Trihexyphenidyl

Identification

Summary

Trihexyphenidyl is an antispasmodic drug used as an adjunct drug in the management of parkinsonism and as a treatment for extrapyramidal symptoms caused by drugs affecting the central nervous system (CNS).

Generic Name
Trihexyphenidyl
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00376
Background

Trihexyphenidyl is a centrally acting muscarinic antagonist used for treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders.11,12 Its discovery was published in 1949 in a study looking for drugs with antispasmodic activity.9 Trihexyphenidyl is rarely used in the treatment of parkinsonism, and is not a first line treatment due to significant adverse effects.15 It has largely been replaced by drugs such as levodopa.15

Trihexyphenidyl was granted FDA approval on 13 May 1949.10

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 301.4662
Monoisotopic: 301.240564619
Chemical Formula
C20H31NO
Synonyms
  • Trihexifenidilo
  • Trihexyphenidyl
  • Trihexyphénidyle
  • Trihexyphenidylum
External IDs
  • Win 511

Pharmacology

Indication

Tihexyphenidyl is indicated as an adjunct in the treatment of parkinsonism, an adjuvant in the treatment of parkinsonism with levodopa, and in the control of extrapyramidal disorders caused by central nervous system drugs.11,12

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofExtrapyramidal symptoms caused by butyrophenones••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Management ofExtrapyramidal symptoms caused by dibenzoxazepines••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Management ofExtrapyramidal symptoms caused by phenothiazines••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Management ofExtrapyramidal symptoms caused by thioxanthenes••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Adjunct therapy in treatment ofArteriosclerotic parkinsonism••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Trihexyphenidyl is an antimuscarinic indicated as an adjunct in the treatment of parkinsonism or as a treatment for drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.11,12 It has a long duration of action as it does not need to be given every day.13 It has a wide therapeutic window, with acute toxicity being non fatal in doses as high as 300 mg.13 Patients should have their iridocorneal angle examined before and intraocular pressure monitored during therapy.13 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of anhidrosis and hyperthermia.13

Mechanism of action

Trihexyphenidyl is a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist but binds with higher affinity to the M1 subtype.2 In vivo studies have shown that trihexyphenidyl demonstrates higher affinity for central muscarinic receptors located in the cerebral cortex and lower affinity for those located peripherally.2,3 Other studies suggest that trihexyphenidyl may modify nicotinic acetylcholine receptor neurotransmission, leading indirectly to enhanced dopamine release in the striatum.5 Although the anticholinergic has proven to be useful in the treatment of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease or other movement disorders, its mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated.4,1

TargetActionsOrganism
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

Trihexyphenidyl is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Trihexyphenidyl reaches a Cmax of 7.2 ng/mL, with a Tmax of 1.3 hours, and an AUC of 201 ng*h/mL.7,8

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Data regarding the extent of trihexyphenidyl protein binding in plasma are not readily available. Trihexyphenidyl is 36.13-41.92% bound to albumin under controlled conditions in a dialysis bag.6

Metabolism

Data regarding the metabolism of trihexyphenidyl are not readily available.1 However, it is likely not heavily metabolized.1

Route of elimination

Data regarding the route of elimination of trihexyphenidyl are not readily available.1 However, it is likely eliminated predominantly in the urine.1

Half-life

The mean elimination half life of trihexyphenidyl is 3.2 ± 0.3 hours.7

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include mydriasis, dryness of mucous membranes, red face, atonic states of bowels and bladder, and hyperthermia in high doses. Trihexyphenidyl causes agitation, confusion, and hallucinations due to its effects on the central nervous system. Untreated overdose may result in death, especially in children. Respiratory depression and cardiac arrest may be seen as premortal signs.

