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Showing drug card for Cytarabine (DB00987)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:04:46
Primary Accession Number DB00987
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00499
Name Cytarabine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
Synonyms
  1. Ara-C
  2. AraC
  3. Arabinocytidine
  4. Arabinofuranosylcytosine
  5. Arabinosylcytosine
  6. Aracytidine
  7. Aracytin
  8. Aracytine
  9. Beta-cytosine arabinoside
  10. Citarabina [INN-Spanish]
  11. Cytarabin
  12. Cytarabina
  13. Cytarabinoside
  14. Cytarabinum [INN-Latin]
  15. Cytosine 1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside
  16. Cytosine arabinofuranoside
  17. Cytosine arabinose
  18. Cytosine arabinoside
  19. Cytosine beta-D-arabinoside
  20. Cytosine, beta-D-arabinoside
  21. Cytosine-1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside
  22. Cytosine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside
  23. Cytosine-beta-arabinoside
  24. beta-Arabinosylcytosine
  25. beta-D-Arabinosylcytosine
  26. cytarabine liposome injection
Brand Names
  1. AR3
  2. Alexan
  3. Arabitin
  4. Arafcyt
  5. Cytarbel
  6. Cytosar
  7. Cytosar-U
  8. Depocyt
  9. Depocyt (liposomal)
  10. Erpalfa
  11. Iretin
  12. Spongocytidine
  13. Tarabine
  14. Udicil
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one
Chemical Formula C9H13N3O5
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 147-94-4
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C9H13N3O5/c10-5-1-2-12(9(16)11-5)8-7(15)6(14)4(3-13)17-8/h1-2,4,6-8,13-15H,3H2,(H2,10,11,16)/t4-,6-,7+,8-/m1/s1/f/h10H2
InChI Key UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-JEMZYTBMDI
KEGG Drug D00168 Link Image
KEGG Compound C02961 Link Image
PubChem Compound 6253 Link Image
PubChem Substance 7847236 Link Image
ChEBI ID 28680 Link Image
PharmGKB ID Not Available
HET ID AR3 Link Image
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02167883 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/cytarabine.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytarabine Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Krenitski, et al; Carbohydr.Res.; 97, 139-146(1981)
Average Molecular Weight 243.2166
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 243.0855
State Solid
Melting Point 212-213oC
Experimental Water Solubility Freely soluble Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 4.40e+01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.8 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -2.17 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -0.74 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 8ICK Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Isomeric SMILES NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Canonical SMILES NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O
Drug Category
  • Antimetabolites
  • Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Antiviral Agents
  • Immunosuppressive Agents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 10:00.00
Indication For the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia and blast phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Pharmacology Cytarabine is an antineoplastic anti-metabolite used in the treatment of several forms of leukemia including acute myelogenous leukemia and meningeal leukemia. Anti-metabolites masquerade as purine or pyrimidine - which become the building blocks of DNA. They prevent these substances becoming incorporated in to DNA during the "S" phase (of the cell cycle), stopping normal development and division. Cytarabine is metabolized intracellularly into its active triphosphate form (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate). This metabolite then damages DNA by multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of alpha-DNA polymerase, inhibition of DNA repair through an effect on beta-DNA polymerase, and incorporation into DNA. The latter mechanism is probably the most important. Cytotoxicity is highly specific for the S phase of the cell cycle.
Mechanism of Action Cytarabine acts through direct DNA damage and incorporation into DNA. Cytarabine is cytotoxic to a wide variety of proliferating mammalian cells in culture. It exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase) and under certain conditions blocking the progression of cells from the G1 phase to the S-phase. Although the mechanism of action is not completely understood, it appears that cytarabine acts through the inhibition of DNA polymerase. A limited, but significant, incorporation of cytarabine into both DNA and RNA has also been reported.
Absorption Less than 20% of the orally administered dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Toxicity Cytarabine syndrome may develop - it is characterized by fever, myalgia, bone pain, occasionally chest pain, maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and malaise.
Protein Binding 13%
Biotransformation Hepatic.
