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Showing drug card for Disulfiram (DB00822)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:07:17
Primary Accession Number DB00822
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00767
Name Disulfiram
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Disulfuram
  2. Disulphuram
  3. Dupon 4472
  4. Dupont Fungicide 4472
  5. TATD
  6. TETD
  7. TTD
  8. Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic Diamide
  9. Tetraethylthiram Disulfide
  10. Tetraethylthiram Disulphide
  11. Tetraethylthiuram
  12. Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide
  13. Tetraethylthiuram Disulphide
  14. Tetraethylthiuram Sulfide
  15. Tetraethylthiuran Disulfide
  16. Usaf B-33
Brand Names
  1. Abstensil
  2. Abstinil
  3. Abstinyl
  4. Accel Tet
  5. Accel Tet-R
  6. Akrochem Tetd
  7. Alcophobin
  8. Alk-Aubs
  9. Ancazide Et
  10. Antabus
  11. Antabuse
  12. Antadix
  13. Antaenyl
  14. Antaethan
  15. Antaethyl
  16. Antaetil
  17. Antalcol
  18. Antetan
  19. Antethyl
  20. Antetil
  21. Anteyl
  22. Anthethyl
  23. Anti-Ethyl
  24. Antiaethan
  25. Anticol
  26. Antietanol
  27. Antietil
  28. Antikol
  29. Antivitium
  30. Aversan
  31. Averzan
  32. Bonibal
  33. Contralin
  34. Contrapot
  35. Cronetal
  36. Dicupral
  37. Disetil
  38. Disulfan
  39. Disulfram
  40. Ekagom Dtet
  41. Ekagom Teds
  42. Ekagom Tetds
  43. Ekaland Tetd
  44. Ephorran
  45. Espenal
  46. Esperal
  47. Etabus
  48. Ethyl Thiram
  49. Ethyl Thiudad
  50. Ethyl Thiurad
  51. Ethyl Tuads
  52. Ethyl Tuads Rodform
  53. Ethyl Tuex
  54. Ethyldithiourame
  55. Ethyldithiurame
  56. Etyl Tuex
  57. Exhoran
  58. Exhorran
  59. Gababentin
  60. Hoca
  61. Krotenal
  62. Nocbin
  63. Nocceler Tet
  64. Nocceler Tet-G
  65. Noxal
  66. Perkacit Tetd
  67. Perkait Tetd
  68. Refusal
  69. Ro-Sulfiram
  70. Sanceler Tet
  71. Sanceler Tet-G
  72. Soxinol Tet
  73. Stopaethyl
  74. Stopethyl
  75. Stopety
  76. Stopetyl
  77. Super Rodiatox
  78. TTS
  79. TTS X
  80. Tenurid
  81. Tenutex
  82. Tetidis
  83. Tetradin
  84. Tetradine
  85. Tetraetil
  86. Teturam
  87. Teturamin
  88. Thiocid
  89. Thiophos
  90. Thioscabin
  91. Thireranide
  92. Tillram
  93. Tiuram
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name diethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl diethylaminomethanedithioate
Chemical Formula C10H20N2S4
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 97-77-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H3
InChI Key AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYAF
KEGG Drug D00131 Link Image
KEGG Compound C01692 Link Image
PubChem Compound 3117 Link Image
PubChem Substance 4833 Link Image
ChEBI ID 4659 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA449376 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00002534 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/disulfiram.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 296.5390
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 296.0509
State Solid
Melting Point 71.5 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 4.09 mg/L Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.26e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 1.9 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 3.88 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS -4.86 [ADME Research, USCD]
Predicted LogS -4.37 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CCN(CC)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(CC)CC
Canonical SMILES CCN(CC)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(CC)CC
Drug Category
  • Alcohol Deterrents
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes Not Available
Indication For the treatment and management of chronic alcoholism
Pharmacology Disulfiram produces a sensitivity to alcohol which results in a highly unpleasant reaction when the patient under treatment ingests even small amounts of alcohol. Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake, the concentration of acetaldehyde occurring in the blood may be 5 to 10 times higher than that found during metabolism of the same amount of alcohol alone. Accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood produces a complex of highly unpleasant symptoms referred to hereinafter as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction. This reaction, which is proportional to the dosage of both disulfiram and alcohol, will persist as long as alcohol is being metabolized. Disulfiram does not appear to influence the rate of alcohol elimination from the body. Prolonged administration of disulfiram does not produce tolerance; the longer a patient remains on therapy, the more exquisitely sensitive he becomes to alcohol.