Patients experiencing an overdose of trihexyphenidyl may experience dry mouth, anhidrosis, mydriasis, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, reduced gastrointestinal motility, urinary hesitancy or retention, rash, hyperthermia, confusion, restlessness, agitation, poor coordination, paranoia, psychosis, delirium, hallucinations, coma, respiratory failure, circulatory failure, and death.1 Patients should be treated with symptomatic and supportive care which may include airway maintenance and the use of physostigmine.1

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AclidiniumThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trihexyphenidyl is combined with Aclidinium.
AdenosineThe risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Trihexyphenidyl is combined with Adenosine.
AlfentanilThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trihexyphenidyl is combined with Alfentanil.
AlloinThe therapeutic efficacy of Alloin can be decreased when used in combination with Trihexyphenidyl.
AmantadineThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trihexyphenidyl is combined with Amantadine.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. Taking with food may minimize stomach upset. May take before meals to mitigate dry mouth or may take after meals to reduce excess salivation.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Trihexyphenidyl hydrochlorideAO61G8257752-49-3QDWJJTJNXAKQKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
ACA (Atlantic) / Acamed (Medifive) / Altant (Panbiotic) / Apo-trihex / Artane (Sanofi Aventis) / Artine (The Central) / Atan (Newai Chem) / Benzhexol (Johnson) / Benzox (Li Ta) / Bexol (Intas) / Broflex (Alliance) / Cyclodol (Grindeks) / Dyskinil (Crescent) / Ea Ten (Heng Hsin) / Hexymer (Mersifarma) / Hipokinon (Psicofarma) / Lahexy (La Pharmaceuticals) / Pacitane (Wyeth) / Pakisonal (Takata Seiyaku) / Parales (Psyco Remedies) / Parcisol (Milve) / Pargitan (Nevada Pharma) / Parkin (Micro Synapse) / Parkinane (Eisai) / Parkines (Towa Yakuhin) / Parkinidyl (CCPC) / Parkisan (Balkanpharma) / Parkitane (Sun) / Parkizol (Hikma) / Tonaril (Chile)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Aparkane Tab 2mgTablet2 mgOralIcn Pharmaceuticals1973-12-312005-04-26Canada flag
Aparkane Tab 5mgTablet5 mgOralIcn Pharmaceuticals1973-12-312005-04-26Canada flag
Artane Elx 2mg/5mlElixir2 mg / 5 mLOralLederle Cyanamid Canada Inc.1967-12-311999-08-12Canada flag
Artane Tab 2mgTablet2 mgOralLederle Cyanamid Canada Inc.1951-12-311999-04-12Canada flag
Artane Tab 5mgTablet5 mgOralLederle Cyanamid Canada Inc.1951-12-311997-01-14Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Novo-hexidyl 2mgTablet2 mgOralNovopharm Limited1968-12-312005-08-10Canada flag
Novo-hexidyl 5mgTablet5 mgOralNovopharm Limited1967-12-312005-08-10Canada flag
Nu-trihexyphenidylTablet5 mg / tabOralNu Pharm IncNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Nu-trihexyphenidylTablet2 mg / tabOralNu Pharm IncNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
PMS TrihexyphenidylTablet5 mgOralPharmascience Inc1987-12-31Not applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N04AA01 — Trihexyphenidyl
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic nitrogen compounds
Class
Organonitrogen compounds
Sub Class
Amines
Direct Parent
Aralkylamines
Alternative Parents
Piperidines / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Tertiary alcohols / 1,3-aminoalcohols / Trialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
Substituents
1,3-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocyclic benzene moiety / Organic oxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
amine (CHEBI:9720)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
6RC5V8B7PO
CAS number
144-11-6
InChI Key
HWHLPVGTWGOCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H31NO/c22-20(18-10-4-1-5-11-18,19-12-6-2-7-13-19)14-17-21-15-8-3-9-16-21/h1,4-5,10-11,19,22H,2-3,6-9,12-17H2
IUPAC Name
1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol
SMILES
OC(CCN1CCCCC1)(C1CCCCC1)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