Half Life 10 minutes
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Powder, for solution Intrathecal
Solution Intrathecal
Suspension Intrathecal
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytidine deaminase
Targets
  1. DNA polymerase beta
  2. Serum albumin
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytidine deaminase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CDA
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P32320 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P32320|CDD_HUMAN Cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) 
MAQKRPACTLKPECVQQLLVCSQEAKKSAYCPYSHFPVGAALLTQEGRIFKGCNIENACY
PLGICAERTAIQKAVSEGYKDFRAIAIASDMQDDFISPCGACRQVMREFGTNWPVYMTKP
DGTYIVMTVQELLPSSFGPEDLQKTQ
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 125
Target 1 Name DNA polymerase beta
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. EC 2.7.7.7
  2. EC 4.2.99.-
Target 1 Gene Name POLB
Target 1 Protein Sequence >DNA polymerase beta 
SKRKAPQETLNGGITDMLTELANFEKNVSQAIHKYNAYRKAASVIAKYPHKIKSGAEAKK
LPGVGTKIAEKIDEFLATGKLRKLEKIRQDDTSSSINFLTRVSGIGPSAARKFVDEGIKT
LEDLRKNEDKLNHHQRIGLKYFGDFEKRIPREEMLQMQDIVLNEVKKVDSEYIATVCGSF
RRGAESSGDMDVLLTHPSFTSESTKQPKLLHQVVEQLQKVHFITDTLSKGETKFMGVCQL
PSKNDEKEYPHRRIDIRLIPKDQYYCGVLYFTGSDIFNKNMRAHALEKGFTINEYTIRPL
GVTGVAGEPLPVDSEKDIFDYIQWKYREPKDRSE
Target 1 Number of Residues 339
Target 1 Molecular Weight 38047
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.41
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
beta DNA polymerase activity
catalytic activity
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
nucleotidyltransferase activity
DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
binding
nucleic acid binding
DNA binding
Process
DNA repair
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
DNA metabolism
DNA replication
Component
cell
intracellular
Target 1 General Function Replication, recombination and repair
Target 1 Specific Function Repair polymerase. Conducts "gap-filling" DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases. Has a 5'-deoxyribose-5- phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
DNA polymerase map03030 Link Image
Purine metabolism SMP00050 Link Image map00230 Link Image
Pyrimidine metabolism SMP00046 Link Image map00240 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn = diphosphate + DNAn+1
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function Not Available
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 292397 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P06746 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DPOLB_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 8ICK Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Nucleus
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1008 bp 
ATGAGCAAACGGAAGGCGCCGCAGGAGACTCTCAACGGGGGAATCACCGACATGCTCACA
GAACTCGCAAACTTTGAGAAGAACGTGAGCCAAGCTATCCACAAGTACAATGCTTACAGA
AAAGCAGCATCTGTTATAGCAAAATACCCACACAAAATAAAGAGTGGAGCTGAAGCTAAG
AAATTGCCTGGAGTAGGAACAAAAATTGCTGAAAAGATTGATGAGTTTTTAGCAACTGGA
AAATTACGTAAACTGGAAAAGATTCGGCAGGATGATACGAGTTCATCCATCAATTTCCTG
ACTCGAGTTAGTGGCATTGGTCCATCTGCTGCAAGGAAGTTTGTAGATGAAGGAATTAAA
ACACTAGAAGATCTCAGAAAAAATGAAGATAAATTGAACCATCATCAGCGAATTGGGCTG
AAATATTTTGGGGACTTTGAAAAAAGAATTCCTCGTGAAGAGATGTTACAAATGCAAGAT
ATTGTACTAAATGAAGTTAAAAAAGTGGATTCTGAATACATTGCTACAGTCTGTGGCAGT
TTCAGAAGAGGTGCAGAGTCCAGTGGTGACATGGATGTTCTCCTGACCCATCCCAGCTTC
ACTTCAGAATCAACCAAACAGCCAAAACTGTTACATCAGGTTGTGGAGCAGTTACAAAAG
GTTCATTTTATCACAGATACCCTGTCAAAGGGTGAGACAAAGTTCATGGGTGTTTGCCAG
CTTCCCAGTAAAAATGATGAAAAAGAATATCCACACAGAAGAATTGATATCAGGTTGATA
CCCAAAGATCAGTATTACTGTGGTGTTCTCTATTTCACTGGGAGTGATATTTTCAATAAG
AATATGAGGGCTCATGCCCTAGAAAAGGGTTTCACAATCAATGAGTACACCATCCGTCCC
TTGGGAGTCACTGGAGTTGCAGGAGAACCCCTGCCAGTGGATAGTGAAAAAGACATCTTT
GATTACATCCAGTGGAAATACCGGGAACCCAAGGACCGGAGCGAATGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID POLB Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID POLB Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:9174 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 8
Target 1 Locus 8p11.2
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. DeMott MS, Beyret E, Wong D, Bales BC, Hwang JT, Greenberg MM, Demple B: Covalent trapping of human DNA polymerase beta by the oxidative DNA lesion 2-deoxyribonolactone. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 8;277(10):7637-40. Epub 2002 Jan 22. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. SenGupta DN, Zmudzka BZ, Kumar P, Cobianchi F, Skowronski J, Wilson SH: Sequence of human DNA polymerase beta mRNA obtained through cDNA cloning. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Apr 14;136(1):341-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Widen SG, Kedar P, Wilson SH: Human beta-polymerase gene. Structure of the 5'-flanking region and active promoter. J Biol Chem. 1988 Nov 15;263(32):16992-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Abbotts J, SenGupta DN, Zmudzka B, Widen SG, Notario V, Wilson SH: Expression of human DNA polymerase beta in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Biochemistry. 