Fluocinonide

Identification

Summary

Fluocinonide is a high potency corticosteroid commonly used topically for a number of inflammatory skin conditions.

Brand Names
Lidemol, Lidex, Lyderm, Tiamol, Vanos
Generic Name
Fluocinonide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01047
Background

A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczema.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 494.5249
Monoisotopic: 494.211609788
Chemical Formula
C26H32F2O7
Synonyms
  • Fluocinonida
  • Fluocinonide
  • Fluocinonido
  • Fluocinonidum
External IDs
  • NSC-101791

Pharmacology

Indication

A topical anti-inflammatory product for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofDermatoses••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatInflammationCombination Product in combination with: Neomycin (DB00994), Nystatin (DB00646), Gramicidin D (DB00027)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatPruritusCombination Product in combination with: Neomycin (DB00994), Nystatin (DB00646), Gramicidin D (DB00027)••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Fluocinonide is a potent glucocorticoid steroid used topically as anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin disorders such as eczema. It mediates its effects to relieve itching, redness, dryness, crusting, scaling, inflammation, and discomfort associated with inflammatory skin conditions.

Mechanism of action

Fluocinonide is a potent glucocorticoid steroid used topically as anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin disorders such as eczema. Fluocinonide binds to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes. The DNA bound receptor then interacts with basic transcription factors, causing the increase in expression of specific target genes. The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Specifically glucocorticoids induce lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis, which then binds to cell membranes preventing the phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid. This leads to diminished eicosanoid production. Cyclooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2) expression is also suppressed, potentiating the effect. In another words, the two main products in inflammation Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are inhibited by the action of Glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids also stimulate the lipocortin-1 escaping to the extracellular space, where it binds to the leukocyte membrane receptors and inhibits various inflammatory events: epithelial adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and the release of various inflammatory mediators (lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, tissue plasminogen activator, chemokines etc.) from neutrophils, macrophages and mastocytes. Additionally the immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Like other glucocorticoid agents Fluocinolone acetonide acts as a physiological antagonist to insulin by decreasing glycogenesis (formation of glycogen). It also promotes the breakdown of lipids (lipolysis), and proteins, leading to the mobilization of extrahepatic amino acids and ketone bodies. This leads to increased circulating glucose concentrations (in the blood). There is also decreased glycogen formation in the liver.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGlucocorticoid receptor
agonist
Humans
USmoothened homolog
agonist
Humans
Absorption

