Levocabastine

Identification

Summary

Levocabastine is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist indicated for the management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis symptoms.

Brand Names
Livostin
Generic Name
Levocabastine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01106
Background

Levocabastine is a selective second-generation H1-receptor antagonist used for allergic conjunctivitis. Levocabastine was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 420.528
Monoisotopic: 420.221306345
Chemical Formula
C26H29FN2O2
Synonyms
  • Levocabastina
  • Levocabastine
  • Levocabastinum

Pharmacology

Indication

As an ophthalmic for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Also used as a nasal spray for allergic rhinitis.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Symptomatic treatment ofAllergic rhinitis••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofConjunctivitis allergic••• •••••••••••• •••••••• • •••••• ••••••••••• •••••••••• • •••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Levocabastine is a selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist exerting inhibitory effects on the release of chemical mediators from mast cells and on the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils. Both histamine and antigens induced conjunctivitis can be inhibited by levocabastine. Levocabastine can also reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis by preventing an increase in vascular permeability of nasal mucosa.

Mechanism of action

Levocabastine is a potent, selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist. It works by competing with histamine for H1-receptor sites on effector cells. It thereby prevents, but does not reverse, responses mediated by histamine alone. Levocabastine does not block histamine release but, rather, prevents histamine binding and activity. Levocabastine also binds neurotensin 2 receptors and serves as a neurotensin agonist. This can induce some degree of analgesia.

TargetActionsOrganism
AHistamine H1 receptor
antagonist
Humans
ANeurotensin receptor type 2
partial antagonist
Humans
Absorption

After instillation in the eye, levocabastine is systemically absorbed, albeit at low levels.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Mostly unchanged. 10 to 20% is metabolized to the acylglucuronide of levocabastine.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

36 hours (after oral administration)

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Adverse effects include visual disturbances, dry mouth, cough, nausea, eyelid edema and lacrimation.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Levocabastine H1-Antihistamine ActionDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcrivastineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Levocabastine is combined with Acrivastine.
AdenosineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Levocabastine is combined with Adenosine.
AjmalineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Levocabastine is combined with Ajmaline.
AlfuzosinThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Alfuzosin is combined with Levocabastine.
AlimemazineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Levocabastine is combined with Alimemazine.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Levocabastine hydrochloride124XMA6YEI79547-78-7OICFWWJHIMKBCD-VALQNVSPSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
LivostinSuspension0.5 mg/1mLOphthalmicPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2004-04-282006-06-30US flag
LivostinSuspension0.5 mg/1mLOphthalmicNovartis Ophthalmics2006-01-12Not applicableUS flag
Livostin Eye DropsSolution / drops; Suspension0.5 mg / mLOphthalmicNovartis1995-12-312011-06-27Canada flag
Livostin Sus Nas 0.5mg/mlSpray; Suspension0.05 mg / actNasalJanssen Pharmaceuticals1993-12-312020-12-22Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
R01AC02 — LevocabastineS01GX02 — Levocabastine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperidines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperidine skeleton, which consists of a piperidine bound to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Phenylpiperidines
Direct Parent
Phenylpiperidines
Alternative Parents
Piperidinecarboxylic acids / Aralkylamines / Fluorobenzenes / Cyclohexylamines / Aryl fluorides / Trialkylamines / Amino acids / Nitriles / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Azacyclic compounds
show 6 more
Substituents
Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbonitrile
show 22 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
H68BP06S81
CAS number
79516-68-0
InChI Key
ZCGOMHNNNFPNMX-KYTRFIICSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C26H29FN2O2/c1-19-17-29(16-15-26(19,24(30)31)21-5-3-2-4-6-21)23-11-13-25(18-28,14-12-23)20-7-9-22(27)10-8-20/h2-10,19,23H,11-17H2,1H3,(H,30,31)/t19-,23-,25-,26-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(3S,4R)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1-[(1s,4s)-4-cyano-4-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid
SMILES
C[C@@H]1CN(CC[C@]1(C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H]1CC[C@](CC1)(C#N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1

