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targets (20) enzymes (4)
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Identification
Name Alprazolam
Accession Number DB00404 (APRD00280)
Type small molecule
Groups illicit, approved
Description

A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • alprazolam
  • TUS-1
Brand names
  • Alplax
  • Alpronax
  • Alviz
  • Bestrol
  • Cassadan
  • Constan
  • D 65MT
  • Esparon
  • Frontal
  • Intensol
  • Niravam
  • Restyl
  • Solanax
  • Tafil
  • Tranax
  • Trankimazin
  • Tranquinal
  • Xanax
  • Xanax XR
  • Xanor
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-anxiety Agents
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Benzodiazepines
  • GABA Modulators
CAS number 28981-97-7
Weight Average: 308.765
Monoisotopic: 308.082874143
Chemical Formula C17H13ClN4
InChI Key InChIKey=VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H13ClN4/c1-11-20-21-16-10-19-17(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)14-9-13(18)7-8-15(14)22(11)16/h2-9H,10H2,1H3
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
12-chloro-3-methyl-9-phenyl-2,4,5,8-tetraazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(10),3,5,8,11,13-hexaene
SMILES
CC1=NN=C2CN=C(C3=CC=CC=C3)C3=C(C=CC(Cl)=C3)N12
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Benzodiazepines
Substructures
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Triazoles
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Halobenzenes
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Diazepines
  • Imines
  • Cyanamides
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication For the management of anxiety disorder or the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety and for the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia.
Pharmacodynamics Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, is used to treat panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Unlike chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, and prazepam, alprazolam has a shorter half-life and metabolites with minimal activity. Like other triazolo benzodiazepines such as triazolam, alprazolam may have significant drug interactions involving the hepatic cytochrome P-450 3A4 isoenzyme. Clinically, all benzodiazepines cause a dose-related central nervous system depressant activity varying from mild impairment of task performance to hypnosis. Unlike other benzodiazepines, alprazolam may also have some antidepressant activity, although clinical evidence of this is lacking.
Mechanism of action Benzodiazepines bind nonspecifically to benzodiazepine receptors BNZ1, which mediates sleep, and BNZ2, which affects muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant activity, motor coordination, and memory. As benzodiazepine receptors are thought to be coupled to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors, this enhances the effects of GABA by increasing GABA affinity for the GABA receptor. Binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the site opens the chloride channel, resulting in a hyperpolarized cell membrane that prevents further excitation of the cell.
Absorption Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is 80-90%.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 80% (mainly to albumin)
Metabolism

Hepatic. Hydroxylated in the liver to α-hydroxyalprazolam, which is also active. This and other metabolites are later excreted in urine as glucuronides.

