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Identification
Name Lidocaine
Accession Number DB00281 (APRD00479, DB05291)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • Dilocaine
  • L-Caine
Brand names
  • After Burn Double Strength Gel
  • After Burn Double Strength Spray
  • After Burn Gel
  • After Burn Spray
  • Alphacaine
  • Anestacon
  • Anestacon Jelly
  • Cappicaine
  • Dalcaine
  • DermaFlex
  • Duncaine
  • Emla
  • Esracaine
  • Gravocain
  • Isicaina
  • Lanabiotic
  • Leostesin
  • Lidoderm
  • Lidoject-1
  • Lidoject-2
  • Lignocaine
  • Maricaine
  • Norwood Sunburn Spray
  • Octocaine
  • Octocaine-100
  • Octocaine-50
  • Rocephin Kit
  • Solarcaine
  • Solarcaine aloe extra burn relief cream
  • Solcain
  • Xylocaine
  • Xylocaine 5% Spinal
  • Xylocaine Dental Ointment
  • Xylocaine Endotracheal
  • Xylocaine Test Dose
  • Xylocaine Viscous
  • Xylocaine-MPF
  • Xylocaine-MPF with Glucose
  • Xylocard
  • Zilactin-L
  • Zingo
Brand name mixtures
  • 0.4% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection Usp (Dextrose + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Arrow Central Venous Catheterization Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Arrow Multi-Lumen Central Venous Catheter Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Arrow Pneumothorax Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Arrow Two-Lumen Central Venous Cathetar Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Arrow Two-Lumen Jugular Catheterization Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Baciguent Plus Pain Reliever Ont (Bacitracin + Lidocaine)
  • Bactine First Aid Spray Liq (Benzalkonium Chloride + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Banana Boat Sooth-a-Caine W.Moist.Aloe V.Gel (Lidocaine + Menthol)
  • Burncare Kit (Benzocaine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Caustinerf (Camphor + Chlorophenol + Lidocaine + Paraformaldehyde)
  • Central Vein Catheterization Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Central Venous Catetherization Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Central Venous Catheter Expanded Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Central Venous Catheterization Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Continuous Epidural Anesthesia Tray (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Sodium Chloride)
  • Epidural Anesthesia Tray (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Sodium Chloride)
  • Expanded Multi-Med Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Family Medic First Aid Treatment - Liq (Benzalkonium Chloride + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Genetic Amniocentesis Tray Kit (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Hydrocath Central Venous Catheter Kit (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Jamshidi Bone Marrow Biopsy Tray (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Jamshidi Menghini Soft Tissue Biopsy Tray (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine + Sodium Chloride)
  • Lidocaine 0.2% in 5% Dextrose Inj (Dextrose + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine 2% Sterile Injectable Solution (Epinephrine Racemic + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.Usp2% 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidocaine Inj 2% (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Lidosporin Cream (Gramicidin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate))
  • Lidosporin Ear Drops (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate))
  • Multi-Lumen Central Venous Cathet Kit (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Otizol Hc Liq (Hydrocortisone (Hydrocortisone Acetate) + Lidocaine (Lidocaine Hydrochloride) + Neomycin (Neomycin Sulfate))
  • Ozonol Antibiotic Plus - Ointment (Bacitracin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate))
  • Ozonol Antibiotic Plus Ont (Bacitracin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B Sulfate)
