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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-04-16 16:48:07
Primary Accession Number DB00898
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00738
Name Ethanol
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Absolute Alcohol
  2. Absolute Ethanol
  3. Alcohol
  4. Alcohol Anhydrous
  5. Alcohol, Dehydrated
  6. Alcohol, Diluted
  7. Alcool Ethylique
  8. Alcool Etilico
  9. Alkohol
  10. Alkoholu Etylowego
  11. Aminoethanol
  12. Beta-Aminoethanol
  13. Beta-Aminoethyl Alcohol
  14. Beta-Ethanolamine
  15. Beta-Hydroxyethylamine
  16. Caswell No. 426
  17. Dehydrated Ethanol
  18. Denatured Alcohol
  19. Denatured Ethanol
  20. ETA
  21. Etanolo
  22. Ethanol 200 Proof
  23. Ethanol Anhydrous
  24. Ethanol Extra Pure
  25. Ethyl Alcohol
  26. Ethyl Alcohol Anhydrous
  27. Ethyl Alcohol, Anhydrous
  28. Ethyl Alcohol, Denatured
  29. Ethyl Hydrate
  30. Ethyl Hydroxide
  31. Ethylol
  32. Ethylolamine
  33. HSDB 531
  34. Methylcarbinol
  35. USAF EK-1597
Brand Names
  1. Aethanol
  2. Aethylalkohol
  3. Alcare Hand Degermer
  4. Algrain
  5. Anhydrol
  6. Colamine
  7. Denatured Alcohol Cd-10
  8. Denatured Alcohol Cd-5
  9. Denatured Alcohol Cd-5a
  10. Denatured Alcohol Sd-1
  11. Denatured Alcohol Sd-13a
  12. Denatured Alcohol Sd-17
  13. Denatured Alcohol Sd-23a
  14. Denatured Alcohol Sd-28
  15. Denatured Alcohol Sd-30
  16. Denatured Alcohol Sd-39b
  17. Denatured Alcohol Sd-39c
  18. Denatured Alcohol Sd-3a
  19. Denatured Alcohol Sd-40m
  20. Envision Conditioner Pdd 9020
  21. Ethanol Absolute
  22. Ethanol Absolute Bp
  23. Ethanol, Silent Spirit
  24. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 10%
  25. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 20%
  26. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 30%
  27. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 40%
  28. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 5%
  29. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 50%
  30. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 60%
  31. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 70%
  32. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 80%
  33. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 95%
  34. Ethyl Alcohol & Water, 96%
  35. Glycinol
  36. Jaysol
  37. Jaysol S
  38. Methylated Spirit Mineralised
  39. Pyro
  40. Reagent Alcohol
  41. Spirit
  42. Synasol
  43. Tecsol
  44. Tecsol C
  45. Thanol
  46. Thiofaco M-50
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name ethanol
Chemical Formula C2H6O
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 64-17-5
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
InChI Key LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYAB
KEGG Drug D00068 Link Image
KEGG Compound C00469 Link Image
PubChem Compound 702 Link Image
PubChem Substance 3752 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16236 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA451989 Link Image
HET ID 168 Link Image
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00724947 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/dhydalco.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 46.0684
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 46.0419
State Liquid
Melting Point -114.1 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Miscible in water Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 5.79e+02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.1 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -0.40 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS 1.10 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point 15.9
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CCO
Canonical SMILES CCO
Drug Category
  • Anti-Infective Agents, Local
  • Central Nervous System Depressants
  • Disinfectants
  • Solvents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 84:04.92
  • 92:00.00
  • 92:02.00*
Indication For therapeutic neurolysis of nerves or ganglia for the relief of intractable chronic pain in such conditions as inoperable cancer and trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), in patients for whom neurosurgical procedures are contraindicated.
Pharmacology Alcohol produces injury to cells by dehydration and precipitation of the cytoplasm or protoplasm. This accounts for its bacteriocidal and antifungal action. When alcohol is injected in close proximity to nerve tissues, it produces neuritis and nerve degeneration (neurolysis). Ninety to 98% of ethanol that enters the body is completely oxidized. Ethanol is also used as a cosolvent to dissolve many insoluble drugs and to serve as a mild sedative in some medicinal formulations.
Mechanism of Action The sedative effects of ethanol are mediated through binding to GABA receptors and glycine receptors (alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits). In its role as an anti-infective, ethanol acts as an osmolyte or dehydrating agent that disrupts the osmotic balance across cell membranes.
Absorption Rapidly absorbed.
Toxicity Oral, rat LD50: 5628 mg/kg. Symptoms and effects of overdose include nausea, vomiting, CNS depression, acute respiratory failure or death and with chronic use, severe health problems, such as liver and brain damage.
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1.
