Amifostine

Identification

Summary

Amifostine is a cytoprotective adjuvant used for reduction in the cumulative renal toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer and moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing post-operative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer.

Brand Names
Ethyol
Generic Name
Amifostine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01143
Background

A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 214.223
Monoisotopic: 214.054099558
Chemical Formula
C5H15N2O3PS
Synonyms
  • Amifostina
  • Amifostine
  • Amifostine anhydrous
  • Amifostinum
  • Aminopropylaminoethyl thiophosphate
  • Ethiofos
External IDs
  • WR-2721
  • YM-08310

Pharmacology

Indication

For reduction in the cumulative renal toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer (using cisplatin) and moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing post-operative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prophylaxis ofRadiation proctitis••• •••••
Prophylaxis ofRenal toxicity••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofXerostomia••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Amifostine is an organic thiophosphate cytoprotective agent indicated to reduce the cumulative renal toxicity associated with repeated administration of cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer or non-small cell lung cancer and also to reduce the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing post-operative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. Amifostine is a prodrug that is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase in tissues to a pharmacologically active free thiol metabolite, believed to be responsible for the reduction of the cumulative renal toxicity of cisplatin and for the reduction of the toxic effects of radiation on normal oral tissues. Healthy cells are preferentially protected because amifostine and metabolites are present in healthy cells at 100-fold greater concentrations than in tumour cells.

Mechanism of action

The thiol metabolite is responsible for most of the cytoprotective and radioprotective properties of amifostine. It is readily taken up by cells where it binds to and detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents as well as scavenges free radicals. Other possible effects include inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAlkaline phosphatase, germ cell type
inducer
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Amifostine is rapidly dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase in tissues primarily to the active free thiol metabolite and, subsequently, to a less active disulfide metabolite.

Route of elimination

After a 10-second bolus dose of 150 mg/m2 of ETHYOL, renal excretion of the parent drug and its two metabolites was low during the hour following drug administration, averaging 0.69%, 2.64% and 2.22% of the administered dose for the parent, thiol and disulfide, respectively.

Half-life

8 minutes

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Rat LD50: 826 mg/kg

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amifostine is combined with Abaloparatide.
AcebutololAcebutolol may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
AldesleukinThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Amifostine.
AliskirenAliskiren may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
AmbrisentanAmbrisentan may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Amifostine trihydrateM487QF2F4V112901-68-5TXQPXJKRNHJWAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AmifostineInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousBedford Pharmaceuticals2008-04-022018-12-31US flag
EthyolInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousClinigen Limited2020-01-01Not applicableUS flag
EthyolInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousMed Immune, Llc1995-12-082012-04-30US flag
EthyolInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousCumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.2016-08-012020-10-31US flag
Ethyol - Pws IV 500mg/vialPowder, for solution500 mg / vialIntravenousMedimmune Oncology, Inc.1996-12-312008-01-01Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AmifostineInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg/1mLIntravenousSun Pharma Global FZE2008-03-142013-07-31US flag
AmifostineInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg/1mLIntravenousSun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited2008-03-142012-03-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
V03AF05 — Amifostine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organothiophosphorus compounds. These are organic derivatives of thiophosphonic acid, thiophosphoric acid, dithiophosphoric acid, or phosphorotrithioic acid, or derivatives thereof. Thiophosphonic acid, dithiophosphoric acid, thiophosphoric acid, and phosphorotrithioic acid are thiophosphorus compounds with the formula OP(O)(=S), OP(S)(=S)O, OP(O)(=S)O, and OP(=S)(S)S, respectively.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organophosphorus compounds
Class
Organothiophosphorus compounds
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Organothiophosphorus compounds
Alternative Parents
Sulfenyl compounds / Dialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Amine / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound / Organosulfur compound / Organothiophosphorus compound
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
organic thiophosphate, diamine (CHEBI:2636)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
ILA426L95O
CAS number
20537-88-6
InChI Key
JKOQGQFVAUAYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C5H15N2O3PS/c6-2-1-3-7-4-5-12-11(8,9)10/h7H,1-6H2,(H2,8,9,10)
IUPAC Name
({2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)phosphonic acid
SMILES
NCCCNCCSP(O)(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Paul E. Kennedy, Roger A. Rajewski, John M. Baldoni, "Crystalline amifostine compositions and methods of the preparation and use of same." U.S. Patent US5424471, issued April, 1979.

