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Identification
Name Neomycin
Accession Number DB00994 (APRD00013)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A component of neomycin that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Neomycin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and acceptor tRNA sites and results in the production of non-functional or toxic peptides.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Caswell No. 595
Neomycin B Sulfate
Neomycin Sulfate
Neomycin Sulphate
USAF CB-19
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Biosol
Bykomycin
Endomixin
Fradiomycin
Fradiomycin Sulfate
Fraquinol
Lidamycin Creme
Myacine
Myacyne
Mycifradin
Mycifradin-N
Myciguent
Neo-Fradin
Neo-Mantle Creme
Neo-Rx
Neobiotic
Neobrettin
Neofracin
Neolate
Neomix
Nivemycin
Tuttomycin
Vonamycin Powder V
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
AK Spor liq gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
AK Trol Suspension dexamethasone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Aminoderm Poudre glycine + l-cysteine + neomycin sulfate + threonine
Anaprime oph gel flumethasone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Bacitracin-neomycin polymyxin ont bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Bacitracin-neomycin-polymixin ont bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
bacitracin-neomycin-polymyxin oph ont bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
beef cattle vit ade premix medicated neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride + vitamin A + vitamin D3 + vitamin e
Biosol-M-Aquadrops liq methscopolamine bromide + neomycin sulfate
BNPH ont bacitracin zinc + hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Calf scour bolus atropine sulfate + calcium phosphate + hyoscyamine sulfate + kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfaguanidine + sulfathiazole + vitamin A
Certreat Scours Oblets chlortetracycline hydrochloride + neomycin sulfate + nicotinic acid + vitamin A + vitamin D
Cicatrin Powder bacitracin zinc + glycine + l-cysteine + neomycin sulfate + threonine
Co-op pinkeye spray gentian violet + neomycin sulfate
Cortisporin bacitracin zinc + hydrocortisone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Derma-4 ont neomycin sulfate + nystatin + thiostrepton (antibiotic of a streptomyces species) + triamcinolone acetonide
Dioptrol ointment dexamethasone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
dioptrol suspension dexamethasone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Diosporin ointment bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Enterolyte calcium chloride dihydrate + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
FML-Neo oph sus fluorometholone + neomycin sulfate
Forte topical suspension hydrocortisone acetate + hydrocortisone sodium succinate + neomycin sulfate + penicillin g procaine + polymyxin B sulfate
Kaobiotic bolus kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfadiazine + sulfaguanidine + sulfamerazine + sulfathiazole
Kaobiotic tab kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfadiazine + sulfaguanidine + sulfamerazine + sulfathiazole
Kenacomb gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Keraplex spray methyl violet + neomycin sulfate
Lidecomb cream fluocinonide + gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin
Mastitis Care neomycin sulfate + penicillin g potassium + polymyxin B sulfate + streptomycin sulfate
Maxitrol dexamethasone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Mecomb Cream 0.1% gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Mycitracin oph ont bacitracin + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neo Atropec 25 tab aluminum hydroxide + atropine methylnitrate + kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfacetamide + sulfaguanidine
Neo Atropec C tab aluminum hydroxide + atropine methylnitrate + kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfacetamide + sulfaguanidine
Neo Atropec tab aluminum hydroxide + atropine methylnitrate + kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfacetamide + sulfaguanidine
Neo Chlor Powder neomycin sulfate + tetracycline hydrochloride
Neo Darbazine Spansule Capsule no 1 isopropamide iodide + neomycin sulfate + prochlorperazine maleate
Neo Darbazine Spansule no 3 isopropamide iodide + neomycin sulfate + prochlorperazine maleate
Neo Oxymed Powder neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Neo P.P.G. neomycin sulfate + penicillin g potassium
Neo Sulfa-E calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
Neo Sulfalyte Bolus calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
Neo Terramycin Soluble Powder neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
neo-chlor neomycin sulfate + tetracycline hydrochloride
Neo-Cortef hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate
Neo-Medrol methylprednisolone acetate + neomycin sulfate