Enzyme Metabolite Reaction Km Vmax
Cytochrome P450 3A5 β-hydroxyalprazolam hydroxylation
Cytochrome P450 3A5 4-hydroxyalprazolam 4-hydroxylation
Cytochrome P450 3A4 4-hydroxyalprazolam 4-hydroxylation 81 3470.16
Cytochrome P450 3A4 β-hydroxyalprazolam 1-hydroxylation 55 69.75
Cytochrome P450 2C9 β-hydroxyalprazolam hydroxylation
Cytochrome P450 2C9 4-hydroxyalprazolam 4-hydroxylation
Route of elimination Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine.
Half life 6.3-26.9 hours
Clearance
  • 2.13 +/- 0.54 mL/min/kg [CYP3A inducers]
  • 0.90 +/- 0.21 mL/min/kg [without CYP3A inducers]
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50=1020 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include confusion, coma, impaired coordination, sleepiness, and slowed reaction time.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Amneal pharmaceuticals ny llc
  • Apotex inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Corepharma llc
  • Impax laboratories inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Vintage pharmaceuticals llc
  • Watson laboratories inc florida
  • Zydus pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Schwarz pharma inc
  • Alphapharm party ltd
  • Dava international inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Sun pharma global inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
ALPRAZolam Intensol 1 mg/ml Concentrate 30ml Bottle 67.03 USD bottle
Niravam 2 mg Dispersible Tablet 8.53 USD dispersible tablet
Xanax xr 3 mg tablet 7.25 USD tablet
Xanax XR 3 mg 24 Hour tablet 7.1 USD tablet
Niravam 2 mg tablet 6.86 USD tablet
Niravam 1 mg Dispersible Tablet 5.42 USD dispersible tablet
Xanax xr 2 mg tablet 4.84 USD tablet
Xanax XR 2 mg 24 Hour tablet 4.73 USD tablet
Niravam 0.5 mg Dispersible Tablet 4.2 USD dispersible tablet
Niravam 1 mg tablet 4.04 USD tablet
Xanax 2 mg tablet 3.82 USD tablet
ALPRAZolam 3 mg 24 Hour tablet 3.67 USD tablet
Xanax XR 1 mg 24 Hour tablet 3.64 USD tablet
Xanax xr 1 mg tablet 3.64 USD tablet
Niravam 0.25 mg Dispersible Tablet 3.45 USD dispersible tablet
Niravam 0.5 mg tablet 3.02 USD tablet
Xanax XR 0.5 mg 24 Hour tablet 3.01 USD tablet
Xanax xr 0.5 mg tablet 2.93 USD tablet
ALPRAZolam 2 mg 24 Hour tablet 2.53 USD tablet
Niravam 0.25 mg tablet 2.43 USD tablet
ALPRAZolam 1 mg 24 Hour tablet 2.33 USD tablet
Xanax 1 mg tablet 2.29 USD tablet
Alprazolam 1 mg/ml oral conc 2.23 USD ml
Xanax 0.5 mg tablet 1.3 USD tablet
Alprazolam 2 mg tablet 1.22 USD tablet
Xanax 0.25 mg tablet 1.09 USD tablet
ALPRAZolam 0.5 mg 24 Hour tablet 1.07 USD tablet
Alprazolam 1 mg tablet 0.78 USD tablet
Alprazolam 0.5 mg tablet 0.67 USD tablet
Alprazolam 0.25 mg tablet 0.55 USD tablet
Apo-Alpraz 0.5 mg Tablet 0.1 USD tablet
Mylan-Alprazolam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.1 USD tablet
Novo-Alprazol 0.5 mg Tablet 0.1 USD tablet
Apo-Alpraz 0.25 mg Tablet 0.08 USD tablet
Mylan-Alprazolam 0.25 mg Tablet 0.08 USD tablet
Novo-Alprazol 0.25 mg Tablet 0.08 USD tablet
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 6024981 1998-04-09 2018-04-09
Properties
State solid
Melting point 228-228.5oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 40 mg/L at pH 7; 12 mg/mL at pH 1.2 PhysProp
logP 4.9 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 3.24e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.23 ALOGPS
logP 2.17 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -3.98 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 43.07 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 1 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 98.88 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 32.22 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Risse SC, Whitters A, Burke J, Chen S, Scurfield RM, Raskind MA: Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990 May;51(5):206-9. Pubmed
  2. Wolf B, Griffiths RR: Physical dependence on benzodiazepines: differences within the class. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991 Dec 31;29(2):153-6. Pubmed
  3. Haque W, Watson DJ, Bryant SG: Death following suspected alprazolam withdrawal seizures: a case report. Tex Med. 1990 Jan;86(1):44-7. Pubmed
  4. Hori A: Pharmacotherapy for personality disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998 Feb;52(1):13-9. Pubmed
  5. Garcia-Algar O, Lopez-Vilchez MA, Martin I, Mur A, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, Rossi S, Pichini S: Confirmation of gestational exposure to alprazolam by analysis of biological matrices in a newborn with neonatal sepsis. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45(3):295-8. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00225 Link_out
KEGG Compound C06817 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2118 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507078 Link_out
ChemSpider 2034 Link_out
ChEBI 2611 Link_out
ChEMBL 2611 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000239 Link_out
PharmGKB PA448333 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2248706 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/alpraz.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/alprazolam.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/xan1491.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N05BA12
AHFS Codes
  • 28:24.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (63.6 KB)
MSDS show (47.3 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (Caffeine).
  • Avoid taking with grapefruit juice.
  • Take with food.
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47869 Link_out
Gene: GABRA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P34903 Link_out
Gene: GABRA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48169 Link_out
Gene: GABRA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31644 Link_out
Gene: GABRA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16445 Link_out
Gene: GABRA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

7. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P18505 Link_out
Gene: GABRB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

8. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47870 Link_out
Gene: GABRB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

9. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28472 Link_out
Gene: GABRB3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

10. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8N1C3 Link_out
Gene: GABRG1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

11. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P18507 Link_out
Gene: GABRG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

12. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99928 Link_out
Gene: GABRG3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

13. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14764 Link_out
Gene: GABRD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

14. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P78334 Link_out
Gene: GABRE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

15. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. In the uterus, the function of the receptor appears to be related to tissue contractility. The binding of this pI subunit with other GABA(A) receptor subunits alters the sensitivity of recombinant receptors to modulatory agents such as pregnanolone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O00591 Link_out
Gene: GABRP Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

16. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P24046 Link_out
Gene: GABRR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

17. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-2 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28476 Link_out
Gene: GABRR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

18. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UN88 Link_out
Gene: GABRQ Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

19. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel (By similarity)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: A8MPY1 Link_out
Gene: GABRR3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

20. Translocator protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Responsible for the manifestation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites and is most likely to comprise binding domains for benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides. May play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30536 Link_out
Gene: TSPO Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  4. Williams JA, Ring BJ, Cantrell VE, Jones DR, Eckstein J, Ruterbories K, Hamman MA, Hall SD, Wrighton SA: Comparative metabolic capabilities of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Aug;30(8):883-91. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

4. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 27, 2011 16:16

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.