1988 Feb 9;27(3):901-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Chyan YJ, Ackerman S, Shepherd NS, McBride OW, Widen SG, Wilson SH, Wood TG: The human DNA polymerase beta gene structure. Evidence of alternative splicing in gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Jul 25;22(14):2719-25. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Pelletier H, Sawaya MR, Wolfle W, Wilson SH, Kraut J: A structural basis for metal ion mutagenicity and nucleotide selectivity in human DNA polymerase beta. Biochemistry. 1996 Oct 1;35(39):12762-77. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Pelletier H, Sawaya MR: Characterization of the metal ion binding helix-hairpin-helix motifs in human DNA polymerase beta by X-ray structural analysis. Biochemistry. 1996 Oct 1;35(39):12778-87. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Sawaya MR, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Kraut J, Pelletier H: Crystal structures of human DNA polymerase beta complexed with gapped and nicked DNA: evidence for an induced fit mechanism. Biochemistry. 1997 Sep 16;36(37):11205-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Matsumoto Y, Kim K, Katz DS, Feng JA: Catalytic center of DNA polymerase beta for excision of deoxyribose phosphate groups. Biochemistry. 1998 May 5;37(18):6456-64. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Miura S, Izuta S: DNA polymerases as targets of anticancer nucleosides. Curr Drug Targets. 2004 Feb;5(2):191-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Angeli JP, Ribeiro LR, Bellini MF, Mantovanil: Anti-clastogenic effect of beta-glucan extracted from barley towards chemically induced DNA damage in rodent cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Jun;25(6):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 587
Target 2 Name Serum albumin
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Serum albumin precursor
Target 2 Gene Name ALB
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Serum albumin precursor 
MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPF
EDHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEP
ERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLF
FAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAV
ARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLK
ECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYAR
RHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFE
QLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVV
LNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTL
SEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLV
AASQAALGL
Target 2 Number of Residues 619
Target 2 Molecular Weight 69367
Target 2 Theoretical pI 6.21
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
transporter activity
carrier activity
Process
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
Component
extracellular region
extracellular space
Target 2 General Function Involved in antioxidant activity
Target 2 Specific Function Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-18
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 28590 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P02768 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ALBU_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1HA2 Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1830 bp 
ATGAAGTGGGTAACCTTTATTTCCCTTCTTTTTCTCTTTAGCTCGGCTTATTCCAGGGGT
GTGTTTCGTCGAGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTTGCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAA
GAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCAGCAGTGTCCATTT
GAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAATGAAGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTTGCTGAT
GAGTCAGCTGAAAATTGTGACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACA
GTTGCAACTCTTCGTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCT
GGGAGAAATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTG
AGACCAGAGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTGAAA
AAATACTTATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATGCCCCGGAACTCCTTTTC
TTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCTGATAAAGCTGCC
TGCCTGTTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAGGCTTCGTCTGCCAAACAG
AGACTCAAGTGTGCCAGTCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAAAGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTA
GCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCCAAAGCTGAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACA
GATCTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAATGCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTGCTGATGAC
AGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTATATCTGTGAAAATCAAGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAG
GAATGCTGTGAAAAACCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGAT
GAGATGCCTGCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTGC
AAAAACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCTTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAGA
AGGCATCCTGATTACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACTTGCCAAGACATATGAAACCACT
CTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCAAAGTGTTCGATGAA
TTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATTTAATCAAACAAAATTGTGAGCTTTTTGAG
CAGCTTGGAGAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTGTTAGTTCGTTACACCAAGAAAGTACCC
GAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAAGAAACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAA
TGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAAGAATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTC
CTGAACCAGTTATGTGTGTTGCATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCACCAAATGC
TGCACAGAATCCTTGGTGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACA
TACGTTCCCAAAGAGTTTAATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTT
TCTGAGAAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTCGTGAAACACAAG
CCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTGAAAGCTGTTATGGATGATTTCGCTGCTTTTGTAGAG
AAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGTAAAAAACTTGTT
GCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID ALB Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID ALB Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:399 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 4
Target 2 Locus 4q11-q13
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Sugio S, Kashima A, Mochizuki S, Noda M, Kobayashi K: Crystal structure of human serum albumin at 2.5 A resolution. Protein Eng. 1999 Jun;12(6):439-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bhattacharya AA, Curry S, Franks NP: Binding of the general anesthetics propofol and halothane to human serum albumin. High resolution crystal structures. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;275(49):38731-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Minchiotti L, Campagnoli M, Rossi A, Cosulich ME, Monti M, Pucci P, Kragh-Hansen U, Granel B, Disdier P, Weiller PJ, Galliano M: A nucleotide insertion and frameshift cause albumin Kenitra, an extended and O-glycosylated mutant of human serum albumin with two additional disulfide bridges. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jan;268(2):344-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y, Wan J, Ouyang S, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Wu C, He F: Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs. Genome Res. 2001 Aug;11(8):1392-403. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Spahr CS, Davis MT, McGinley MD, Robinson JH, Bures EJ, Beierle J, Mort J, Courchesne PL, Chen K, Wahl RC, Yu W, Luethy R, Patterson SD: Towards defining the urinary proteome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. I. Profiling an unfractionated tryptic digest. Proteomics. 2001 Jan;1(1):93-107. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Petitpas I, Grune T, Bhattacharya AA, Curry S: Crystal structures of human serum albumin complexed with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Mol Biol. 2001 Dec 14;314(5):955-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Meloun B, Moravek L, Kostka V: Complete amino acid sequence of human serum albumin. FEBS Lett. 1975 Oct 15;58(1):134-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J: Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 May;21(5):566-9. Epub 2003 Mar 31. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, Chen J, Chow B, Chui C, Crowley C, Currell B, Deuel B, Dowd P, Eaton D, Foster J, Grimaldi C, Gu Q, Hass PE, Heldens S, Huang A, Kim HS, Klimowski L, Jin Y, Johnson S, Lee J, Lewis L, Liao D, Mark M, Robbie E, Sanchez C, Schoenfeld J, Seshagiri S, Simmons L, Singh J, Smith V, Stinson J, Vagts A, Vandlen R, Watanabe C, Wieand D, Woods K, Xie MH, Yansura D, Yi S, Yu G, Yuan J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Goddard A, Wood WI, Godowski P, Gray A: The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. Genome Res. 2003 Oct;13(10):2265-70. Epub 2003 Sep 15. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Minchiotti L, Galliano M, Stoppini M, Ferri G, Crespeau H, Rochu D, Porta F: Two alloalbumins with identical electrophoretic mobility are produced by differently charged amino acid substitutions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Mar 12;1119(3):232-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 1518850 Carlson J, Sakamoto Y, Laurell CB, Madison J, Watkins S, Putnam FW: Alloalbuminemia in Sweden: structural study and phenotypic distribution of nine albumin variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 1;89(17):8225-9.
  12. 1630489 He XM, Carter DC: Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature. 1992 Jul 16;358(6383):209-15.
