniazid decreases the effect of ketoconazole
Lansoprazole The proton pump inhibitor, lansoprazole, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Lovastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
Lurasidone Concomitant therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor will increase level or effect of lurasidone. Coadministration with lurasidone is contraindicated.
Magnesium oxide The antacid, magnesium oxide, may decrease the effect of ketoconazole by decreasing its absorption.
Mestranol This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive
Methylprednisolone The imidazole, ketoconazole, may increase the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroid, methylprednisolone.
Midazolam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, midazolam.
Nevirapine Nevirapine, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, may decrease the serum concentration of ketoconazole by increasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of ketoconazole if nevirapine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Nizatidine The H2-receptor antagonist, nizatidine, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Nortriptyline Ketoconazole, a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of nortriptyline by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of nortriptyline if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Omeprazole The proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Pantoprazole The proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Pazopanib Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 thus increasing exposure of pazopanib by 120% in healthy subjects.
Pimozide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Pioglitazone Ketoconazole increases the effect of pioglitazone
Prasugrel Ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 which decreases the Cmax of prasugrel due to a reduction of prasugrel bioactivation. However, there was no reduction of inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Prednisolone The imidazole, ketoconazole, may increase the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
Prednisone The imidazole, ketoconazole, may increase the effect and toxicity of the corticosteroid, prednisone.
Quazepam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, quazepam.
Quetiapine Ketoconazole may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of quetiapine.
Quinidine Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of quinidine.
Quinidine barbiturate Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of quinidine barbiturate.
Rabeprazole The proton pump inhibitor, rabeprazole, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Ramelteon Ketoconazole may increase the serum levels and toxicity of ramelteon.
Ranitidine The H2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Ranolazine Increased levels of ranolazine - risk of toxicity
Rifampin Rifampin may decrease the effect of ketoconazole.
Ritonavir Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of ritonavir.
Rivaroxaban Use of rivaroxaban with agents that are strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoproteins are contraindicated.
Roflumilast Increases roflumilast levels.
Rosiglitazone Ketoconazole increases the effect of rosiglitazone
Ruxolitinib Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of ruxolitinib. Consider alternate therapy.
Saquinavir Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of saquinavir.
Saxagliptin Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4/5 which increases exposure of saxagliptin. The exposure of the active metabolite, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, also decreases. Decrease dose of saxagliptin to 2.5 mg per day.
Sibutramine Ketoconazole increases the levels and toxicity of sibutramine
Sildenafil Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of sildenafil.
Silodosin Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of silodosin by decreasing its metabolism thus increases the potential for adverse side effects
Simvastatin Increased risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
Sirolimus Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of sirolimus.
Solifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolism
Sucralfate Sucralfate may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Sunitinib Possible increase in sunitinib levels
Tacrine The metabolism of Tacrine, a CYP1A2 substrate, may be reduced by strong CYP1A2 inhibitors such as Ketoconazole. Consider modifying therapy to avoid Tacrine toxicity. Monitor the efficacy and toxicity of Tacrine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or if the dose is changed.
Tacrolimus The antifungal, Ketoconazole, may increase serum concentrations of Tacrolimus. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/toxic effects of Tacrolimus if Ketoconzole therapy is initiated, discontinued or altered.
Tadalafil Ketoconazole may reduce the metabolism of Tadalafil. Concomitant therapy should be avoided if possible due to high risk of Tadalafil toxicity.
Tamoxifen Ketoconazole may increase the serum concentration of Tamoxifen by decreasing its metabolism and clearance. Ketoconazole may also decrease the therapeutic effect of Tamoxifen by decreasing active metabolite production. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Tamoxifen if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tamsulosin Ketoconazole, a CYP3A4/2D6 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tamsulosin, a CYP3A4/2D6 substrate. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Tamsulosin if Ketoconzole is initiated, discontinued, or dose changed.
Telaprevir Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increase exposure of telaprevir.
Telithromycin Ketoconazole may increase the plasma concentration of Telithromycin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor therapeutic/adverse effects.
Temsirolimus Ketoconazole may inhibit the metabolism and clearance of Temsirolimus. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Teniposide The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Teniposide, a CYP3A4 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Teniposide if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Terfenadine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Thiothixene The strong CYP1A2 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Thiothixene, a CYP1A2 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Thiothixene therapeutic and adverse effects if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tiagabine The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tiagabine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Tiagabine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tipranavir Tipranavir may increase the serum concentration of Ketoconazole.
Tizanidine Ketoconazole may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tizanidine. Consider alternate therapy or use caution during co-administration.
Tolbutamide Ketoconazole, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tolbutamide, a CYP2C9 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Tolbutamide therapeutic and adverse effects if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tolterodine Ketoconazole may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tolterodine. Adjust Tolterodine dose and monitor for efficacy and toxicity.
Tolvaptan Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and will increase serum concentrations of tolvaptan by 82%.
Topotecan The p-glycoprotein inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may increase the bioavailability of oral Topotecan. A clinically significant effect is also expected with IV Topotecan. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Torasemide Ketoconazole, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of Torasemide, a CYP2C9 substrate, by decreasing Torasemide metabolism and clearance. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Torasemide if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tramadol Ketoconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Ketoconazole may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Trazodone The CYP3A4 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may increase Trazodone efficacy/toxicity by decreasing Trazodone metabolism and clearance. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trazodone efficacy/toxicity if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Triazolam Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, triazolam.
Trimethoprim The strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Trimethoprim, a CYP2C9 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in therapeutic and adverse effects of Trimethoprim if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Trimipramine The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, Ketoconazole, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in therapeutic and adverse effects of Trimipramine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Ulipristal Concomitant therapy with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase plasma concentrations of ulipristal. Avoid combination therapy.
Valdecoxib Ketoconazole may increase the effect and toxicity of valdecoxib.
Vardenafil Ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Vardenafil. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
Venlafaxine Ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Venlafaxine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Venlafaxine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued, or dose changed.
Verapamil Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of Veramapil, a CYP3A4 substrate, by decreasing its metabolism and clearance. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Vilazodone CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Vilazodone. imit maximum adult vilazodone dose to 20 mg/day in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Vinblastine Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of Vinblastine. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vinblastine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Vinblastine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Vincristine Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of Vincristine by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vincristine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Vincristine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Vinorelbine Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of Vinorelbine by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vinorelbine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Vinorelbine if Ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Voriconazole Ketoconazole, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of voriconazole by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of voriconazole if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Warfarin Ketoconazole, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of warfarin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Zafirlukast Ketoconazole, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of zafirlukast. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in zafirlukast therapeutic and adverse effects if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Ziprasidone Ketoconazole increases the effect and toxicity of ziprasidone
Zolpidem Ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zolpidem by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zolpidem if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Zonisamide Ketonconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zonisamide by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zonisamide if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Zopiclone Ketonconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zopiclone by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zopiclone if ketoconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Avoid milk, calcium containing dairy products, iron, antacids, or aluminum salts 2 hours before or 6 hours after using antacids while on this medication.
  • Take with food.
Targets