Neo-Medrol Acne Lotion aluminum chlorohydrate + methylprednisolone acetate + neomycin sulfate + sulfur
Neo-Oxytetracycline neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Neo-Terramycin 50/50 premix neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Neo-Tet pws neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Neodecadron Eye Ear Solution 0.1% dexamethasone phosphate + neomycin sulfate
Neomix-Pamine Solution methscopolamine bromide + neomycin sulfate
Neopaste aluminum hydroxide + calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine + sulfathiazole
Neorease neomycin sulfate + sulfamethazine + sulfathiazole
Neosol M Aquadrops methscopolamine bromide + neomycin sulfate
Neospan Mastitis Treatment neomycin sulfate + penicillin g potassium + polymyxin B sulfate + streptomycin sulfate
Neosporin antibiotic cream gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neosporin Eye-Ear Solution gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neosporin Irrigating Solution neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neosporin Ointment bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neosporin Ophthalmic Ointment bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neosulf neomycin sulfate + sulfamethazine + sulfathiazole
Neosulf bolus calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
Neosulf Plus bolus calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
Neosulpec kaolin + neomycin + pectin + sulfaguanidine + sulfamethazine + sulfathiazole
Neotet soluble concentrate neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Neotetramed Powder neomycin sulfate + tetracycline hydrochloride
Neotopic ointment bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Neovast tabs kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + sulfadiazine + sulfaguanidine + sulfamerazine + sulfathiazole
Neox neomycin sulfate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Ophtacin ophtalmic ointment bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Ophtacin-H ophtalmic ointment bacitracin zinc + hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Optimyxin Plus Oto-opht GTTE gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Optiprime oph gel neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Optisone neomycin + prednisolone
Oribiotic ointment bacitracin + lidocaine + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Otizol HC liq hydrocortisone acetate + lidocaine hydrochloride + neomycin sulfate
P.T. Booster calcium d-pantothenate + neomycin sulfate + nicotinic acid + pyridoxine hydrochloride + streptomycin sulfate + vitamin A + vitamin B1 + vitamin B12 + vitamin B2 + vitamin D3
Panolog cream neomycin sulfate + nystatin + thiostrepton [antibiotic of a streptomyces species] + triamcinolone acetonide
Panolog ointment neomycin sulfate + nystatin + thiostrepton [antibiotic of a streptomyces species] + triamcinolone acetonide
Pinkeye Spray gentian violet + neomycin sulfate
Previte neomycin sulfate + selenium sulfide + streptomycin sulfate + vitamin A + vitamin D + vitamin e + vitamin K1
Proctosone ont dibucaine hydrochloride + esculin + hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate
Proctosone sup dibucaine hydrochloride + esculin + hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate
Ratio-Triacomb regular cream gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Sandoz Cortimyxin bacitracin zinc + hydrocortisone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Scour bolus plus calcium carbonate + magnesium oxide + menadione sodium bisulfite + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + streptomycin sulfate + sulfamerazine + sulfamethazine + sulfanilamide + sulfathiazole + vitamin A + vitamin D
Scour Solution methscopolamine bromide + neomycin sulfate
Scour solution coop methscopolamine bromide + neomycin sulfate
Scour suspension atropine sulfate + calcium phosphate + hyoscyamine sulfate + kaolin + neomycin sulfate + pectin + succinylsulfathiazole
Scour treat liq neomycin sulfate + sulfamethazine + sulfathiazole
Scour-plug calcium chloride + magnesium chloride + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + sulfamethazine
Septomixine Forte dexamethasone + halethazole tartrate + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate + tyrothricin
Solvaderm ointment neomycin sulfate + nystatin + thiostrepton [antibiotic of a streptomyces species] + triamcinolone acetonide
Spor-HC otic susp hydrocortisone + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Sulectim plus scour boluses calcium carbonate + magnesium oxide + menadione sodium bisulfite + neomycin sulfate + potassium acetate + sodium acetate + sodium chloride + streptomycin sulfate + sulfamerazine + sulfamethazine + sulfanilamide + sulfathiazole sodium + vitamin A + vitamin D
Sulkamycin S Bolettes neomycin sulfate + sulfamethazine