Half Life Not Available
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Aerosol Topical
Gel Topical
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Intravenous
Liquid Oral
Liquid Topical
Lotion Topical
Solution Topical
Solution / drops Oral
Spray Topical
Patient Information Not Available
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Vale JA: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40(4):415-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hingson R, Winter M: Epidemiology and consequences of drinking and driving. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(1):63-78. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chastain G: Alcohol, neurotransmitter systems, and behavior. J Gen Psychol. 2006 Oct;133(4):329-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Snyder R, Kalf GF: A perspective on benzene leukemogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1994;24(3):177-209. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. McDonnell G, Russell AD: Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;12(1):147-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Wikipedia Link Image
  7. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)
Targets
  1. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
  2. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A
  3. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
  4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP2E1
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P05181 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P05181|CP2E1_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2E1 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MSALGVTVALLVWAAFLLLVSMWRQVHSSWNLPPGPFPLPIIGNLFQLELKNIPKSFTRL
AQRFGPVFTLYVGSQRMVVMHGYKAVKEALLDYKDEFSGRGDLPAFHAHRDRGIIFNNGP
TWKDIRRFSLTTLRNYGMGKQGNESRIQREAHFLLEALRKTQGQPFDPTFLIGCAPCNVI
ADILFRKHFDYNDEKFLRLMYLFNENFHLLSTPWLQLYNNFPSFLHYLPGSHRKVIKNVA
EVKEYVSERVKEHHQSLDPNCPRDLTDCLLVEMEKEKHSAERLYTMDGITVTVADLFFAG
TETTSTTLRYGLLILMKYPEIEEKLHEEIDRVIGPSRIPAIKDRQEMPYMDAVVHEIQRF
ITLVPSNLPHEATRDTIFRGYLIPKGTVVVPTLDSVLYDNQEFPDPEKFKPEHFLNENGK
FKYSDYFKPFSTGKRVCAGEGLARMELFLLLCAILQHFNLKPLVDPKDIDLSPIHIGFGC
IPPRYKLCVIPRS
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 482
Target 1 Name Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Glycine receptor 48 kDa subunit
  2. Glycine receptor strychnine-binding subunit
  3. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor
Target 1 Gene Name GLRA1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor 
MYSFNTLRLYLWETIVFFSLAASKEAEAARSAPKPMSPSDFLDKLMGRTSGYDARIRPNF
KGPPVNVSCNIFINSFGSIAETTMDYRVNIFLRQQWNDPRLAYNEYPDDSLDLDPSMLDS
IWKPDLFFANEKGAHFHEITTDNKLLRISRNGNVLYSIRITLTLACPMDLKNFPMDVQTC
IMQLESFGYTMNDLIFEWQEQGAVQVADGLTLPQFILKEEKDLRYCTKHYNTGKFTCIEA
RFHLERQMGYYLIQMYIPSLLIVILSWISFWINMDAAPARVGLGITTVLTMTTQSSGSRA
SLPKVSYVKAIDIWMAVCLLFVFSALLEYAAVNFVSRQHKELLRFRRKRRHHKSPMLNLF
QEDEAGEGRFNFSAYGMGPACLQAKDGISVKGANNSNTTNPPPAPSKSPEEMRKLFIQRA
KKIDKISRIGFPMAFLIFNMFYWIIYKIVRREDVHNQ
Target 1 Number of Residues 464
Target 1 Molecular Weight 52625
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.04
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
neurotransmitter receptor activity
anion channel activity
chloride channel activity
glycine-gated chloride channel activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
ligand-gated ion channel activity
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
GABA receptor activity
GABA-A receptor activity
Process
anion transport
inorganic anion transport