  13. 1859851 Peach RJ, Brennan SO: Structural characterization of a glycoprotein variant of human serum albumin: albumin Casebrook (494 Asp----Asn). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Jul 26;1097(1):49-54.
  14. 1946412 Madison J, Arai K, Sakamoto Y, Feld RD, Kyle RA, Watkins S, Davis E, Matsuda Y, Amaki I, Putnam FW: Genetic variants of serum albumin in Americans and Japanese. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9853-7.
  15. 2068071 Watkins S, Madison J, Davis E, Sakamoto Y, Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Putnam FW: A donor splice mutation and a single-base deletion produce two carboxyl-terminal variants of human serum albumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 15;88(14):5959-63.
  16. 2104980 Brennan SO, Myles T, Peach RJ, Donaldson D, George PM: Albumin Redhill (-1 Arg, 320 Ala----Thr): a glycoprotein variant of human serum albumin whose precursor has an aberrant signal peptidase cleavage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):26-30.
  17. 2247440 Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Porta F, Rossi A, Ferri G, Madison J, Watkins S, Putnam FW: Mutations in genetic variants of human serum albumin found in Italy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Nov;87(22):8721-5.
  18. 2374930 Carter DC, He XM: Structure of human serum albumin. Science. 1990 Jul 20;249(4966):302-3.
  19. 2404284 Arai K, Madison J, Shimizu A, Putnam FW: Point substitutions in albumin genetic variants from Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):497-501.
  20. 2419329 Urano Y, Watanabe K, Sakai M, Tamaoki T: The human albumin gene. Characterization of the 5' and 3' flanking regions and the polymorphic gene transcripts. J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 5;261(7):3244-51.
  21. 2437111 Carraway RE, Mitra SP, Cochrane DE: Structure of a biologically active neurotensin-related peptide obtained from pepsin-treated albumin(s). J Biol Chem. 1987 May 5;262(13):5968-73.
  22. 2727704 Carter DC, He XM, Munson SH, Twigg PD, Gernert KM, Broom MB, Miller TY: Three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin. Science. 1989 Jun 9;244(4909):1195-8.
  23. 2762316 Arai K, Madison J, Huss K, Ishioka N, Satoh C, Fujita M, Neel JV, Sakurabayashi I, Putnam FW: Point substitutions in Japanese alloalbumins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6092-6.
  24. 2911589 Arai K, Ishioka N, Huss K, Madison J, Putnam FW: Identical structural changes in inherited albumin variants from different populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(2):434-8.
  25. 3009475 Minghetti PP, Ruffner DE, Kuang WJ, Dennison OE, Hawkins JW, Beattie WG, Dugaiczyk A: Molecular structure of the human albumin gene is revealed by nucleotide sequence within q11-22 of chromosome 4. J Biol Chem. 1986 May 25;261(15):6747-57.
  26. 3087352 Mogard MH, Kobayashi R, Chen CF, Lee TD, Reeve JR Jr, Shively JE, Walsh JH: The amino acid sequence of kinetensin, a novel peptide isolated from pepsin-treated human plasma: homology with human serum albumin, neurotensin and angiotensin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 May 14;136(3):983-8.
  27. 3474609 Takahashi N, Takahashi Y, Blumberg BS, Putnam FW: Amino acid substitutions in genetic variants of human serum albumin and in sequences inferred from molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jul;84(13):4413-7.
  28. 3479777 Takahashi N, Takahashi Y, Isobe T, Putnam FW, Fujita M, Satoh C, Neel JV: Amino acid substitutions in inherited albumin variants from Amerindian and Japanese populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):8001-5.
  29. 3828358 Brennan SO, Herbert P: Albumin Canterbury (313 Lys----Asn). A point mutation in the second domain of serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Apr 8;912(2):191-7.
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Target 2 Drug References
  1. Sulkowska A, Bojko B, Rownicka J, Sulkowski W: Competition of drugs to serum albumin in combination therapy. Biopolymers. 2004 Jun 15;74(3):256-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sulkowska A, Bojko B, Rownicka J, Sulkowski WW: Competition of cytarabine and aspirin in binding to serum albumin in multidrug therapy. Biopolymers. 2006 Apr 15;81(6):464-72. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.