Synalar Bi-otic solution fluocinolone acetonide + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Theraderm cream gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Tresaderm dermatologic solution dexamethasone + neomycin sulfate + thiabendazole
Triple sulfa plus neomycin neomycin sulfate + sulfamerazine sodium + sulfamethazine sodium + sulfathiazole sodium
Vetropolycin HC ont bacitracin zinc + hydrocortisone acetate + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B
Vetropolycin ont bacitracin zinc + neomycin sulfate + polymyxin B sulfate
Viaderm KC Cream gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Viaderm KC ont gramicidin + neomycin sulfate + nystatin + triamcinolone acetonide
Wound & Pinkeye Spray gentian violet + neomycin sulfate
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Categories
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Antibiotics
  • Aminoglycosides
CAS number 1404-04-2
Weight Average: 614.6437
Monoisotopic: 614.312285588
Chemical Formula C23H46N6O13
InChI Key InChIKey=PGBHMTALBVVCIT-VCIWKGPPSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H46N6O13/c24-2-7-13(32)15(34)10(28)21(37-7)40-18-6(27)1-5(26)12(31)20(18)42-23-17(36)19(9(4-30)39-23)41-22-11(29)16(35)14(33)8(3-25)38-22/h5-23,30-36H,1-4,24-29H2/t5-,6+,7-,8+,9-,10-,11-,12+,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23+/m1/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-{[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-4-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}oxane-3,4-diol
SMILES
NC[C@@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C[C@H](N)[C@H]3O[C@H]3O[C@H](CN)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3N)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Aminoglycosides
Substructures
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Glycerol and Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Pyrans
  • Acetals and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Ethers
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Amino Alcohols
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Furans
Pharmacology
Indication Topical uses include treatment for superficial eye infections caused by susceptible bacteria (used in combination with other antiinfectives), treatment of otitis externa caused by susceptible bacteria, treatment or prevention of bacterial infections in skin lesions, and use as a continuous short-term irrigant or rinse to prevent bacteriuria and gram negative rod bacteremia in abacteriuric patients with indwelling catheters. May be used orally to treat hepatic encephalopathy, as a perioperative prophylactic agent, and as an adjunct to fluid and electrolyte replacement in the treatment of diarrhea caused to enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).
Pharmacodynamics Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with penicillin-related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Mechanism of action Aminoglycosides like neomycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically neomycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes.
Absorption Poorly absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract. Although only approximately 3% of neomycin is absorbed through intact intestinal mucosa, significant amounts may be absorbed through ulcerated or denuded mucosa or if inflammation is present.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Protein binding studies have shown that the degree of aminoglycoside protein binding is low and, depending upon the methods used for testing, may be between 0% and 30%.
Metabolism Neomycin undergoes negligible biotransformation after parenteral administration.
Route of elimination The small absorbed fraction is rapidly distributed in the tissues and is excreted by the kidney in keeping with the degree of kidney function.
Half life 2 to 3 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity LD50 = 200 mg/kg (rat). Because of low absorption, it is unlikely that acute overdosage would occur with oral neomycin. However, prolonged administration could result in sufficient systemic drug levels to produce neurotoxicity, ototoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity occurs via drug accumulation in renal proximal tubular cells resulting in cellular damage. Tubular cells may regenerate despite continued exposure and nephrotoxicity is usually mild reversible. Neomycin is the most toxic aminoglycoside agent, which is thought to be due to its large number of cationic amino groups. Otoxocity occurs via drug accumulation in the endolymph and perilymph of the inner ear causing irreversible damage to hair cells in the cochlea or summit of ampullar cristae in the vestibular complex. High frequency hearing loss is followed by low frequency hearing loss. Further toxicity may cause retrograde degeneration of the auditory nerve. Vestibular toxicity may result in vertigo, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and loss of balance.