chloride transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
postsynaptic membrane
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in GABA-A receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing)
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-28
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 248-274
  • 281-298
  • 313-336
  • 429-446
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 31851 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P23415 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GLRA1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1350 bp 
ATGTACAGCTTCAATACTCTTCGACTCTACCTTTCGGGAGCCATTGTATTCTTCAGCCTT
GCTGCTTCTAAGGAGGCTGAAGCTGCTCGCTCCGCAACCAAGCCTATGTCACCCTCGGAT
TTCCTGGATAAGCTAATGGGGAGAACCTCCGGATATGATGCCAGGATCAGGCCCAATTTT
AAAGGTCCCCCAGTGAACGTGAGCTGCAACATTTTCATCAACAGCTTTGGTTCCATTGCT
GAGACAACCATGGACTATAGGGTCAACATCTTCCTGCGGCAGCAATGGAACGACCCCCGC
CTGGCCTATAATGAATACCCTGACGACTCTCTGGACCTGGACCCATCCATGCTGGACTCC
ATCTGGAAACCTGACCTGTTCTTTGCCAACGAGAAGGGGGCCCACTTCCATGAGATCACC
ACAGACAACAAATTGCTAAGGATCTCCCGGAATGGGAATGTCCTCTACAGCATCAGAATC
ACCCTGACACTGGCCTGCCCCATGGACTTGAAGAATTTCCCCATGGATGTCCAGACATGT
ATCATGCAACTGGAAAGCTTTGGATATACGATGAATGACCTCATCTTTGAGTGGCAGGAA
CAGGGAGCCGTGCAGGTAGCAGATGGACTAACTCTGCCCCAGTTTATCTTGAAGGAAGAG
AAGGACTTGAGATACTGCACCAAGCACTACAACACAGGTAAATTCACCTGCATTGAGGCC
CGGTTCCACCTGGAGCGGCAGATGGGTTACTACCTGATTCAGATGTATATTCCCAGCCTG
CTCATTGTCATCCTCTCATGGATCTCCTTCTGGATCAACATGGATGCTGCACCTGCTCGT
GTGGGCCTAGGCATCACCACTGTGCTCACCATGACCACCCAGAGCTCCGGCTCTCGAGCA
TCTCTGCCCAAGGTGTCCTATGTGAAAGCCATTGACATTTGGATGGCAGTTTGCCTGCTC
TTTGTGTTCTCAGCCCTATTAGAATATGCTGCCGTTAACTTTGTGTCTCGGCAACATAAG
GAGCTGCTCCGATTCAGGAGGAAGCGGAGACATCACAAGGAGGATGAAGCTGGAGAAGGC
CGCTTTAACTTCTCTGCCTATGGGATGGGCCCAGCCTGTCTACAGGCCAAGGATGGCATC
TCAGTCAAGGGCGCCAACAACAGTAACACCACCAACCCCCCTCCTGCACCATCTAAGTCC
CCAGAGGAGATGCGAAAACTCTTCATCCAGAGGGCCAAGAAGATCGACAAAATATCCCGC
ATTGGCTTCCCCATGGCCTTCCTCATTTTCAACATGTTCTACTGGATCATCTACAAGATT
GTCCGTAGAGAGGACGTCCACAACCAGTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID GLRA1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID GLRA1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:4326 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 5
Target 1 Locus 5q32
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Vergouwe MN, Tijssen MA, Peters AC, Wielaard R, Frants RR: Hyperekplexia phenotype due to compound heterozygosity for GLRA1 gene mutations. Ann Neurol. 1999 Oct;46(4):634-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Grenningloh G, Schmieden V, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Siddique T, Mohandas TK, Becker CM, Betz H: Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localization of the corresponding genes. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):771-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Shiang R, Ryan SG, Zhu YZ, Fielder TJ, Allen RJ, Fryer A, Yamashita S, O'Connell P, Wasmuth JJ: Mutational analysis of familial and sporadic hyperekplexia. Ann Neurol. 1995 Jul;38(1):85-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Rees MI, Andrew M, Jawad S, Owen MJ: Evidence for recessive as well as dominant forms of startle disease (hyperekplexia) caused by mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Dec;3(12):2175-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Langosch D, Laube B, Rundstrom N, Schmieden V, Bormann J, Betz H: Decreased agonist affinity and chloride conductance of mutant glycine receptors associated with human hereditary hyperekplexia. EMBO J. 1994 Sep 15;13(18):4223-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Schorderet DF, Pescia G, Bernasconi A, Regli F: An additional family with Startle disease and a G1192A mutation at the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1201. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Shiang R, Ryan SG, Zhu YZ, Hahn AF, O'Connell P, Wasmuth JJ: Mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder, hyperekplexia. Nat Genet. 1993 Dec;5(4):351-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Milani N, Dalpra L, del Prete A, Zanini R, Larizza L: A novel mutation (Gln266-->His) in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine-receptor gene (GLRA1) in hereditary hyperekplexia. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Feb;58(2):420-2. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Elmslie FV, Hutchings SM, Spencer V, Curtis A, Covanis T, Gardiner RM, Rees M: Analysis of GLRA1 in hereditary and sporadic hyperekplexia: a novel mutation in a family cosegregating for hyperekplexia and spastic paraparesis. J Med Genet. 1996 May;33(5):435-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Seri M, Bolino A, Galietta LJ, Lerone M, Silengo M, Romeo G: Startle disease in an Italian family by mutation (K276E): The alpha-subunit of the inhibiting glycine receptor. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):185-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 9920650 Saul B, Kuner T, Sobetzko D, Brune W, Hanefeld F, Meinck HM, Becker CM: Novel GLRA1 missense mutation (P250T) in dominant hyperekplexia defines an intracellular determinant of glycine receptor channel gating. J Neurosci. 1999 Feb 1;19(3):869-77.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 706
Target 2 Name Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Glutamate receptor subunit 3A precursor
  2. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype NR3A
  3. NMDAR-L
Target 2 Gene Name GRIN3A
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A precursor 
MRRLSLWWLLSRVCLLLPPPCALVLAGVPSSSSHPQPCQILKRIGHAVRVGAVHLQPWTT
APRAASRAPDDSRAGAQRDEPEPGTRRSPAPSPGARWLGSTLHGRGPPGSRKPGEGARAE
ALWPRDALLFAVDNLNRVEGLLPYNLSLEVVMAIEAGLGDLPLLPFSSPSSPWSSDPFSF
LQSVCHTVVVQGVSALLAFPQSQGEMMELDLVSLVLHIPVISIVRHEFPRESQNPLHLQL
SLENSLSSDADVTVSILTMNNWYNFSLLLCQEDWNITDFLLLTQNNSKFHLGSIINITAN
LPSTQDLLSFLQIQLESIKNSTPTVVMFGCDMESIRRIFEITTQFGVMPPELRWVLGDSQ
NMEELRTEGLPLGLIAHGKTTQSVFEHYVQDAMELVARAVATATMIQPELALIPSTMNCM
EVETTNLTSGQYLSRFLANTTFRGLSGSIRVKGSTIVSSENNFFIWNLQHDPMGKPMWTR
LGSWQGRKIVMDYGIWPEQAQRHKTHFQHPSKLHLRVVTLIEHPFVFTREVDDEGLCPAG
QLCLDPMTNDSSTLDSLFSSLHSSNDTVPIKFKKCCYGYCIDLLEKIAEDMNFDFDLYIV
GDGKYGAWKNGHWTGLVGDLLRGTAHMAVTSFSINTARSQVIDFTSPFFSTSLGILVRTR
DTAAPIGAFMWPLHWTMWLGIFVALHITAVFLTLYEWKSPFGLTPKGRNRSKVFSFSSAL
NICYALLFGRTVAIKPPKCWTGRFLMNLWAIFCMFCLSTYTANLAAVMVGEKIYEELSGI
HDPKLHHPSQGFRFGTVRESSAEDYVRQSFPEMHEYMRRYNVPATPDGVEYLKNNPEKLD
AFIMDKALLDYEVSIDADCKLLTVGKPFAIEGYGIGLPPNSPLTANISELISQYKSHGFM
DMLHDKWYRVVPCGKRSFAVTETLQMGIKHFSGLFVLLCIGFGLSILTTIGEHIVYRLLL
PRIKNKSKLQYWLHTSQRLHRAINTSFIEEKQQHFKTKRVEKRSNVGPRQLTVWNTSNLS
HDNRRKYIFSDEEGQNQLGIRIHQDIPLPPRRRELPALRTTNGKADSLNVSRNSVMQELS
ELEKQIQVIRQELQLAVSRKTELEEYQRTSRTCES
Target 2 Number of Residues 1133
Target 2 Molecular Weight 125597
Target 2 Theoretical pI 7.81
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
ligand-gated ion channel activity
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
glutamate-gated ion channel activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
glutamate receptor activity
ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Process