The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors including the vehicle, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and the use of occlusive dressings. In general, percutaneous absorption is minimal.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Corticosteroids are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Side effects may include acne-like eruptions, burning, dryness, excessive hair growth, infection of the skin, irritation, itching, lack of skin colour, prickly heat, skin inflammation, skin loss or softening, stretch marks.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Fluocinonide can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fluocinonide is combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Fluocinonide.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be increased when combined with Fluocinonide.
AcarboseThe risk or severity of hyperglycemia can be increased when Fluocinonide is combined with Acarbose.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Fluonex / Lonide / Lyderm (Taro) / Metosyn (Bioglan) / Topsymin / Topsyn (Syntex)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Fluocinol PakCream; Kit1 mg/1gTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-07-02Not applicableUS flag
FluocinonideCream0.5 mg/1gTopicalPreferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2014-05-212019-09-23US flag
FluocinonideCream0.5 mg/1gTopicalA-S Medication Solutions1984-06-262017-12-31US flag
FluocinonideSolution0.5 mg/1mLTopicalNucare Pharmaceuticals,inc.2014-02-282019-12-31US flag
FluocinonideCream0.5 mg/1gTopicalPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1984-06-26Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
FluocinonideCream0.5 mg/1gTopicalPreferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.2016-03-022019-09-23US flag
FluocinonideCream1 mg/1gTopicalTeligent Pharma, Inc.2018-03-15Not applicableUS flag
FluocinonideCream1 mg/1gTopicalFougera Pharmaceuticals Inc.2014-07-14Not applicableUS flag
FluocinonideSolution0.5 mg/1mLTopicalNovel Laboratories, Inc.2017-07-21Not applicableUS flag
FluocinonideCream0.5 mg/1gTopicalMayne Pharma2016-10-01Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
FlumethovixFluocinonide (1 mg/1g) + Dimethicone (1.8 g/100g) + Zinc oxide (2 g/100g)KitTopicalPrimary Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2021-02-192024-01-31US flag
HexicinideFluocinonide (1 mg/1g) + Chlorhexidine gluconate (4 g/100mL)KitTopicalPureTek Corporation2014-01-14Not applicableUS flag
Lidecomb CreamFluocinonide (0.5 mg / g) + Gramicidin D (0.25 mg / g) + Neomycin sulfate (5 mg / g) + Nystatin (100000 unit / g)CreamTopicalMedicis Pharmaceutical Corporation1980-12-311998-09-25Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Fluocinol PakFluocinonide (1 mg/1g)Cream; KitTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-07-02Not applicableUS flag
Fluocinonide 0.05% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4%Fluocinonide (0.05 g/100g) + Sodium hyaluronate (0.5 g/100g)CreamTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2019-05-22Not applicableUS flag
FluoparFluocinonide (1 mg/1g) + Dimethicone (50 mg/1mL)Cream; KitTopicalPureTek Corporation2014-01-14Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C05AA11 — FluocinonideD07AC08 — FluocinonideD07CC05 — Fluocinonide and antibiotics
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure based on a hydroxylated prostane moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
Class
Steroids and steroid derivatives
Sub Class
Pregnane steroids
Direct Parent
Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
Alternative Parents
20-oxosteroids / 11-beta-hydroxysteroids / 3-oxo delta-1,4-steroids / Halogenated steroids / Delta-1,4-steroids / Alpha-acyloxy ketones / Ketals / 1,3-dioxolanes / Fluorohydrins / Cyclic ketones
show 9 more
Substituents
11-beta-hydroxysteroid / 11-hydroxysteroid / 20-oxosteroid / 3-oxo-delta-1,4-steroid / 3-oxosteroid / 6-halo-steroid / 9-halo-steroid / Acetal / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
show 28 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
2W4A77YPAN
CAS number
356-12-7
InChI Key
WJOHZNCJWYWUJD-IUGZLZTKSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C26H32F2O7/c1-13(29)33-12-20(32)26-21(34-22(2,3)35-26)10-15-16-9-18(27)17-8-14(30)6-7-23(17,4)25(16,28)19(31)11-24(15,26)5/h6-8,15-16,18-19,21,31H,9-12H2,1-5H3/t15-,16-,18-,19-,21+,23-,24-,25-,26+/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
2-[(1S,2S,4R,8S,9S,11S,12R,13S,19S)-12,19-difluoro-11-hydroxy-6,6,9,13-tetramethyl-16-oxo-5,7-dioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0^{2,9}.0^{4,8}.0^{13,18}]icosa-14,17-dien-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl acetate
SMILES
[H][C@@]12C[C@@]3([H])[C@]4([H])C[C@H](F)C5=CC(=O)C=C[C@]5(C)[C@@]4(F)[C@@H](O)C[C@]3(C)[C@@]1(OC(C)(C)O2)C(=O)COC(C)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

US. Patent 3,197,469.