Mechanism of Action Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood producing highly unpleasant symptoms. Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol through its irreversible inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which acts in the second step of ethanol utilization. In addition, disulfiram competitively binds and inhibits the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, which may indicate some value in the treatment of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, however this activity has not been extensively studied.
Absorption Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract (80 to 90% of oral dose).
Toxicity LD50=8.6g/kg (orally in rats). Symptoms of overdose include irritation, slight drowsiness, unpleasant taste, mild GI disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension.
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic.
Half Life Not Available
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Not Available
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol Disulfiram increases the anticoagulant effect
Aminophylline Increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Amprenavir Increased risk of side effects (oral solution)
Anisindione Increases the anticoagulant effect
Chlorzoxazone Increases chlorzoxazone levels
Cocaine Increases the cardiac toxicity of cocaine
Dicumarol Increases the anticoagulant effect
Dyphylline Increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Ethotoin Increases the effect of phenytoin
Fosphenytoin Increases the effect of phenytoin
Isoniazid Increased risk of CNS adverse efects
Mephenytoin Increases the effect of phenytoin
Metronidazole Possible acute psychosis and confusion
Oxtriphylline Increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Phenytoin Increases the effect of phenytoin
Theophylline Increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Warfarin Increases the anticoagulant effect
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol for up to 14 days after treatment has been stopped.
  • Take without regard to meals.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Bouma MJ, Snowdon D, Fairlamb AH, Ackers JP: Activity of disulfiram (bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulphide) and ditiocarb (diethyldithiocarbamate) against metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998 Dec;42(6):817-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Nash T, Rice WG: Efficacies of zinc-finger-active drugs against Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Jun;42(6):1488-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Drugs.com Link Image
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
  5. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
  2. Translocator protein
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 147
Target 1 Name Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. ALDH class 2
  2. ALDH-E2
  3. ALDHI
  4. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
  5. EC 1.2.1.3
Target 1 Gene Name ALDH2
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor 
MLRAAARFGPRLGRRLLSAAATQAVPAPNQQPEVFCNQIFINNEWHDAVSRKTFPTVNPS
TGEVICQVAEGDKEDVDKAVKAARAAFQLGSPWRRMDASHRGRLLNRLADLIERDRTYLA
ALETLDNGKPYVISYLVDLDMVLKCLRYYAGWADKYHGKTIPIDGDFFSYTRHEPVGVCG
QIIPWNFPLLMQAWKLGPALATGNVVVMKVAEQTPLTALYVANLIKEAGFPPGVVNIVPG
FGPTAGAAIASHEDVDKVAFTGSTEIGRVIQVAAGSSNLKRVTLELGGKSPNIIMSDADM
DWAVEQAHFALFFNQGQCCCAGSRTFVQEDIYDEFVERSVARAKSRVVGNPFDSKTEQGP
QVDETQFKKILGYINTGKQEGAKLLCGGGIAADRGYFIQPTVFGDVQDGMTIAKEEIFGP
VMQILKFKTIEEVVGRANNSTYGLAAAVFTKDLDKANYLSQALQAGTVWVNCYDVFGAQS
PFGGYKMSGSGRELGEYGLQAYTEVKTVTVKVPQKNS
Target 1 Number of Residues 525
Target 1 Molecular Weight 56382
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.05
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
catalytic activity
oxidoreductase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Energy production and conversion
Target 1 Specific Function Not Available
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
1,2-Dichloroethane degradation map00631 Link Image
Arginine and proline metabolism SMP00020 Link Image map00330 Link Image
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism map00053 Link Image
Bile acid biosynthesis SMP00035 Link Image map00120 Link Image
Butanoate metabolism map00650 Link Image
Fatty acid metabolism SMP00051 Link Image map00071 Link Image
Glycerolipid metabolism SMP00039 Link Image map00561 Link Image
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis map00010 Link Image
Histidine metabolism SMP00044 Link Image map00340 Link Image
Limonene and pinene degradation map00903 Link Image
Lysine degradation SMP00037 Link Image map00310 Link Image
Propanoate metabolism SMP00016 Link Image map00640 Link Image