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
cell
membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Target 2 Specific Function NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanism
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-23
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 675-695
  • 749-769
  • 931-951
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 20372905 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q8TCU5 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name NMD3A_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein. Enriched in post-synaptic plasma membrane and post-synap
Target 2 Gene Sequence >3348 bp 
ATGAGGAGACTGAGTTTGTGGTGGCTGCTGAGCAGGGTCTGTCTGCTGTTGCCGCCGCCC
TGCGCACTGGTGCTGGCCGGGGTGCCCAGCTCCTCCTCGCACCCGCAGCCCTGCCAGATC
CTCAAGCGCATCGGGCACGCGGTGAGGGTGGGCGCGGTGCACTTGCAGCCCTGGACCACC
GCCCCCCGCGCGGCCAGCCGCGCTCCGGACGACAGCCGAGCAGGAGCCCAGAGGGATGAG
CCGGAGCCAGGGACTAGGCGGTCCCCGGCGCCCTCGCCGGGCGCACGCTGGTTGGGGAGC
ACCCTGCATGGCCGGGGGCCGCCGGGCTCCCGTAAGCCCGGGGAGGGCGCCAGGGCGGAG
GCCCTGTGGCCACGGGACGCCCTCCTATTTGCCGTGGACAACCTGAACCGCGTGGAAGGG
CTGCTACCCTACAACCTGTCTTTGGAAGTAGTGATGGCCATCGAGGCAGGCCTGGGCGAT
CTGCCACTTTTGCCCTTCTCCTCCCCTAGTTCGCCATGGAGCAGTGACCCTTTCTCCTTC
CTGCAAAGTGTGTGCCATACCGTGGTGGTGCAAGGGGTGTCGGCGCTGCTCGCCTTCCCC
CAGAGCCAGGGCGAAATGATGGAGCTCGACTTGGTCAGCTTAGTCCTGCACATTCCAGTG
ATCAGCATCGTGCGCCACGAGTTTCCGCGGGAGAGTCAGAATCCCCTTCACCTACAACTG
AGTTTAGAAAATTCATTAAGTTCTGATGCTGATGTCACTGTCTCAATCCTGACCATGAAC
AACTGGTACAATTTTAGCTTGTTGCTGTGCCAGGAAGACTGGAACATCACCGACTTCCTC
CTCCTTACCCAGAATAATTCCAAGTTCCACCTTGGTTCTATCATCAACATCACCGCTAAC
CTCCCCTCCACCCAGGACCTCTTGAGCTTCCTACAGATCCAGCTTGAGAGTATTAAGAAC
AGCACACCCACAGTGGTGATGTTTGGCTGCGACATGGAAAGTATCCGGCGGATTTTCGAA
ATTACAACCCAGTTTGGGGTCATGCCCCCTGAACTTCGTTGGGTGCTGGGAGATTCCCAG
AATATGGAGGAACTGAGGACAGAGGGTCTGCCCTTAGGACTCATTGCTCATGGAAAAACA
ACACAGTCTGTCTTTGAGCACTACGTACAAGATGCTATGGAGCTGGTCGCAAGAGCTGTA
GCCACAGCCACCATGATCCAACCAGAACTTGCTCTCATTCCCAGCACGATGAACTGCATG
GAGGTGGAAACTACAAATCTCACTTCAGGACAATATTTATCAAGGTTTCTAGCCAATACC
ACTTTCAGAGGCCTCAGTGGTTCCATCAGAGTAAAAGGTTCCACCATCGTCAGCTCAGAA
AACAACTTTTTCATCTGGAATCTTCAACATGACCCCATGGGAAAGCCAATGTGGACCCGC
TTGGGCAGCTGGCAGGGGAGAAAGATTGTCATGGACTATGGAATATGGCCAGAGCAGGCC
CAGAGACACAAAACCCACTTCCAACATCCAAGTAAGCTACACTTGAGAGTGGTTACCCTG
ATTGAGCATCCTTTTGTCTTCACAAGGGAGGTAGATGATGAAGGCTTGTGCCCTGCTGGC
CAACTCTGTCTAGACCCCATGACTAATGACTCTTCCACACTGGACAGCCTTTTTAGCAGC
CTCCATAGCAGTAATGATACAGTGCCCATTAAATTCAAGAAGTGCTGCTATGGATATTGC
ATTGATCTGCTGGAAAAGATAGCAGAAGACATGAACTTTGACTTCGACCTCTATATTGTA
GGGGATGGAAAGTATGGAGCCTGGAAAAATGGGCACTGGACTGGGCTAGTGGGTGATCTC
CTGAGAGGGACTGCCCACATGGCAGTCACTTCCTTTAGCATCAATACTGCACGGAGCCAG
GTGATAGATTTCACCAGCCCTTTCTTCTCCACCAGCTTGGGCATCTTAGTGAGGACCCGA
GATACAGCAGCTCCCATTGGAGCCTTCATGTGGCCACTCCACTGGACAATGTGGCTGGGG
ATTTTTGTGGCTCTGCACATCACTGCCGTCTTCCTCACTCTGTATGAATGGAAGAGTCCA
TTTGGTTTGACTCCCAAGGGGCGAAATAGAAGTAAAGTCTTCTCCTTTTCTTCAGCCTTG
AACATCTGTTATGCCCTCTTGTTTGGCAGAACAGTGGCCATCAAACCTCCAAAATGTTGG
ACTGGAAGGTTTCTAATGAACCTTTGGGCCATTTTCTGTATGTTTTGCCTTTCCACATAC
ACGGCAAACTTGGCTGCTGTCATGGTAGGTGAGAAGATCTATGAAGAGCTTTCTGGAATA
CATGACCCCAAGTTACATCATCCTTCCCAAGGATTCCGCTTTGGAACTGTCCGAGAAAGC
AGTGCTGAAGATTATGTGAGACAAAGTTTCCCAGAGATGCATGAATATATGAGAAGGTAC
AATGTTCCAGCCACCCCTGATGGAGTGGAGTATCTGAAGAACAATCCAGAGAAACTAGAC
GCCTTCATCATGGACAAAGCCCTTCTGGATTATGAAGTGTCAATAGATGCTGACTGCAAA
CTTCTCACTGTGGGGAAGCCATTTGCCATAGAAGGATACGGCATTGGCCTCCCACCCAAC
TCTCCATTGACCGCCAACATATCCGAGCTAATCAGTCAATACAAGTCACATGGGTTTATG
GATATGCTCCATGACAAGTGGTACAGGGTGGTTCCCTGTGGCAAGAGAAGTTTTGCTGTC
ACGGAGACTTTGCAAATGGGCATCAAACACTTCTCTGGGCTCTTTGTGCTGCTGTGCATT
