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Showing drug card for Pioglitazone (DB01132)

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Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:05:06
Primary Accession Number DB01132
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00653
Name Pioglitazone
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description Pioglitazone is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Pioglitazone selectively stimulates nuclear receptor peroxisone proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). It modulates the transcription of the insulin-sensitive genes involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism in the lipidic, muscular tissues and in the liver.
Synonyms
  1. Pioglitazona [INN-Spanish]
  2. Pioglitazone Hydrochloride
  3. Pioglitazone [Ban:Inn]
  4. Pioglitazonum [INN-Latin]
  5. pioglitazone HCl
Brand Names
  1. Actos
  2. Actost
  3. Glustin
Brand Mixtures
  1. ActoplusMet (Pioglitazone + Metformin)
Chemical IUPAC Name 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Chemical Formula C19H20N2O3S
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 111025-46-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C19H20N2O3S/c1-2-13-3-6-15(20-12-13)9-10-24-16-7-4-14(5-8-16)11-17-18(22)21-19(23)25-17/h3-8,12,17H,2,9-11H2,1H3,(H,21,22,23)/f/h21H
InChI Key HYAFETHFCAUJAY-PKSOQXRJCR
KEGG Drug Not Available
KEGG Compound C07675 Link Image
PubChem Compound 4829 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9877 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID Not Available
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02242573 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/pioglit.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioglitazone Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference K. Meguro, T. Fujita, U.S. Pat. 4,687,777 (1987)
Average Molecular Weight 356.4390
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 356.1195
State Solid
Melting Point 183-184oC
Experimental Water Solubility mg/mL Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 4.41e-03 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 2.3 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 3.17 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -4.91 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(C[C@H]3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C1
Canonical SMILES CCC1=CN=C(CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C1
Drug Category
  • Hypoglycemic Agents
  • Thazolidinediones
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 68:20.28
Indication Treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus
Pharmacology Pioglitazone, a member of the drug group known as the thiazolidinediones or "insulin sensitizers", is not chemically or functionally related to the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, the biguanides, or the sulfonylureas. Pioglitazone targets insulin resistance and, hence, is used alone or in combination with insulin, metformin, or asulfonylurea as an antidiabetic agent.
Mechanism of Action Pioglitazone acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) in target tissues for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors regulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the control of glucose production, transport, and utilization. In this way, pioglitazone enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin.
Absorption Following oral administration, in the fasting state, pioglitazone is first measurable in serum within 30 minutes, with peak concentrations observed within 2 hours. Food slightly delays the time to peak serum concentration to 3 to 4 hours, but does not alter the extent of absorption.
Toxicity Hypogycemia; LD50=mg/kg (orally in rat)
Protein Binding > 99%
Biotransformation Hepatic
Half Life 3-7 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Ethinyl Estradiol Possible loss of contraceptive effect
Gemfibrozil Gemfibrozil increases the effect and toxicity of rosiglitazone/pioglitazone
Glucosamine Possibly hyperglycemia
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole increases the effect of pioglitazone
Mestranol Possible loss of contraceptive effect
Norethindrone Possible loss of contraceptive effect
Pregabalin Possible loss of contraceptive effect