References

General References
Not Available
KEGG Drug
D01717
PubChem Compound
54385
PubChem Substance
46505909
ChemSpider
16736421
BindingDB
50019405
RxNav
28627
ChEBI
135679
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1615438
ZINC
ZINC000100089496
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000335
PharmGKB
PA164742988
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Levocabastine

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Novartis AG
  • OMJ Pharmaceuticals
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Suspension / dropsOphthalmic0.5 mg/ml
Spray, suspensionNasal0.5 mg/ml
SprayNasal
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
SuspensionOphthalmic0.5 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 mg/ml
SprayNasal0.5 mg/ml
Solution / drops; suspensionOphthalmic0.5 mg / mL
Spray; suspensionNasal0.05 mg / act
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubility>0.5 mg/mLNot Available
logP5Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00347 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.56ALOGPS
logP2.5Chemaxon
logS-5.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.71Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.32Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area64.33 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity118.48 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability45.58 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9811
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8388
Caco-2 permeable+0.5747
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7325
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.5
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.5682
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.5526
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7708
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.6679
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5153
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9046
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7503
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9196
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.9608 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9404
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.625
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0000900000-99612e4d1c9b496df1eb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0009700000-a0567a86cdc2d2fcbf11
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0umi-0008900000-27a804818b72c830bc7c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05r1-0009200000-88ce5da1319fb735760f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00dl-2549300000-fdc10e06758ed38c462e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-002b-0239200000-c55b7277df47f5270137
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-195.15028
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+197.54585
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+203.45836
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name
HRH1
Uniprot ID
P35367
Uniprot Name
Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight
55783.61 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  2. Sugimoto Y, Iba Y, Ishizawa K, Suzuki G, Kamei C: Effects of levocabastine on lipid mediator release from guinea pig lung fragments. Acta Med Okayama. 1999 Dec;53(6):271-4. [Article]
  3. Chalon P, Vita N, Kaghad M, Guillemot M, Bonnin J, Delpech B, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Caput D: Molecular cloning of a levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin binding site. FEBS Lett. 1996 May 20;386(2-3):91-4. [Article]
  4. Yamada M, Yamada M, Lombet A, Forgez P, Rostene W: Distinct functional characteristics of levocabastine sensitive rat neurotensin NT2 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Life Sci. 1998;62(23):PL 375-80. [Article]
  5. Betancur C, Canton M, Burgos A, Labeeuw B, Gully D, Rostene W, Pelaprat D: Characterization of binding sites of a new neurotensin receptor antagonist, [3H]SR 142948A, in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Feb 5;343(1):67-77. [Article]
  6. Akiyoshi M, Shigeoka T, Torii S, Maki E, Enomoto S, Takahashi H, Hirano F: [Pharmacological and clinical properties of levocabastine hydrochloride (eye drop and nasal spray), a selective H1 antagonist]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002 Mar;119(3):175-84. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Partial antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for the tridecapeptide neurotensin. It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Gene Name
NTSR2
Uniprot ID
O95665
Uniprot Name
Neurotensin receptor type 2
Molecular Weight
45384.635 Da
References
  1. Richard F, Barroso S, Martinez J, Labbe-Jullie C, Kitabgi P: Agonism, inverse agonism, and neutral antagonism at the constitutively active human neurotensin receptor 2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;60(6):1392-8. [Article]
  2. Chalon P, Vita N, Kaghad M, Guillemot M, Bonnin J, Delpech B, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Caput D: Molecular cloning of a levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin binding site. FEBS Lett. 1996 May 20;386(2-3):91-4. [Article]
  3. Botto JM, Guillemare E, Vincent JP, Mazella J: Effects of SR 48692 on neurotensin-induced calcium-activated chloride currents in the Xenopus oocyte expression system: agonist-like activity on the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor and absence of antagonist effect on the levocabastine insensitive neurotensin receptor. Neurosci Lett. 1997 Feb 28;223(3):193-6. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 19, 2024 11:06