Tetrahydrofolic acid

Identification

Generic Name
Tetrahydrofolic acid
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00116
Background

Tetrahydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative that is produced from dihydrofolic acid after conversion by dihydrofolate reductase. It is converted into 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by serine hydroxymethyltransferase. It is a soluble coenzyme in many reactions, especially in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 445.4292
Monoisotopic: 445.170981503
Chemical Formula
C19H23N7O6
Synonyms
  • 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate
  • 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
  • Tetrahydrofolate

Pharmacology

Indication

For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Tetrahydrofolate is the main active metabolite of dietary folate. It is vital as a coenzyme in reactions involving transfers of single carbon groups. Tetrahydrofolate has a role in nucleic and amino acid synthesis. As nucleic and amino acid synthesis is affected by a deficiency of tetrahydrofolate, actively dividing and growing cells tend to be the first affected. Tetrahydrofolate is used to treat topical sprue and megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias, hematologic complications resulting from a deficiency in folic acid.

Mechanism of action

Tetrahydrofolate is transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where it is needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids, methylate tRNA, and generate and use formate.

TargetActionsOrganism
UC-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic
cofactor
Humans
UBifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial
cofactor
Humans
UAminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial
cofactor
Humans
UCytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
cofactor
Humans
UMethionine synthase
cofactor
Humans
UFormimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase
cofactor
Humans
UBifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH
cofactor
Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic
cofactor
Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial
cofactor
Humans
UMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
cofactor
Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase
cofactor
Humans
UMethionyl-tRNA formyltransferase, mitochondrial
cofactor
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Methionine MetabolismMetabolic
Adenosine Deaminase DeficiencyDisease
AICA-RibosiduriaDisease
Molybdenum Cofactor DeficiencyDisease
Methionine Adenosyltransferase DeficiencyDisease
Non-Ketotic HyperglycinemiaDisease
SarcosinemiaDisease
Azathioprine Action PathwayDrug action
Thioguanine Action PathwayDrug action
Methotrexate Action PathwayDrug action
Xanthinuria Type IIDisease
Folate Malabsorption, HereditaryDisease
Glycine and Serine MetabolismMetabolic
Ammonia RecyclingMetabolic
Histidine MetabolismMetabolic
Purine MetabolismMetabolic
Betaine MetabolismMetabolic
Cystathionine beta-Synthase DeficiencyDisease
HistidinemiaDisease
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase DeficiencyDisease
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS)Disease
Gout or Kelley-Seegmiller SyndromeDisease
Mercaptopurine Action PathwayDrug action
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency (APRT)Disease
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency (MTHFRD)Disease
Sarcosine Oncometabolite PathwayDisease
Folate MetabolismMetabolic
Adenylosuccinate Lyase DeficiencyDisease
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (DHPD)Disease
S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) Hydrolase DeficiencyDisease
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
CapecitabineThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tetrahydrofolic acid is combined with Capecitabine.
CarbamazepineThe serum concentration of Tetrahydrofolic acid can be decreased when it is combined with Carbamazepine.
ColestipolThe serum concentration of Tetrahydrofolic acid can be decreased when it is combined with Colestipol.
CycloguanilThe therapeutic efficacy of Cycloguanil can be decreased when used in combination with Tetrahydrofolic acid.
DapsoneThe therapeutic efficacy of Dapsone can be decreased when used in combination with Tetrahydrofolic acid.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. These are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Glutamic acid and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Hippuric acids / N-acyl-alpha amino acids / Pterins and derivatives / Aminobenzamides / Aniline and substituted anilines / Benzoyl derivatives / Phenylalkylamines / Hydroxypyrimidines / Secondary alkylarylamines / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
show 9 more
Substituents
Amine / Amino acid / Aminobenzamide / Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzamide / Benzenoid / Benzoic acid or derivatives
show 28 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tetrahydrofolic acid (CHEBI:20506)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
43ZWB253H4
CAS number
135-16-0
InChI Key
MSTNYGQPCMXVAQ-KIYNQFGBSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H23N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,11-12,21,23H,5-8H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H4,20,22,25,26,30)/t11?,12-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid
SMILES
NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(NCC(CNC3=CC=C(C=C3)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)N2)N1

References

Synthesis Reference

Attilio Melera, Fabrizio Marazza, "Process for the preparation of alkaline earth metal salts of (6R)-N(10)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid." U.S. Patent US5332815, issued May, 1954.