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00256 Neomycin Pathway SMP00256
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • X gen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
  • Pfizer laboratories div pfizer inc
  • Bristol myers squibb co
  • Lannett co inc
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Oman pharmaceutical products co llc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Dressing Topical
Ointment Ophthalmic
Solution / drops Ophthalmic
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Neomycin Sulfate 500 mg tablet 1.39 USD tablet
Neomycin 500 mg tablet 1.25 USD tablet
Neomycin sulfate powder 0.84 USD g
Neo-fradin 125 mg/5 ml soln 0.12 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 6 mg/mL (as sulfate form) Not Available
logP -7.8 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 6.47e+01 g/l ALOGPS
logP -2.8 ALOGPS
logP -8.4 ChemAxon
logS -0.98 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 12.29 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.97 ChemAxon
physiological charge 6 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 19 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 13 ChemAxon
polar surface area 353.11 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 9 ChemAxon
refractivity 135.9 ChemAxon
polarizability 60.87 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C00384 Link_out
PubChem Compound 8378 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505525 Link_out
ChemSpider 8075 Link_out
ChEBI 7507 Link_out
ChEMBL 7507 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000036 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450608 Link_out
HET CNY Link_out
Drug Product Database 527750 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/neomy.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/neomycin.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomycin Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A01AB08
  • A07AA01
  • B05CA09
  • D06AX04
  • J01GB05
  • R02AB01
  • S01AA03
  • S02AA07
  • S03AA01
  • D09AA01
  • S01AA07
AHFS Codes
  • 84:04.04
  • 52:04.04
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72.9 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Cefotaxime Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Cefotetan Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Cefoxitin Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Ceftazidime Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Ceftriaxone Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Colistimethate Aminoglycosides may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Colistimethate. Aminoglycosides may enhance the neuromuscular-blocking effect of Colistimethate. Due to the potential for additive or synergistic toxicities (including both nephrotoxicity and neuromuscular blockade) between colistimethate and the aminoglycoside antibiotics, this combination should be avoided whenever possible. If these agents must be used together, patients' renal and neuromuscular function should be monitored closely.
Tacrolimus Additive renal impairment may occur during concomitant therapy with aminoglycosides such as Neomycin. Use caution during concomitant therapy.
Ticarcillin Ticarcillin may reduce the serum concentration of Neomycin. Ticarcillin may inactivate Neomycin in vitro and the two agents should not be administered simultaneously through the same IV line.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. 30S ribosomal protein S12

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Cryo-EM studies suggest that S12 contacts the EF-Tu bound tRNA in the A-site during codon-recognition. This contact is most likely broken as the aminoacyl-tRNA moves into the peptidyl transferase center in the 50S subunit

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P0A7S3 Link_out
Gene: rpsL
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Gill AE, Amyes SG: The contribution of a novel ribosomal S12 mutation to aminoglycoside resistance of Escherichia coli mutants. J Chemother. 2004 Aug;16(4):347-9. Pubmed
  4. Eisenstein BI, Beachey EH, Ofek I: Influence of sublethal concentrations of antibiotics on the expression of the mannose-specific ligand of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1980 Apr;28(1):154-9. Pubmed

2. 16S rRNA

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

In prokaryotes, the 16S rRNA is essential for recognizing the 5' end of mRNA and hence positioning it correctly on the ribosome. The 16S rRNA has a characteristic secondary structure in which half of the nucleotides are base-paired. The 16S rRNA sequence has been highly conserved and is often used for evolutionary and species comparative analysis.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Roy U, Nair D: Biodiversity of organotin resistant Pseudomonas from west coast of India. Ecotoxicology. 2007 Mar;16(2):253-61. Epub 2006 Nov 28. Pubmed
  4. Wachino JI, Shibayama K, Kurokawa H, Kimura K, Yamane K, Suzuki S, Shibata N, Ike Y, Arakawa Y: Plasmid-mediated novel m1A1408 methyltransferase, NpmA, for 16S rRNA found in clinically isolated Escherichia coli resistant to structurally diverse aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Sep 17;. Pubmed
  5. Brown JM, Cowley KD, Manninen KI, McNeil MM: Phenotypic and molecular epidemiologic evaluation of a Nocardia farcinica mastitis epizootic. Vet Microbiol. 2007 Nov 15;125(1-2):66-72. Epub 2007 May 6. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19