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals. Food slightly delays absorption rate but extent of absorption is not affected.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Colca JR, McDonald WG, Waldon DJ, Leone JW, Lull JM, Bannow CA, Lund ET, Mathews WR: Identification of a novel mitochondrial protein ("mitoNEET") cross-linked specifically by a thiazolidinedione photoprobe. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;286(2):E252-60. Epub 2003 Oct 21. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Paddock ML, Wiley SE, Axelrod HL, Cohen AE, Roy M, Abresch EC, Capraro D, Murphy AN, Nechushtai R, Dixon JE, Jennings PA: MitoNEET is a uniquely folded 2Fe 2S outer mitochondrial membrane protein stabilized by pioglitazone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 4;104(36):14342-7. Epub 2007 Aug 31. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007 Sep 12;298(10):1180-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Drugs.com Link Image
  5. Wikipedia Link Image
  6. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
  2. Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)
Targets
  1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CYP2C8
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P10632 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P10632|CP2C8_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C8 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MEPFVVLVLCLSFMLLFSLWRQSCRRRKLPPGPTPLPIIGNMLQIDVKDICKSFTNFSKV
YGPVFTVYFGMNPIVVFHGYEAVKEALIDNGEEFSGRGNSPISQRITKGLGIISSNGKRW
KEIRRFSLTTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEAHCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
VVFQKRFDYKDQNFLTLMKRFNENFRILNSPWIQVCNNFPLLIDCFPGTHNKVLKNVALT
RSYIREKVKEHQASLDVNNPRDFIDCFLIKMEQEKDNQKSEFNIENLVGTVADLFVAGTE
TTSTTLRYGLLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIDHVIGRHRSPCMQDRSHMPYTDAVVHEIQRYSD
LVPTGVPHAVTTDTKFRNYLIPKGTTIMALLTSVLHDDKEFPNPNIFDPGHFLDKNGNFK
KSDYFMPFSAGKRICAGEGLARMELFLFLTTILQNFNLKSVDDLKNLNTTAVTKGIVSLP
PSYQICFIPV
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 238
Target 1 Name Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. PPAR-gamma
Target 1 Gene Name PPARG
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 
MGETLGDSPIDPESDSFTDTLSANISQEMTMVDTEMPFWPTNFGISSVDLSVMEDHSHSF
DIKPFTTVDFSSISTPHYEDIPFTRTDPVVADYKYDLKLQEYQSAIKVEPASPPYYSEKT
QLYNKPHEEPSNSLMAIECRVCGDKASGFHYGVHACEGCKGFFRRTIRLKLIYDRCDLNC
RIHKKSRNKCQYCRFQKCLAVGMSHNAIRFGRMPQAEKEKLLAEISSDIDQLNPESADLR
ALAKHLYDSYIKSFPLTKAKARAILTGKTTDKSPFVIYDMNSLMMGEDKIKFKHITPLQE
QSKEVAIRIFQGCQFRSVEAVQEITEYAKSIPGFVNLDLNDQVTLLKYGVHEIIYTMLAS
LMNKDGVLISEGQGFMTREFLKSLRKPFGDFMEPKFEFAVKFNALELDDSDLAIFIAVII
LSGDRPGLLNVKPIEDIQDNLLQALELQLKLNHPESSQLFAKLLQKMTDLRQIVTEHVQL
LQVIKKTETDMSLHPLLQEIYKDLY
Target 1 Number of Residues 513
Target 1 Molecular Weight 57621
Target 1 Theoretical pI 5.77
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
steroid hormone receptor activity
transcription factor activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
binding
nucleic acid binding
DNA binding
Process
regulation of biological process
regulation of physiological process
regulation of metabolism
regulation of cellular metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
Component
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus
Target 1 General Function Involved in DNA binding
Target 1 Specific Function Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 1711117 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P37231 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PPARG_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1I7I Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Nucleus
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1518 bp 
ATGGGTGAAACTCTGGGAGATTCTCCTATTGACCCAGAAAGCGATTCCTTCACTGATACA
CTGTCTGCAAACATATCACAAGAAATGACCATGGTTGACACAGAGATGCCATTCTGGCCC
ACCAACTTTGGGATCAGCTCCGTGGATCTCTCCGTAATGGAAGACCACTCCCACTCCTTT
GATATCAAGCCCTTCACTACTGTTGACTTCTCCAGCATTTCTACTCCACATTACGAAGAC
ATTCCATTCACAAGAACAGATCCAGTGGTTGCAGATTACAAGTATGACCTGAAACTTCAA
GAGTACCAAAGTGCAATCAAAGTGGAGCCTGCATCTCCACCTTATTATTCTGAGAAGACT
CAGCTCTACAATAAGCCTCATGAAGAGCCTTCCAACTCCCTCATGGCAATTGAATGTCGT
GTCTGTGGAGATAAAGCTTCTGGATTTCACTATGGAGTTCATGCTTGTGAAGGATGCAAG
GGTTTCTTCCGGAGAACAATCAGATTGAAGCTTATCTATGACAGATGTGATCTTAACTGT
CGGATCCACAAAAAAAGTAGAAATAAATGTCAGTACTGTCGGTTTCAGAAATGCCTTGCA
GTGGGGATGTCTCATAATGCCATCAGGTTTGGGCGGATGCCACAGGCCGAGAAGGAGAAG
CTGTTGGCGGAGATCTCCAGTGATATCGACCAGCTGAATCCAGAGTCCGCTGACCTCCGG
GCCCTGGCAAAACATTTGTATGACTCATACATAAAGTCCTTCCCGCTGACCAAAGCAAAG