US5332815
General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0304496
KEGG Compound
C00101
PubChem Compound
91443
PubChem Substance
46504756
ChemSpider
82572
BindingDB
50022833
ChEBI
20506
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2021342
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001308
PharmGKB
PA164745110
Wikipedia
Tetrahydrofolic_acid

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-2.7Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.269 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.96ALOGPS
logP-3.4Chemaxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.21Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.33Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count12Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count8Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area207.27 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count9Chemaxon
Refractivity121.39 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability42.95 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption-0.5181
Blood Brain Barrier-0.533
Caco-2 permeable-0.8443
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7509
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.972
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9966
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8752
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8058
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7984
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.637
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9344
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9265
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9437
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9215
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9161
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9631
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8293
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.954
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8759
Rat acute toxicity2.4563 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9534
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.6623
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090300000-c66445bc20ac1f82390b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-002f-0002900000-35b628373d45ea988124
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0491100000-f9ef32fa86548c9631c8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f7p-1907500000-628c8741ff9fb2d296a7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0933000000-b0059c0e5794f5354d85
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-4916500000-4af506f14ea619ef144f
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-195.76189
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+198.13258
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+204.21303
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
MTHFD1
Uniprot ID
P11586
Uniprot Name
C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic
Molecular Weight
101558.37 Da
References
  1. Akar N, Akar E, Ozel D, Deda G, Sipahi T: Common mutations at the homocysteine metabolism pathway and pediatric stroke. Thromb Res. 2001 Apr 15;102(2):115-20. [Article]
  2. Walkup AS, Appling DR: Enzymatic characterization of human mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Oct 15;442(2):196-205. Epub 2005 Aug 30. [Article]
  3. Matakidou A, El Galta R, Rudd MF, Webb EL, Bridle H, Eisen T, Houlston RS: Prognostic significance of folate metabolism polymorphisms for lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jul 16;97(2):247-52. Epub 2007 May 29. [Article]
  4. Salmassi TM, Leadbetter JR: Analysis of genes of tetrahydrofolate-dependent metabolism from cultivated spirochaetes and the gut community of the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Microbiology. 2003 Sep;149(Pt 9):2529-37. [Article]
  5. Prasannan P, Pike S, Peng K, Shane B, Appling DR: Human mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase: gene structure, tissue distribution of the mRNA, and immunolocalization in Chinese hamster ovary calls. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31;278(44):43178-87. Epub 2003 Aug 22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Phosphate ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
MTHFD2
Uniprot ID
P13995
Uniprot Name
Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
37894.775 Da
References
  1. Salmassi TM, Leadbetter JR: Analysis of genes of tetrahydrofolate-dependent metabolism from cultivated spirochaetes and the gut community of the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Microbiology. 2003 Sep;149(Pt 9):2529-37. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Transaminase activity
Specific Function
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
Gene Name
AMT
Uniprot ID
P48728
Uniprot Name
Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
43945.65 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Masai E, Sasaki M, Minakawa Y, Abe T, Sonoki T, Miyauchi K, Katayama Y, Fukuda M: A novel tetrahydrofolate-dependent O-demethylase gene is essential for growth of Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 with syringate. J Bacteriol. 2004 May;186(9):2757-65. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Methyltransferase activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ALDH1L1
Uniprot ID
O75891
Uniprot Name
Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
Molecular Weight
98828.505 Da
References
  1. Fu TF, Maras B, Barra D, Schirch V: A noncatalytic tetrahydrofolate tight binding site is on the small domain of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Jul 15;367(2):161-6. [Article]