  • Pacing Catheter Introducer Kit Acp-001px (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Paracentesis Tray W Boasberg Catheter Set (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Percutaneous Sheath Intro Kit Ak-09810-S (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Povidone-Iodine))
  • Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Kit (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Tray (Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine)
  • Peritoneal Lavage Kit Inj (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Pharmassist Soothenel Gel (Benzethonium Chloride + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Pleura-Seal Thoracentesis Kit (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Polyderm Antibiotic Ointment (Bacitracin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B Sulfate)
  • Polysporin Antibiotic Burn Cream (Gramicidin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate))
  • Polysporin Burn Formula Cream (Gramicidin + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate))
  • Racestyptine Cord (Aluminum Chloride + Lidocaine + Oxyquinoline Sulfate)
  • Two-Lumen Central Venous Catheter Kit (Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine - MPF 5% with Glucose 7.5% (Dextrose + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine MPF 1.5% with Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylocaine Oral Spray (Cetylpyridinium Chloride + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  • Xylonor Spray (Cetrimonium Bromide + Lidocaine)
Categories
  • Antiarrhythmic Agents
  • Anesthetics
  • Anesthetics, Local
  • Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
CAS number 137-58-6
Weight Average: 234.3373
Monoisotopic: 234.173213336
Chemical Formula C14H22N2O
InChI Key InChIKey=NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H22N2O/c1-5-16(6-2)10-13(17)15-14-11(3)8-7-9-12(14)4/h7-9H,5-6,10H2,1-4H3,(H,15,17)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide
SMILES
CCN(CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (7.2 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes
  • Acetanilides
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
Substructures
  • Amino Ketones
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Acetanilides
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication For production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks.
Pharmacodynamics Lidocaine is an anesthetic agent indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia and in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia occurring during cardiac manipulation, such as surgery or catheterization, or which may occur during acute myocardial infarction, digitalis toxicity, or other cardiac diseases. The mode of action of the antiarrhythmic effect of Lidocaine appears to be similar to that of procaine, procainamide and quinidine. Ventricular excitability is depressed and the stimulation threshold of the ventricle is increased during diastole. The sinoatrial node is, however, unaffected. In contrast to the latter 3 drugs, Lidocaine in therapeutic doses does not produce a significant decrease in arterial pressure or in cardiac contractile force. In larger doses, lidocaine may produce circulatory depression, but the magnitude of the change is less than that found with comparable doses of procainamide.
Mechanism of action Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by blocking the fast voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels in the neuronal cell membrane that are responsible for signal propagation. With sufficient blockage the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential. This creates the anaesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain but by aborting their birth in the first place.
Absorption Information derived from diverse formulations, concentrations and usages reveals that lidocaine is completely absorbed following parenteral administration, its rate of absorption depending, for example, upon various factors such as the site of administration and the presence or absence of a vasoconstrictor agent.
Volume of distribution
  • 0.7 to 2.7 L/kg [healthy volunteers]
Protein binding 60-80%
Metabolism