GCGAGGGCGATCTTGACAGGAAAGACAACAGACAAATCACCATTCGTTATCTATGACATG
AATTCCTTAATGATGGGAGAAGATAAAATCAAGTTCAAACACATCACCCCCCTGCAGGAG
CAGAGCAAAGAGGTGGCCATCCGCATCTTTCAGGGCTGCCAGTTTCGCTCCGTGGAGGCT
GTGCAGGAGATCACAGAGTATGCCAAAAGCATTCCTGGTTTTGTAAATCTTGACTTGAAC
GACCAAGTAACTCTCCTCAAATATGGAGTCCACGAGATCATTTACACAATGCTGGCCTCC
TTGATGAATAAAGATGGGGTTCTCATATCCGAGGGCCAAGGCTTCATGACAAGGGAGTTT
CTAAAGAGCCTGCGAAAGCCTTTTGGTGACTTTATGGAGCCCAAGTTTGAGTTTGCTGTG
AAGTTCAATGCACTGGAATTAGATGACAGCGACTTGGCAATATTTATTGCTGTCATTATT
CTCAGTGGAGACCGCCCAGGTTTGCTGAATGTGAAGCCCATTGAAGACATTCAAGACAAC
CTGCTACAAGCCCTGGAGCTCCAGCTGAAGCTGAACCACCCTGAGTCCTCACAGCTGTTT
GCCAAGCTGCTCCAGAAAATGACAGACCTCAGACAGATTGTCACGGAACACGTGCAGCTA
CTGCAGGTGATCAAGAAGACGGAGACAGACATGAGTCTTCACCCGCTCCTGCAGGAGATC
TACAAGGACTTGTACTAG
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID PPARG Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID PPARG Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:9236 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 3
Target 1 Locus 3p25
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Sarraf P, Mueller E, Smith WM, Wright HM, Kum JB, Aaltonen LA, de la Chapelle A, Spiegelman BM, Eng C: Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer. Mol Cell. 1999 Jun;3(6):799-804. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hamann A, Munzberg H, Buttron P, Busing B, Hinney A, Mayer H, Siegfried W, Hebebrand J, Greten H: Missense variants in the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene in lean and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jul;141(1):90-2. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Barroso I, Gurnell M, Crowley VE, Agostini M, Schwabe JW, Soos MA, Maslen GL, Williams TD, Lewis H, Schafer AJ, Chatterjee VK, O'Rahilly S: Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Nature. 1999 Dec 23-30;402(6764):880-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Caira F, Antonson P, Pelto-Huikko M, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA: Cloning and characterization of RAP250, a novel nuclear receptor coactivator. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5308-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gampe RT Jr, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Xu HE: Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors. Mol Cell. 2000 Mar;5(3):545-55. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Agarwal AK, Garg A: A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):408-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, Hsieh L, Greene G, Nimer SD: Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping. Gene Expr. 1995;4(4-5):281-99. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA, Hayes N, Leibowitz M, Moller DE, Berger J: Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 16;224(2):431-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Lambe KG, Tugwood JD: A human peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is activated by inducers of adipogenesis, including thiazolidinedione drugs. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 1;239(1):1-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 9065481 Mukherjee R, Jow L, Croston GE, Paterniti JR Jr: Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms PPARgamma2 versus PPARgamma1 and activation with retinoid X receptor agonists and antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 21;272(12):8071-6.
  12. 9144532 Yanase T, Yashiro T, Takitani K, Kato S, Taniguchi S, Takayanagi R, Nawata H: Differential expression of PPAR gamma1 and gamma2 isoforms in human adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Apr 17;233(2):320-4.
  13. 9356045 Okazawa H, Mori H, Tamori Y, Araki S, Niki T, Masugi J, Kawanishi M, Kubota T, Shinoda H, Kasuga M: No coding mutations are detected in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in Japanese patients with lipoatrophic diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov;46(11):1904-6.
  14. 9425261 Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, Burns DK, Roth J, Shuldiner AR: Molecular scanning of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hPPAR gamma) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPAR gamma 2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Dec 18;241(2):270-4.
  15. 9753710 Ristow M, Muller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR: Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 1;339(14):953-9.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.