Pyruvate metabolism SMP00060 Link Image map00620 Link Image
Tryptophan metabolism SMP00063 Link Image map00380 Link Image
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation SMP00032 Link Image map00280 Link Image
beta-Alanine metabolism SMP00007 Link Image map00410 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 28606 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P05091 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ALDH2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1OF7 Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Mitochondrion
  • mitochondrial matrix
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1551 bp 
ATGTTGCGCGCTGCCGCCGCTCGGGCCCCGCCTGGCCGCCGCCTCTTGTCAGCCGCCGCC
ACCCAGGCCGTGCCTGCCCCCAACCAGCAGCCCGAGGTCTTCTGCAACCAGATTTTCATA
AACAATGAATGGCACGATGCCGTCAGCAGGAAAACATTCCCCACCGTCAATCCGTCCACT
GGAGAGGTCATCTGTCAGGTAGCTGAAGGGGACAAGGAAGATGTGGACAAGGCACGTGAA
GGCCGCCCGGGCGCCTTCCAGCTGGGCTCACCTTGGCGCCGCATGGACGCATCACACAGC
GGCCGGCTGCTGAACCGCCTGGCCGATCTGATCGAGCGGGACCGGACCTACCTGGCGGCC
TTGGAGACCCTGGACAATGGCAAGCCCTATGTCATCTCCTACCTGGTGGATTTGGACATG
GTCCTCAAATGTCTCCGGTATTATGCCGGCTGGGCTGATAAGTACCACGGGAAAACCATC
CCCATTGACGGAGACTTCTTCAGCTACACACGCCATGAACCTGTGGGGGTGTGCGGGCAG
ATCATTCCGTGGAATTTCCCGCTCCTGATGCAAGCATGGAAGCTGGGCCCAGCCTTGGCA
ACTGGAAACGTGGTTGTGATGAAGGTAGCTGAGCAGACACCCCTCACCGCCCTCTATGTG
GCCAACCTGATCAAGGAGGCTGGCTTTCCCCCTGGTGTGGTCAACATTGTGCCTGGATTT
GGCCCCACGGCTGGGGCCGCCATTGCCTCCCATGAGGATGTGGACAAAGTGGCATTCACA
GGCTCCACTGAGATTGGCCGCGTAATCCAGGTTGCTGCTGGGAGCAGCAACCTCAAGAGA
GTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGGGGAAGAGCCCCAACATCATCATGTCAGATGCCGATATGGAT
TGGGCCGTGGAACAGGCCCACTTCGCCCTGTTCTTCAACCAGGGCCAGTGCTGCTGTGCC
GGCTCCCGGACCTTCGTGCAGGAGGACATCTATGATGAGTTTGTGGTGCGGAGCGTTGCC
CGGGCCAAGTCTCGGGTGGTCGGGAACCCCTTTGATAGCAAGACCGAGCAGGGGCCGCAG
GTGGATGAAACTCAGTTTAAGAAGATCCTCGGCTACATCAACACGGGGAAGCAAGAGGGG
GCGAAGCTGCTGTGTGGTGGGGGCATTGCTGCTGACCGTGGTTACTTCATCCAGCCCACT
GTGTTTGGAGATGTGCAGGATGGCATGACCATCGCCAAGGAGGAGATCTTCGGGCCAGTG
ATGCAGATCCTGAAGTTCAAGACCATAGAGGAGGTTGTTGGGAGAGCCAACAATTCCACG
TACGGGCTGGCCGCAGCTGTCTTCACAAAGGATTTGGACAAGGCCAATTACCTGTCCCAG
GCCCTCCAGGCGGGCACTGTGTGGGTCAACTGCTATGATGTGTTTGGAGCCCAGTCACCC
TTTGGTGGCTACAAGATGTCGGGGAGTGGCCGGGAGTTGGGCGAGTACGGGCTGCAGGCA
TACACTGAAGTGAAAACTGTCACAGTCAAAGTGCCTCAGAAGAACTCATAA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ALDH2 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ALDH2 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:404 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 12
Target 1 Locus 12q24.2
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Ni L, Zhou J, Hurley TD, Weiner H: Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: three-dimensional structure and the restoration of solubility and activity of chimeric forms. Protein Sci. 1999 Dec;8(12):2784-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hsu LC, Bendel RE, Yoshida A: Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Genomics. 1988 Jan;2(1):57-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Hsu LC, Tani K, Fujiyoshi T, Kurachi K, Yoshida A: Cloning of cDNAs for human aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3771-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Braun T, Bober E, Singh S, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Isolation and sequence analysis of a full length cDNA clone coding for human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 10;15(7):3179. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Braun T, Bober E, Singh S, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Evidence for a signal peptide at the amino-terminal end of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett. 1987 May 11;215(2):233-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes and alcohol sensitivity. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res. 1987;16:21-48. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Hempel J, Hoog JO, Jornvall H: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Homology of putative targeting sequence to that of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I revealed by correlation of cDNA and protein data. FEBS Lett. 1987 Sep 28;222(1):95-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Yoshida A, Ikawa M, Hsu LC, Tani K: Molecular abnormality and cDNA cloning of human aldehyde dehydrogenases. Alcohol. 1985 Jan-Feb;2(1):103-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Hempel J, Kaiser R, Jornvall H: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. Primary structure, differences in relation to the cytosolic enzyme, and functional correlations. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Nov 15;153(1):13-28. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Yoshida A, Huang IY, Ikawa M: Molecular abnormality of an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase variant commonly found in Orientals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(1):258-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 8561277 Novoradovsky A, Tsai SJ, Goldfarb L, Peterson R, Long JC, Goldman D: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in Asian and American Indian populations: detection of new ALDH2 alleles. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995 Oct;19(5):1105-10.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Mackenzie IS, Maki-Petaja KM, McEniery CM, Bao YP, Wallace SM, Cheriyan J, Monteith S, Brown MJ, Wilkinson IB: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 plays a role in the bioactivation of nitroglycerin in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Sep;25(9):1891-5. Epub 2005 Jul 28. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ho MP, Yo CH, Liu CM, Chen CL, Lee CC: Refractive hypotension in a patient with disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Am J Med Sci. 2007 Jan;333(1):53-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 811
Target 2 Name Translocator protein
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor
  2. PBR
  3. PKBS
  4. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor
Target 2 Gene Name BZRP
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor 
MAPPWVPAMGFTLAPSLGCFVGSRFVHGEGLRWYAGLQKPSWHPPHWVLGPVWGTLYSAM
GYGSYLVWKELGGFTEKAVVPLGLYTGQLALNWAWPPIFFGARQMGWALVDLLLVSGAAA
ATTVAWYQVSPLAARLLYPYLAWLAFATTLNYCVWRDNHGWHGGRRLPE
Target 2 Number of Residues 171
Target 2 Molecular Weight 18779
Target 2 Theoretical pI 9.33
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
Not Available
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Signal transduction mechanisms
Target 2 Specific Function Responsible for the manifestation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites and is most likely to comprise binding domains for benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides. May play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 6-26
  • 47-67
  • 80-100
  • 106-126
  • 135-155
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 306883 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P30536 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BZRP_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Mitochondrion
  • mitochondrial membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >510 bp 
ATGGCCCCGCCCTGGGTGCCCGCCATGGGCTTCACGCTGGCGCCCAGCCTGGGGTGCTTC
GTGGGCTCCCGCTTTGTCCACGGCGAGGGTCTCCGCTGGTACGCCGGCCTGCAGAAGCCC
TCGTGGCACCCGCCCCACTGGGTGCTGGGCCCTGTCTGGGGCACGCTCTACTCAGCCATG
GGGTACGGCTCCTACCTGGTCTGGAAAGAGCTGGGAGGCTTCACAGAGAAGGCTGTGGTT
CCCCTGGGCCTCTACACTGGGCAGCTGGCCCTGAACTGGGCATGGCCCCCCATCTTCTTT
GGTGCCCGACAAATGGGCTGGGCCTTGGTGGATCTCCTGCTGGTCAGTGGGGCGGCGGCN
GCCACTACCGTGGCCTGGTACCAGGTGAGCCCGCTGGCCGCCCGCCTGCTCTACCCCTAC
CTGGCCTGGCTGGCCTTCGCGACCACACTCAACTACTGCGTATGGCGGGACAACCATGGC
TGGCATGGGGGACGGCGGCTGCCAGAGTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID TSPO Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID TSPO Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:1158 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 22
Target 2 Locus 22q13.31
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kurumaji A, Nomoto H, Yoshikawa T, Okubo Y, Toru M: An association study between two missense variations of the benzodiazepine receptor (peripheral) gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese sample. J Neural Transm. 2000;107(4):491-500. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kurumaji A, Nomoto H, Yamada K, Yoshikawa T, Toru M: No association of two missense variations of the benzodiazepine receptor (peripheral) gene and mood disorders in a Japanese sample. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Mar 8;105(2):172-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Riond J, Mattei MG, Kaghad M, Dumont X, Guillemot JC, Le Fur G, Caput D, Ferrara P: Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a human peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Jan 30;195(2):305-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Yakovlev AG, Ruffo M, Jurka J, Krueger KE: Comparison of repetitive elements in the third intron of human and rodent mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor-encoding genes. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):201-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Galiegue S, Jbilo O, Combes T, Bribes E, Carayon P, Le Fur G, Casellas P: Cloning and characterization of PRAX-1. A new protein that specifically interacts with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 29;274(5):2938-52. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.