US5424471
General References
  1. Santini V, Giles FJ: The potential of amifostine: from cytoprotectant to therapeutic agent. Haematologica. 1999 Nov;84(11):1035-42. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015274
KEGG Compound
C06819
PubChem Compound
2141
PubChem Substance
46505305
ChemSpider
2056
RxNav
1545987
ChEBI
2636
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1006
ZINC
ZINC000021992285
PharmGKB
PA448365
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Amifostine
FDA label
Download (45.6 KB)
MSDS
Download (36.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Bedford Labs
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Medimmune Inc.
  • Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
SolutionIntravenous500.000 mg
InjectionIntravenous375 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
Powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg / vial
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionParenteral100 mg
SolutionIntravenous500 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Ethyol 500 mg vial605.88USD vial
Amifostine 500 mg vial600.0USD vial
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5424471No1995-06-132012-07-31US flag
CA2120133No1998-06-092013-07-30Canada flag
US5994409No1999-11-302017-12-08US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubility1000 mg/mLNot Available
logP-1.9Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility18.7 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1.4ALOGPS
logP-3.7Chemaxon
logS-1.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.06Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.71Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area95.58 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count7Chemaxon
Refractivity51.28 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability21.01 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption-0.5944
Blood Brain Barrier-0.8229
Caco-2 permeable-0.6167
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5585
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9054
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9537
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8451
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7683
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7738
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7689
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8429
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9592
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.5933
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.717
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.6316
Rat acute toxicity2.3829 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7047
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7772
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-001i-9300000000-8f3e83d23b65b9a18769
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-5350b8c906608c1eb7e4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-bcddc871edb434e577ae
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-2900000000-58ff84f991edcac36e7d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-05nb-9200000000-ef847b9b156a08e7fa17
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-9000000000-c58215f6bca055f13ab7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1290000000-86ea55c9e1ee0436a3f6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-1090000000-138c0ba51c533a67fb08
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9210000000-abdb5de8a81655f51965
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9300000000-007e523c1c54ba099614
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-ede313208748d6fc7ae5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bt9-9000000000-82b87ee25327ae4b32f3
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-149.3731798
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-136.2305
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+149.6978798
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+139.4081
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+149.3566798
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+148.24472
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ALPPL2
Uniprot ID
P10696
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like
Molecular Weight
57376.515 Da
References
  1. Capizzi RL: The preclinical basis for broad-spectrum selective cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies by amifostine. Semin Oncol. 1999 Apr;26(2 Suppl 7):3-21. [Article]
  2. Orditura M, De Vita F, Roscigno A, Infusino S, Auriemma A, Iodice P, Ciaramella F, Abbate G, Catalano G: Amifostine: A selective cytoprotective agent of normal tissues from chemo-radiotherapy induced toxicity (Review). Oncol Rep. 1999 Nov-Dec;6(6):1357-62. [Article]
  3. Santini V, Giles FJ: The potential of amifostine: from cytoprotectant to therapeutic agent. Haematologica. 1999 Nov;84(11):1035-42. [Article]
  4. Plasswilm L, Hanjalic A, Hoeper J, Cordes N, Tannapfel A: Microvessel density and endothelial cell proliferation after amifostine (Ethyol) administration in vivo. Anticancer Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;19(5B):4241-5. [Article]
  5. Buschini A, Anceschi E, Carlo-Stella C, Regazzi E, Rizzoli V, Poli P, Rossi C: Amifostine (WR-2721) selective protection against melphalan genotoxicity. Leukemia. 2000 Sep;14(9):1642-51. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Pyrophosphatase activity
Specific Function
This isozyme may play a role in skeletal mineralization.
Gene Name
ALPL
Uniprot ID
P05186
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme
Molecular Weight
57304.435 Da
References
  1. Shaw LM, Bonner H, Lieberman R: Pharmacokinetic profile of amifostine. Semin Oncol. 1996 Aug;23(4 Suppl 8):18-22. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 08, 2022 21:17