GGATTTGGTCTGTCCATTTTGACCACCATTGGTGAGCACATAGTATACAGGCTGCTGCTA
CCACGAATCAAAAACAAATCCAAGCTGCAATACTGGCTCCACACCAGCCAGAGATTACAC
AGAGCAATAAATACATCATTTATAGAGGAAAAGCAGCAGCATTTCAAGACCAAACGTGTG
GAAAAGAGGTCTAATGTGGGACCCCGTCAGCTTACCGTATGGAATACTTCCAATCTGAGT
CATGACAACCGACGGAAATACATCTTTAGTGATGAGGAAGGACAAAACCAGCTGGGCATC
CGGATCCACCAGGACATCCCCCTCCCTCCAAGGAGAAGAGAGCTCCCTGCCTTGCGGACC
ACCAATGGGAAAGCAGACTCCCTAAATGTATCTCGGAACTCAGTGATGCAGGAACTCTCA
GAGCTCGAGAAGCAGATTCAGGTGATCCGTCAGGAGCTGCAGCTGGCTGTGAGCAGGAAA
ACGGAGCTGGAGGAGTATCAAAGGACAAGTCGGACTTGTGAGTCCTAG
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID GRIN3A Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID GRIN3A Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:16767 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 9
Target 2 Locus 9q31.1
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Andersson O, Stenqvist A, Attersand A, von Euler G: Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of genes encoding the human NMDA receptor subunits NR3A and NR3B. Genomics. 2001 Dec;78(3):178-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XXII. The complete sequences of 50 new cDNA clones which code for large proteins. DNA Res. 2001 Dec 31;8(6):319-27. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Eriksson M, Nilsson A, Froelich-Fabre S, Akesson E, Dunker J, Seiger A, Folkesson R, Benedikz E, Sundstrom E: Cloning and expression of the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR3A. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Mar 22;321(3):177-81. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 820
Target 3 Name Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 precursor
Target 3 Gene Name GLRA2
Target 3 Protein Sequence >Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 precursor 
MNRQLVNILTALFAFFLETNHFRTAFCKDHDSRSGKQPSQTLSPSDFLDKLMGRTSGYDA
RIRPNFKGPPVNVTCNIFINSFGSVTETTMDYRVNIFLRQQWNDSRLAYSEYPDDSLDLD
PSMLDSIWKPDLFFANEKGANFHDVTTDNKLLRISKNGKVLYSIRLTLTLSCPMDLKNFP
MDVQTCTMQLESFGYTMNDLIFEWLSDGPVQVAEGLTLPQFILKEEKELGYCTKHYNTGK
FTCIEVKFHLERQMGYYLIQMYIPSLLIVILSWVSFWINMDAAPARVALGITTVLTMTTQ
SSGSRASLPKVSYVKAIDIWMAVCLLFVFAALLEYAAVNFVSRQHKEFLRLRRRQKRQNK
EEDVTRESRFNFSGYGMGHCLQVKDGTAVKATPANPLPQPPKDGDAIKKKFVDRAKRIDT
ISRAAFPLAFLIFNIFYWITYKIIRHEDVHKK
Target 3 Number of Residues 459
Target 3 Molecular Weight 52003
Target 3 Theoretical pI 9.20
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
neurotransmitter receptor activity
anion channel activity
chloride channel activity
glycine-gated chloride channel activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
ligand-gated ion channel activity
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
GABA receptor activity
GABA-A receptor activity
Process
anion transport
inorganic anion transport
chloride transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
postsynaptic membrane
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 3 General Function Involved in GABA-A receptor activity
Target 3 Specific Function The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing)
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • 1-27
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 254-280
  • 287-304
  • 319-342
  • 424-441
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 31849 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P23416 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GLRA2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID Not Available
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence >1359 bp 