Primarily hepatic.

Enzyme Metabolite Reaction Km Vmax
Cytochrome P450 1A2 3-hydroxylidocaine 3-Hydroxylation 818 46.31
Cytochrome P450 1A2 monoethylglycinexylidide N-deethylation 810 3259.12
Cytochrome P450 3A4 3-hydroxylidocaine 3-hydroxylation 1435 5.23
Cytochrome P450 3A4 monoethylglycinexylidide N-deethylation 1032 4429.25
Route of elimination Lidocaine and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys.
Half life 109 minutes
Clearance
  • 0.64 +/- 0.18 L/min
Toxicity The oral LD 50 of lidocaine HCl in non-fasted female rats is 459 (346-773) mg/kg (as the salt) and 214 (159-324) mg/kg (as the salt) in fasted female rats. Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, hypoxia, acidosis, bradycardia, arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00328 Lidocaine (Antiarrhythmic) Pathway SMP00328
Smp00398 Lidocaine (Local Anaesthetic) Pathway SMP00398
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Astrazeneca lp
  • Noven pharmaceuticals inc
  • Carlisle laboratories inc
  • E fougera div altana inc
  • Graham chemical co
  • Taro pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Teikoku pharma usa inc
  • Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
  • Abbott laboratories hosp products div
  • Abraxis pharmaceutical products
  • Akorn inc
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
  • Bel mar laboratories inc
  • Dell laboratories inc
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • Gd searle llc
  • Hospira inc
  • International medication systems ltd
  • International medication system
  • Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
  • Miles laboratories inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Wyeth ayerst laboratories
  • Baxter healthcare corp
  • B braun medical inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Meridian medical technologies inc
  • Dentsply pharmaceutical
  • Polymedica industries inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Vintage pharmaceuticals llc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Kendall co
  • Paco research corp
  • Anesiva inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Aerosol Topical
Aerosol, metered Topical
Cream Topical
Gel Topical
Jelly Topical
Jelly Urethral
Liquid Buccal
Liquid Dental
Liquid Infiltration
Liquid Intravenous
Liquid Oral
Liquid Topical
Lotion Topical
Ointment Topical
Solution Infiltration
Solution Intramuscular
Solution Intravenous
Solution Oral
Solution Topical
Spray Topical
Swab Topical
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Rocephin 10 gm vial 478.32 USD each
Lidocaine HCl 3% Lotion 177ml Bottle 230.3 USD bottle
Rocephin 2 gm vial 97.5 USD each
Rocephin 1 gm vial 62.02 USD each
EMLA 2.5-2.5% Cream 30 gm Tube 58.4 USD tube
Lidocaine-Prilocaine 2.5-2.5% Cream 30 gm Tube 47.79 USD tube
Lidocaine HCl 2% Gel 10ml Syringe 17.99 USD syringe
Lidocaine HCl 2% Gel 30ml Tube 17.99 USD tube
Lidocaine HCl 4% Solution 50ml Bottle 16.99 USD bottle
Lidocaine Viscous 2% Solution 100ml Bottle 13.99 USD bottle
Lidocaine hcl 1% syringe 9.76 USD ml
Lidocaine HCl 4% Solution 4ml Bottle 9.42 USD bottle
Lidoderm 1 Box = 30 Patches 8.03 USD patch
Akten 3.5% drops 7.5 USD ml
Lidocaine 5% in d7.5w ampul 3.06 USD ml
Lidocaine 3% cream 2.91 USD g
Lidamantle 3% cream 2.03 USD g
Zilactin-l cold sore liquid 0.99 USD ml
Xylocaine 2% jelly 0.68 USD ml
Lidocaine hcl 10% vial 0.55 USD ml
Xylocaine 5% ointment 0.42 USD g
Xylocaine Jelly 2 % Jelly 0.41 USD g
Xylocaine 2% Solution 0.34 USD ml
Xylocaine 5 % Ointment 0.29 USD g
Lidocaine HCl 1% Solution 0.24 USD ml
Lidocaine hcl powder 0.24 USD g
Lidocaine base powder 0.22 USD g
Lidocaine hcl 4% solution 0.18 USD ml
Xylocaine 0.5% vial 0.18 USD ml
Lidodan 5 % Ointment 0.16 USD g
Xylocaine Viscous 2 % Liquid 0.1 USD ml
Lidocaine hcl 0.5% vial 0.08 USD ml
Solarcaine aerosol 0.06 USD g
Lidodan Viscous 2 % Liquid 0.06 USD ml
Lidocaine 2% viscous solution 0.03 USD ml
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 6004286 1997-03-17 2017-03-17
United States 5234957 1994-02-27 2011-02-27
Properties
State solid
Melting point 68.5oC (boiling point 181oC)
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 4100 mg/L PhysProp
logP 2.1 PhysProp
logS -1.76 [ADME Research, USCD] PhysProp
Caco2 permeability -4.21 [ADME Research, USCD] BiGG
pKa 8.01 Various sources
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 5.93e-01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 1.81 ALOGPS
logP 1.54 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -2.60 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 32.34 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 73.93 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 27.77 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Khaliq W, Alam S, Puri N: Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD004846. Pubmed
  2. Thomson PD, Melmon KL, Richardson JA, Cohn K, Steinbrunn W, Cudihee R, Rowland M: Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in advanced heart failure, liver disease, and renal failure in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Apr;78(4):499-508. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00358 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3676 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505060 Link_out
ChemSpider 3548 Link_out
ChEBI 6456 Link_out
ChEMBL 6456 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000121 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450226 Link_out
Drug Product Database 712884 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/xylocaineinj.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/lidocaine-gel.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • C01BB01
  • C05AD01
  • D04AB01
  • N01BB02
  • R02AD02
  • S01HA07
  • S02DA01
  • A01AD11
AHFS Codes
  • 24:04.04
  • 52:16.00
  • 24:04.04.08
  • 72:00.00
  • 84:08.00
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (548.4 KB)
MSDS show (74.6 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel isoform. Its electrophysiological properties vary depending on the type of the associated beta subunits (in vitro). Plays a role in neuropathic pain mechanisms