1. Cytochrome P450 51

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol which is critical for ergosterol biosynthesis. It transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol

Organism class: fungal
UniProt ID: P10613 Link_out
Gene: ERG11
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Agut J, Palacin C, Sacristan A, Ortiz JA: Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis by sertaconazole in Candida albicans. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 May;42(5A):718-20. Pubmed
  4. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed
  5. Agut J, Palacin C, Salgado J, Casas E, Sacristan A, Ortiz JA: Direct membrane-damaging effect of sertaconazole on Candida albicans as a mechanism of its fungicidal activity. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 May;42(5A):721-4. Pubmed
  6. Croxtall JD, Plosker GL: Sertaconazole: a review of its use in the management of superficial mycoses in dermatology and gynaecology. Drugs. 2009;69(3):339-59. Pubmed
  7. Borgers M, Degreef H, Cauwenbergh G: Fungal infections of the skin: infection process and antimycotic therapy. Curr Drug Targets. 2005 Dec;6(8):849-62. Pubmed
  8. Warrilow AG, Martel CM, Parker JE, Melo N, Lamb DC, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL: Azole binding properties of Candida albicans sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CaCYP51). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Oct;54(10):4235-45. Epub 2010 Jul 12. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sakaeda T, Iwaki K, Kakumoto M, Nishikawa M, Niwa T, Jin JS, Nakamura T, Nishiguchi K, Okamura N, Okumura K: Effect of micafungin on cytochrome P450 3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1 activities, and its comparison with azole antifungal drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;57(6):759-64. Pubmed
  2. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  3. Elsherbiny ME, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR: The metabolism of amiodarone by various CYP isoenzymes of human and rat, and the inhibitory influence of ketoconazole. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2008;11(1):147-59. Pubmed
  4. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Walsky RL, Gaman EA, Obach RS: Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):68-78. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: inhibitor, inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Elsherbiny ME, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR: The metabolism of amiodarone by various CYP isoenzymes of human and rat, and the inhibitory influence of ketoconazole. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2008;11(1):147-59. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial

Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes the side-chain cleavage reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone

UniProt ID: P05108 Link_out
Gene: CYP11A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

11. Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial

Actions: inhibitor

Has steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity. In addition to this activity, the 18 or 19-hydroxylation of steroids and the aromatization of androstendione to estrone have also been ascribed to cytochrome P450 XIB

UniProt ID: P15538 Link_out
Gene: CYP11B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

12. Cytochrome P450 1B1

Actions: inhibitor

Participates in the metabolism of an as-yet-unknown biologically active molecule that is a participant in eye development

UniProt ID: Q16678 Link_out
Gene: CYP1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

13. Cytochrome P450 26A1

Actions: inhibitor

Plays a key role in retinoic acid metabolism. Acts on retinoids, including all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and its stereoisomer 9-cis-RA. Capable of both 4-hydroxylation and 18- hydroxylation. Responsible for generation of several hydroxylated forms of RA, including 4-OH-RA, 4-oxo-RA and 18-OH-RA

UniProt ID: O43174 Link_out
Gene: CYP26A1
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

14. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: inhibitor

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

15. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

16. Cytochrome P450 51A1

Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol; it transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol

UniProt ID: Q16850 Link_out
Gene: CYP51A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Bile salt export pump

Actions: inhibitor

Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes

UniProt ID: O95342 Link_out
Gene: ABCB11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Fluorescent substrates of sister-P-glycoprotein (BSEP) evaluated as markers of active transport and inhibition: evidence for contingent unequal binding sites. Pharm Res. 2003 Apr;20(4):537-44. Pubmed

2. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Choo EF, Leake B, Wandel C, Imamura H, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR, Kim RB: Pharmacological inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport enhances the distribution of HIV-1 protease inhibitors into brain and testes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Jun;28(6):655-60. Pubmed
  2. Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 30;289(2):580-5. Pubmed
  3. Wang EJ, Lew K, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Interaction of common azole antifungals with P glycoprotein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jan;46(1):160-5. Pubmed
  4. Ekins S, Kim RB, Leake BF, Dantzig AH, Schuetz EG, Lan LB, Yasuda K, Shepard RL, Winter MA, Schuetz JD, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):964-73. Pubmed
  5. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. Pubmed
  6. Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. Pubmed
  7. Yasuda K, Lan LB, Sanglard D, Furuya K, Schuetz JD, Schuetz EG: Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors with P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Oct;303(1):323-32. Pubmed
  8. Dahan A, Sabit H, Amidon GL: The H2 receptor antagonist nizatidine is a P-glycoprotein substrate: characterization of its intestinal epithelial cell efflux transport. AAPS J. 2009 Jun;11(2):205-13. Epub 2009 Mar 25. Pubmed
  9. Takano M, Hasegawa R, Fukuda T, Yumoto R, Nagai J, Murakami T: Interaction with P-glycoprotein and transport of erythromycin, midazolam and ketoconazole in Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Oct 9;358(3):289-94. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity)

UniProt ID: P46721 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cvetkovic M, Leake B, Fromm MF, Wilkinson GR, Kim RB: OATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadine. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Aug;27(8):866-71. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19