ATGAACCGGCAGCTAGTGAACATTTTGACAGCCTTGTTTGCATTTTTCTTAGAGACAAAC
CACTTCAGGACGGCTTTCTGCAAAGACCATGACTCCAGGTCTGGAAAACAACCTTCACAG
ACCCTATCTCCTTCAGATTTCTTGGACAAGTTAATGGGAAGGACATCAGGATATGATGCA
AGAATCAGGCCAAATTTTAAAGGTCCTCCAGTAAACGTTACTTGCAATATTTTTATCAAC
AGTTTTGGATCAGTCACAGAAACGACCATGGACTACCGAGTGAATATTTTTCTGAGACAA
CAGTGGAATGATTCACGGCTGGCGTACAGTGAGTACCCAGATGACTCCCTGGACTTGGAC
CCATCCATGCTAGACTCCATTTGGAAACCAGATTTGTTCTTTGCCAATGAGAAGGGTGCC
AACTTCCACGATGTCACCACTGACAACAAATTGCTACGGATTTCGAAAAATGGCAAAGTG
CTCTACAGTATCAGACTCACCTTGACCTTATCCTGTCCCATGGACTTGAAGAACTTTCCG
ATGGATGTCCAGACCTGTACAATGCAGCTGGAGAGTTTTGGGTACACGATGAATGACCTG
ATATTTGAGTGGTTAAGTGATGGTCCAGTGCAAGTTGCTGAAGGATTGACCCTGCCCCAG
TTTATTTTGAAAGAAGAGAAGGAACTTGGCTACTGTACAAAGCACTACAACACTGGAAAG
TTTACCTGCATTGAGGTCAAGTTTCACCTGGAACGCCAAATGGGATATTATTTGATCCAG
ATGTACATCCCAAGCCTGCTTATAGTAATTTTGTCCTGGGTTTCCTTTTGGATAAATATG
GATGCAGCCCCTGCCAGGGTCGCACTGGGCATCACCACAGTCTTAACGATGACCACCCAG
AGTTCAGGCTCCAGGGCATCTCTGCCAAAGGTCTCCTATGTAAAAGCGATTGACATCTGG
ATGGCGGTGTGCCTTCTGTTTGTGTTTGCTGCCTTACTGGAATACGCAGCGGTGAACTTC
GTCTCCAGGCAACACAAGGAGTTCCTGCGCCTCCGAAGAAGACAGAAGAGGCAGAATAAG
GAAGAAGACGTTACTCGTGAAAGTCGTTTTAATTTTAGCGGTTATGGGATGGGTCACTGC
CTCCAAGTGAAAGATGGAACAGCTGTCAAGGCCACACCTGCCAACCCACTCCCACAACCG
CCAAAAGATGGAGATGCTATCAAGAAGAAGTTTGTGGACCGGGCAAAAAGGATTGACACG
ATATCTCGAGCTGCCTTCCCATTGGCCTTCCTCATTTTCAACATCTTTTACTGGATCACA
TACAAGATCATTCGGCATGAAGATGTCCACAAGAAATAG
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID GLRA2 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID GLRA2 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:4327 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location X
Target 3 Locus Xp22.1-p21.3
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Grenningloh G, Schmieden V, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Siddique T, Mohandas TK, Becker CM, Betz H: Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localization of the corresponding genes. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):771-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Monani U, Burghes AH: Structure of the human alpha 2 subunit gene of the glycine receptor--use of vectorette and Alu-exon PCR. Genome Res. 1996 Dec;6(12):1200-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Cummings CJ, Dahle EJ, Zoghbi HY: Analysis of the genomic structure of the human glycine receptor alpha2 subunit gene and exclusion of this gene as a candidate for Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1998 Jun 30;78(2):176-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 4 [top]
Target 4 ID 872
Target 4 Name Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Target 4 Synonyms
  1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor
Target 4 Gene Name GABRA1
Target 4 Protein Sequence >Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor 
MRKSPGLSDCLWAWILLLSTLTGRSYGQPSLQDELKDNTTVFTRILDRLLDGYDNRLRPG
LGERVTEVKTDIFVTSFGPVSDHDMEYTIDVFFRQSWKDERLKFKGPMTVLRLNNLMASK
IWTPDTFFHNGKKSVAHNMTMPNKLLRITEDGTLLYTMRLTVRAECPMHLEDFPMDAHAC
PLKFGSYAYTRAEVVYEWTREPARSVVVAEDGSRLNQYDLLGQTVDSGIVQSSTGEYVVM
TTHFHLKRKIGYFVIQTYLPCIMTVILSQVSFWLNRESVPARTVFGVTTVLTMTTLSISA
RNSLPKVAYATAMDWFIAVCYAFVFSALIEFATVNYFTKRGYAWDGKSVVPEKPKKVKDP
LIKKNNTYAPTATSYTPNLARGDPGLATIAKSATIEPKEVKPETKPPEPKKTFNSVSKID
RLSRIAFPLLFGIFNLVYWATYLNREPQLKAPTPHQ
Target 4 Number of Residues 463
Target 4 Molecular Weight 51802
Target 4 Theoretical pI 9.61
Target 4 GO Classification
Function
neurotransmitter receptor activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
ligand-gated ion channel activity
extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