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9Y5Y9 Link_out
Gene: SCN10A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ekberg J, Jayamanne A, Vaughan CW, Aslan S, Thomas L, Mould J, Drinkwater R, Baker MD, Abrahamsen B, Wood JN, Adams DJ, Christie MJ, Lewis RJ: muO-conotoxin MrVIB selectively blocks Nav1.8 sensory neuron specific sodium channels and chronic pain behavior without motor deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 7;103(45):17030-5. Epub 2006 Oct 31. Pubmed
  2. Muroi Y, Chanda B: Local anesthetics disrupt energetic coupling between the voltage-sensing segments of a sodium channel. J Gen Physiol. 2009 Jan;133(1):1-15. Epub 2008 Dec 15. Pubmed
  3. Karoly R, Lenkey N, Juhasz AO, Vizi ES, Mike A: Fast- or slow-inactivated state preference of Na+ channel inhibitors: a simulation and experimental study. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jun 17;6(6):e1000818. Pubmed

2. Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) channel isoform. Plays a role in pain mechanisms, especially in the development of inflammatory pain

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q15858 Link_out
Gene: SCN9A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sheets PL, Jackson JO 2nd, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD, Cummins TR: A Nav1.7 channel mutation associated with hereditary erythromelalgia contributes to neuronal hyperexcitability and displays reduced lidocaine sensitivity. J Physiol. 2007 Jun 15;581(Pt 3):1019-31. Epub 2007 Apr 12. Pubmed
  2. Muroi Y, Chanda B: Local anesthetics disrupt energetic coupling between the voltage-sensing segments of a sodium channel. J Gen Physiol. 2009 Jan;133(1):1-15. Epub 2008 Dec 15. Pubmed
  3. Karoly R, Lenkey N, Juhasz AO, Vizi ES, Mike A: Fast- or slow-inactivated state preference of Na+ channel inhibitors: a simulation and experimental study. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jun 17;6(6):e1000818. Pubmed

3. Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in the electrocardiogram

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q14524 Link_out
Gene: SCN5A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Itoh H, Tsuji K, Sakaguchi T, Nagaoka I, Oka Y, Nakazawa Y, Yao T, Jo H, Ashihara T, Ito M, Horie M, Imoto K: A paradoxical effect of lidocaine for the N406S mutation of SCN5A associated with Brugada syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Oct 18;121(3):239-48. Epub 2007 Apr 18. Pubmed
  2. Fedida D, Orth PM, Hesketh JC, Ezrin AM: The role of late I and antiarrhythmic drugs in EAD formation and termination in Purkinje fibers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006 May;17 Suppl 1:S71-S78. Pubmed
  3. Wallace CH, Baczko I, Jones L, Fercho M, Light PE: Inhibition of cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels by grape polyphenols. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Nov;149(6):657-65. Epub 2006 Oct 3. Pubmed
  4. Cerne A, Bergh C, Borg K, Ek I, Gejervall AL, Hillensjo T, Olofsson JI, Stener-Victorin E, Wood M, Westlander G: Pre-ovarian block versus paracervical block for oocyte retrieval. Hum Reprod. 2006 Nov;21(11):2916-21. Epub 2006 Jul 13. Pubmed
  5. Muroi Y, Chanda B: Local anesthetics disrupt energetic coupling between the voltage-sensing segments of a sodium channel. J Gen Physiol. 2009 Jan;133(1):1-15. Epub 2008 Dec 15. Pubmed
  6. Karoly R, Lenkey N, Juhasz AO, Vizi ES, Mike A: Fast- or slow-inactivated state preference of Na+ channel inhibitors: a simulation and experimental study. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jun 17;6(6):e1000818. Pubmed

4. Epidermal growth factor receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

Isoform 2/truncated isoform may act as an antagonist

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00533 Link_out
Gene: EGFR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sakaguchi M, Kuroda Y, Hirose M: The antiproliferative effect of lidocaine on human tongue cancer cells with inhibition of the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor. Anesth Analg. 2006 Apr;102(4):1103-7. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Wang JS, Backman JT, Taavitsainen P, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT: Involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in lidocaine N-deethylation and 3-hydroxylation in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Aug;28(8):959-65. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

4. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

5. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang B, Zhou SF: Synthetic and natural compounds that interact with human cytochrome P450 1A2 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(31):4066-218. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Wang JS, Backman JT, Taavitsainen P, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT: Involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in lidocaine N-deethylation and 3-hydroxylation in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Aug;28(8):959-65. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C18

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P33260 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C18 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: substrate

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. Pubmed

2. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang E, Lew K, Barecki M, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Quantitative distinctions of active site molecular recognition by P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001 Dec;14(12):1596-603. Pubmed
  2. Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 11, 2011 18:10

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.