General References
  1. Jilani TN, Sabir S, Sharma S: Trihexyphenidyl . [Article]
  2. Giachetti A, Giraldo E, Ladinsky H, Montagna E: Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine. Br J Pharmacol. 1986 Sep;89(1):83-90. [Article]
  3. Authors unspecified: Trihexyphenidyl . [Article]
  4. Authors unspecified: Parkinson Disease Agents . [Article]
  5. Downs AM, Fan X, Donsante C, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ: Trihexyphenidyl rescues the deficit in dopamine neurotransmission in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol Dis. 2019 May;125:115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.012. Epub 2019 Jan 30. [Article]
  6. Zhao X, You T, Liu J, Sun X, Yan J, Yang X, Wang E: Drug-human serum albumin binding studied by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis. 2004 Oct;25(20):3422-6. doi: 10.1002/elps.200305930. [Article]
  7. Burke RE, Fahn S: Pharmacokinetics of trihexyphenidyl after short-term and long-term administration to dystonic patients. Ann Neurol. 1985 Jul;18(1):35-40. doi: 10.1002/ana.410180107. [Article]
  8. He H, McKay G, Wirshing B, Midha KK: Development and application of a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for trihexyphenidyl to a pharmacokinetic study in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1995 May;84(5):561-7. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600840509. [Article]
  9. CUNNINGHAM RW, HARNED BK, et al.: The pharmacology of 3-(N-piperidyl)-1-phenyl-1-cyclohexyl-1-propanol hydrochloric acid (artane) and related compounds; new antispasmodic agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1949 Jun;96(2):151-65. [Article]
  10. FDA Approved Drug Products: Artane (Trihexyphenidyl) Oral Tablet, Capsule, and Elixir (Discontinued) [Link]
  11. FDA Approved Drug Products: Trihexyphenidyl Oral Elixir [Link]
  12. FDA Approved Drug Products: Trihexyphenidyl Oral Tablet [Link]
  13. FDA: Artane (Trihexyphenidyl) Review [Link]
  14. WHO International Pharmacopoeia - Sixth Edition, 2016: Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride [Link]
  15. Parkinson Canada Appendix 1: Canadian Guideline for Parkinson Disease, 2nd Edition [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014520
KEGG Drug
D08638
KEGG Compound
C07171
PubChem Compound
5572
PubChem Substance
46507717
ChemSpider
5371
BindingDB
81462
RxNav
10811
ChEBI
9720
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1490
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001532
PharmGKB
PA164747026
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Trihexyphenidyl
FDA label
Download (197 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedSupportive CareCerebral Palsy (CP) / Excessive crying / Pain1
2CompletedTreatmentDystonia1
0CompletedTreatmentExtrapyramidal disorder1
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableDYT 1 Dystonia / Primary Cervical Dystonia1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co
  • Mikart inc
  • Pharmaceutical assoc inc div beach products
  • Pharmaceutical ventures ltd
  • Schering corp sub schering plough corp
  • Nylos trading co inc
  • Vangard laboratories inc div midway medical co
  • Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
Packagers
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Mckesson Corp.
  • Mikart Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Octofoil Group Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Association
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmacy Service Center
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Qualitest
  • Remedy Repack
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Richmond Pharmacy
  • Vangard Labs Inc.
  • Versapharm Inc.
  • Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
  • West-Ward Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral2 mg
Capsule, extended release5 MG
ElixirOral2 mg / 5 mL
TabletOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral5.000 mg
TabletOral2 mg / tab
TabletOral5 mg / tab
ElixirOral0.4 mg / mL
Tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
SolutionOral2 mg/5mL
SyrupOral2 mg/5mL
TabletOral2 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Trihexyphenidyl HCl 5 mg tablet0.37USD tablet
Trihexyphenidyl 5 mg tablet0.36USD tablet
Trihexyphenidyl HCl 2 mg tablet0.26USD tablet
Trihexyphenidyl 2 mg tablet0.18USD tablet
Apo-Trihex 5 mg Tablet0.07USD tablet
Apo-Trihex 2 mg Tablet0.04USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)115 °CWHO International Pharmacopoeia 6th Edition, 2016
logP4.49SANGSTER (1993)
pKa8.7Zhao et al, 2004
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00314 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.93ALOGPS
logP4.23Chemaxon
logS-5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.84Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.32Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area23.47 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity93.21 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability36.73 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9156
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9523
Caco-2 permeable+0.6707
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6943
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.5993
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7561
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.7563
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8256
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7655
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5746
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9187
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9126
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8966
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9248