GABA receptor activity
GABA-A receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway
anion transport
inorganic anion transport
chloride transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
postsynaptic membrane
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 4 General Function Involved in GABA-A receptor activity
Target 4 Specific Function GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel
Target 4 Pathways Not Available
Target 4 Reactions Not Available
Target 4 Pfam Domain Function
Target 4 Signals
  • 1-27
Target 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • 252-273
  • 279-300
  • 313-334
  • 422-443
Target 4 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 4 GenBank ID Protein 31631 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P14867 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GBRA1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 4 PDB ID Not Available
Target 4 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 4 Gene Sequence >1371 bp 
ATGAGGAAAAGTCCAGGTCTGTCTGACTGTCTTTGGGCCTGGATCCTCCTTCTGAGCACA
CTGACTGGAAGAAGCTATGGACAGCCGTCATTACAAGATGAACTTAAAGACAATACCACT
GTCTTCACCAGGATTTTGGACAGACTCCTAGATGGTTATGACAATCGCCTGAGACCAGGA
TTGGGAGAGCGTGTAACCGAAGTGAAGACTGATATCTTCGTCACCAGTTTCGGACCCGTT
TCAGACCATGATATGGAATATACAATAGATGTATTTTTCCGTCAAAGCTGGAAGGATGAA
AGGTTAAAATTTAAAGGACCTATGACAGTCCTCCGGTTAAATAACCTAATGGCAAGTAAA
ATCTGGACTCCGGACACATTTTTCCACAATGGAAAGAAGTCAGTGGCCCACAACATGACC
ATGCCCAACAAACTCCTGCGGATCACAGAGGATGGCACCTTGCTGTACACCATGAGGCTG
ACAGTGAGAGCTGAATGTCCGATGCATTTGGAGGACTTCCCTATGGATGCCCATGCTTGC
CCACTAAAATTTGGAAGTTATGCTTATACAAGAGCAGAAGTTGTTTATGAATGGACCAGA
GAGCCAGCACGCTCAGTGGTTGTAGCAGAAGATGGATCACGTCTAAACCAGTATGACCTT
CTTGGACAAACAGTAGACTCTGGAATTGTCCAGTCAAGTACAGGAGAATATGTTGTTATG
ACCACTCATTTCCACTTGAAGAGAAAGATTGGCTACTTTGTTATTCAAACATACCTGCCA
TGCATAATGACAGTGATTCTCTCACAAGTCTCCTTCTGGCTCAACAGAGAGTCTGTACCA
GCAAGAACTGTCTTTGGAGTAACAACTGTGCTCACCATGACAACATTGAGCATCAGTGCC
AGAAACTCCCTCCCTAAGGTGGCTTATGCAACAGCTATGGATTGGTTTATTGCCGTGTGC
TATGCCTTTGTGTTCTCAGCTCTGATTGAGTTTGCCACAGTAAACTATTTCACTAAGAGA
GGTTATGCATGGGATGGCAAAAGTGTGGTTCCAGAAAAGCCAAAGAAAGTAAAGGATCCT
CTTATTAAGAAAAACAACACTTACGCTCCAACAGCAACCAGCTACACCCCTAATTTGGCC
AGGGGCGACCCGGGCTTAGCCACCATTGCTAAAAGTGCAACCATAGAACCTAAAGAGGTC
AAGCCCGAAACAAAACCACCAGAACCCAAGAAAACCTTTAACAGTGTCAGCAAAATTGAC
CGACTGTCAAGAATAGCCTTCCCGCTGCTATTTGGAATCTTTAACTTAGTCTACTGGGCT
ACGTATTTAAACAGAGAGCCTCAGCTAAAAGCCCCCACACCACATCAATAG
Target 4 GenBank Gene ID
Target 4 GeneCard ID GABRA1 Link Image
Target 4 GenAtlas ID GABRA1 Link Image
Target 4 HGNC ID HGNC:4075 Link Image
Target 4 Chromosome Location 5
Target 4 Locus 5q34-q35
Target 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 4 General References
  1. Cossette P, Liu L, Brisebois K, Dong H, Lortie A, Vanasse M, Saint-Hilaire JM, Carmant L, Verner A, Lu WY, Wang YT, Rouleau GA: Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet. 2002 Jun;31(2):184-9. Epub 2002 May 6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schofield PR, Pritchett DB, Sontheimer H, Kettenmann H, Seeburg PH: Sequence and expression of human GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits. FEBS Lett. 1989 Feb 27;244(2):361-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Garrett KM, Duman RS, Saito N, Blume AJ, Vitek MP, Tallman JF: Isolation of a cDNA clone for the alpha subunit of the human GABA-A receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 31;156(2):1039-45. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 4 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.