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015181
KEGG Drug
D00325
PubChem Compound
9642
PubChem Substance
46504523
ChemSpider
9265
RxNav
4462
ChEBI
5109
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1501
ZINC
ZINC000003977978
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000421
PharmGKB
PA449664
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Fluocinonide
FDA label
Download (818 KB)
MSDS
Download (75.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentAtopic Dermatitis2
4RecruitingTreatmentCentral Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA)1
2CompletedSupportive CareBreast Carcinoma1
2CompletedTreatmentAtopic Dermatitis1
2TerminatedTreatmentHand and Foot Skin Reaction / Rash1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Actavis Group
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Contract Pharm
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • E. Fougera and Co.
  • Gallipot
  • Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Mason Distributors
  • Medicis Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Nycomed Inc.
  • Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Qualitest
  • Quality Care
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Stat Rx Usa
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • United Research Laboratories Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Cream; kitTopical1 mg/1g
CreamTopical0.5 mg/1g
GelTopical0.5 mg/1g
OintmentTopical0.05 mg/1g
OintmentTopical0.5 mg/1g
SolutionTopical0.5 mg/1mL
CreamTopical
PowderNot applicable1 g/1g
Cream; kitTopical
KitTopical1 mg/1g
KitTopical
CreamTopical0.05 % w/w
Cream; emulsionTopical.05 %
GelTopical0.05 % w/w
OintmentTopical0.05 % w/w
CreamTopical0.01 %
OintmentTopical0.01 %
OintmentTopical.05 %
GelTopical0.05 %
OintmentTopical0.05 %
CreamTopical.05 %
CreamTopical0.05 %
SolutionNasal; Respiratory (inhalation)0.05 g
SolutionOral0.05 %
CreamTopical15 MG/30G
GelCutaneous50.000 mg
GelTopical15 MG/30G
OintmentTopical0.05 g/100g
SolutionCutaneous15 MG/30G
JellyTopical.5 mg / g
GelTopical
CreamTopical1 mg/1g
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Vanos 0.1% Cream 60 gm Tube275.75USD tube
Fluocinonide powder176.0USD g
Vanos 0.1% Cream 30 gm Tube155.34USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Ointment 60 gm Tube50.96USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Gel 60 gm Tube50.78USD tube
Fluocinonide-E 0.05% Cream 60 gm Tube47.84USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Gel 30 gm Tube30.1USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Ointment 30 gm Tube28.61USD tube
Fluocinonide-E 0.05% Cream 30 gm Tube28.6USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Solution 60ml Bottle27.23USD bottle
Fluocinonide 0.05% Cream 60 gm Tube22.71USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Solution 20ml Bottle21.99USD bottle
Fluocinonide 0.05% Ointment 15 gm Tube21.88USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Gel 15 gm Tube21.85USD tube
Fluocinonide-E 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube20.18USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Cream 30 gm Tube13.54USD tube
Fluocinonide 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube11.99USD tube
Vanos 0.1% cream4.13USD g
Lidex 0.05% cream3.57USD g
Fluocinonide-e 0.05% cream1.33USD g
Fluocinonide 0.05% cream0.6USD g
Fluocinonide-emol 0.05% cream0.4USD g
Lyderm 0.05 % Gel0.38USD g
Lyderm 0.05 % Ointment0.37USD g
Lyderm 0.05 % Cream0.29USD g
Tiamol 0.05 % Emollient Cream0.27USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US7220424No2007-05-222023-01-07US flag
US7794738No2010-09-142022-09-11US flag
US8232264No2012-07-312023-03-09US flag
US6765001No2004-07-202021-12-21US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)309 °CPhysProp
water solubility4.74 mg/LNot Available
logP3.19HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0168 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.93ALOGPS
logP2.05Chemaxon
logS-4.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.6Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area99.13 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity120.56 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability48.97 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings5Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9823
Blood Brain Barrier+0.981
Caco-2 permeable-0.5804
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7813
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.8103
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.5782
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8178
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8667
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8951
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7219
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9482
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8455
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7768
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9166
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity3.1492 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9835
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.6907
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0005-2970300000-b28abd90df71a08d5830
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-05p9-0489400000-cb64b15c0db3ac6d9647
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-05p9-0489400000-cb64b15c0db3ac6d9647
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004j-0003900000-01b056b48a5ee67e1083
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-1000900000-12f663e512060d8df28c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-053r-8000900000-6de714eb8dce2c96b0ef
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00ke-1002900000-70cc2a78c884a447a289
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-8500900000-912d93636e50ba506b6f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0api-4383900000-d09e6a27c91a10dbf512
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-216.898939
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-208.06499
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+216.475839
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+210.14445
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+217.046239
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+216.1546
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modula...
Gene Name
NR3C1
Uniprot ID
P04150
Uniprot Name
Glucocorticoid receptor
Molecular Weight
85658.57 Da
References
  1. Jessop S, Whitelaw D, Jordaan F: Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002954. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Wnt-protein binding
Specific Function
G protein-coupled receptor that probably associates with the patched protein (PTCH) to transduce the hedgehog's proteins signal. Binding of sonic hedgehog (SHH) to its receptor patched is thought t...
Gene Name
SMO
Uniprot ID
Q99835
Uniprot Name
Smoothened homolog
Molecular Weight
86395.95 Da
References
  1. Wang J, Lu J, Bond MC, Chen M, Ren XR, Lyerly HK, Barak LS, Chen W: Identification of select glucocorticoids as Smoothened agonists: potential utility for regenerative medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 18;107(20):9323-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910712107. Epub 2010 May 3. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Moore CD, Roberts JK, Orton CR, Murai T, Fidler TP, Reilly CA, Ward RM, Yost GS: Metabolic pathways of inhaled glucocorticoids by the CYP3A enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):379-89. doi: 10.1124/dmd.112.046318. Epub 2012 Nov 9. [Article]
  2. Dvorak Z, Pavek P: Regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by glucocorticoids. Drug Metab Rev. 2010 Nov;42(4):621-35. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2010.484462. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Dvorak Z, Pavek P: Regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by glucocorticoids. Drug Metab Rev. 2010 Nov;42(4):621-35. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2010.484462. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Steroid binding
Specific Function
Major transport protein for glucocorticoids and progestins in the blood of almost all vertebrate species.
Gene Name
SERPINA6
Uniprot ID
P08185
Uniprot Name
Corticosteroid-binding globulin
Molecular Weight
45140.49 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48