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8506
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9543
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8434
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9238
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9253
Rat acute toxicity2.6751 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Strong inhibitor0.6676
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.5713
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0a4j-9520000000-9a2c379908fc40e03fe2
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-0002-9200000000-2092a098302f5e63b76c
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-4119000000-9ed82688d3c1b39f26eb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0009000000-05169e1b75a45b0298c2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udj-8769000000-09940826a30c08d2a7b2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0019000000-589b3a85e0c695bd1aee
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-2917000000-f2bc5c3125c6ceeac990
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0uka-7593000000-d4dd9e0ae8e468ad552d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0911000000-249fe25bba00f68d8cc2
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-182.8530855
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-171.94728
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+183.1998855
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+174.30528
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+182.7632855
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+180.39842
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM1
Uniprot ID
P11229
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Molecular Weight
51420.375 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Prus AJ, Pehrson AL, Philibin SD, Wood JT, Vunck SA, Porter JH: The role of M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the discriminative stimulus properties of N-desmethylclozapine and the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Apr;203(2):295-301. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1262-0. Epub 2008 Aug 7. [Article]
  4. Giachetti A, Giraldo E, Ladinsky H, Montagna E: Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine. Br J Pharmacol. 1986 Sep;89(1):83-90. [Article]
  5. Tanda G, Katz JL: Muscarinic preferential M(1) receptor antagonists enhance the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Oct;87(4):400-4. Epub 2007 Jun 2. [Article]
  6. Dorje F, Wess J, Lambrecht G, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Brann MR: Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb;256(2):727-33. [Article]
  7. Freedman SB, Beer MS, Harley EA: Muscarinic M1, M2 receptor binding. Relationship with functional efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 26;156(1):133-42. [Article]
  8. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM2
Uniprot ID
P08172
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Molecular Weight
51714.605 Da
References
  1. Bognar IT, Altes U, Beinhauer C, Kessler I, Fuder H: A muscarinic receptor different from the M1, M2, M3 and M4 subtypes mediates the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;345(6):611-8. [Article]
  2. Dorje F, Wess J, Lambrecht G, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Brann MR: Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb;256(2):727-33. [Article]
  3. Freedman SB, Beer MS, Harley EA: Muscarinic M1, M2 receptor binding. Relationship with functional efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 26;156(1):133-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Receptor activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM3
Uniprot ID
P20309
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
Molecular Weight
66127.445 Da
References
  1. Bognar IT, Altes U, Beinhauer C, Kessler I, Fuder H: A muscarinic receptor different from the M1, M2, M3 and M4 subtypes mediates the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;345(6):611-8. [Article]
  2. Dorje F, Wess J, Lambrecht G, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Brann MR: Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb;256(2):727-33. [Article]
  3. Freedman SB, Beer MS, Harley EA: Muscarinic M1, M2 receptor binding. Relationship with functional efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 26;156(1):133-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM4
Uniprot ID
P08173
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
Molecular Weight
53048.65 Da
References
  1. Bognar IT, Altes U, Beinhauer C, Kessler I, Fuder H: A muscarinic receptor different from the M1, M2, M3 and M4 subtypes mediates the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;345(6):611-8. [Article]
  2. Dorje F, Wess J, Lambrecht G, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Brann MR: Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb;256(2):727-33. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM5
Uniprot ID
P08912
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5
Molecular Weight
60073.205 Da
References
  1. Bognar IT, Altes U, Beinhauer C, Kessler I, Fuder H: A muscarinic receptor different from the M1, M2, M3 and M4 subtypes mediates the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;345(6):611-8. [Article]
  2. Dorje F, Wess J, Lambrecht G, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Brann MR: Antagonist binding profiles of five cloned human muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Feb;256(2):727-33. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Zhao X, You T, Liu J, Sun X, Yan J, Yang X, Wang E: Drug-human serum albumin binding studied by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis. 2004 Oct;25(20):3422-6. doi: 10.1002/elps.200305930. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48