  2. Krupenko SA, Wagner C: Aspartate 142 is involved in both hydrolase and dehydrogenase catalytic centers of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 10;274(50):35777-84. [Article]
  3. Krupenko SA, Vlasov AP, Wagner C: On the role of conserved histidine 106 in 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalysis: connection between hydrolase and dehydrogenase mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 29;276(26):24030-7. Epub 2001 Apr 24. [Article]
  4. Anguera MC, Field MS, Perry C, Ghandour H, Chiang EP, Selhub J, Shane B, Stover PJ: Regulation of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism by 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 7;281(27):18335-42. Epub 2006 Apr 20. [Article]
  5. Oleinik NV, Krupenko NI, Reuland SN, Krupenko SA: Leucovorin-induced resistance against FDH growth suppressor effects occurs through DHFR up-regulation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 14;72(2):256-66. Epub 2006 Apr 25. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyl-cobalamin to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine. Subsequently, remethylates the cofactor using methyltetrahydrofola...
Gene Name
MTR
Uniprot ID
Q99707
Uniprot Name
Methionine synthase
Molecular Weight
140525.91 Da
References
  1. Hall DA, Jordan-Starck TC, Loo RO, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG: Interaction of flavodoxin with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry. 2000 Sep 5;39(35):10711-9. [Article]
  2. Fowler B: The folate cycle and disease in humans. Kidney Int Suppl. 2001 Feb;78:S221-9. [Article]
  3. Fu TF, di Salvo M, Schirch V: Enzymatic determination of homocysteine in cell extracts. Anal Biochem. 2001 Mar;290(2):359-65. [Article]
  4. Jarrett JT, Choi CY, Matthews RG: Changes in protonation associated with substrate binding and Cob(I)alamin formation in cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry. 1997 Dec 16;36(50):15739-48. [Article]
  5. Jarrett JT, Hoover DM, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG: The mechanism of adenosylmethionine-dependent activation of methionine synthase: a rapid kinetic analysis of intermediates in reductive methylation of Cob(II)alamin enzyme. Biochemistry. 1998 Sep 8;37(36):12649-58. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Microtubule binding
Specific Function
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin...
Gene Name
FTCD
Uniprot ID
O95954
Uniprot Name
Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase
Molecular Weight
58925.93 Da
References
  1. Bashour AM, Bloom GS: 58K, a microtubule-binding Golgi protein, is a formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 31;273(31):19612-7. [Article]
  2. Cook RJ: Disruption of histidine catabolism in NEUT2 mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Aug 15;392(2):226-32. [Article]
  3. Kohls D, Croteau N, Mejia N, MacKenzie RE, Vrielink A: Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the formiminotransferase domain from the bifunctional enzyme formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jun;55(Pt 6):1206-8. [Article]
  4. Kohls D, Sulea T, Purisima EO, MacKenzie RE, Vrielink A: The crystal structure of the formiminotransferase domain of formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase: implications for substrate channeling in a bifunctional enzyme. Structure. 2000 Jan 15;8(1):35-46. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 steps in purine biosynthesis.Promotes insulin receptor/INSR autophosphorylation and is involved in INSR internalization (PubMed:25687571).
Gene Name
ATIC
Uniprot ID
P31939
Uniprot Name
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH
Molecular Weight
64615.255 Da
References
  1. Wolan DW, Greasley SE, Wall MJ, Benkovic SJ, Wilson IA: Structure of avian AICAR transformylase with a multisubstrate adduct inhibitor beta-DADF identifies the folate binding site. Biochemistry. 2003 Sep 23;42(37):10904-14. [Article]
  2. Bulock KG, Beardsley GP, Anderson KS: The kinetic mechanism of the human bifunctional enzyme ATIC (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine 5'-monophosphate cyclohydrolase). A surprising lack of substrate channeling. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 21;277(25):22168-74. Epub 2002 Apr 10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Serine binding
Specific Function
Interconversion of serine and glycine.
Gene Name
SHMT1
Uniprot ID
P34896
Uniprot Name
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic
Molecular Weight
53082.18 Da
References
  1. Scarsdale JN, Radaev S, Kazanina G, Schirch V, Wright HT: Crystal structure at 2.4 A resolution of E. coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase in complex with glycine substrate and 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate. J Mol Biol. 2000 Feb 11;296(1):155-68. [Article]
  2. Rao JV, Prakash V, Rao NA, Savithri HS: The role of Glu74 and Tyr82 in the reaction catalyzed by sheep liver cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Oct;267(19):5967-76. [Article]
  3. Heil SG, Van der Put NM, Waas ET, den Heijer M, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ: Is mutated serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) involved in the etiology of neural tube defects? Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Jun;73(2):164-72. [Article]
  4. Ravanel S, Cherest H, Jabrin S, Grunwald D, Surdin-Kerjan Y, Douce R, Rebeille F: Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis in plants: molecular and functional characterization of dihydrofolate synthetase and three isoforms of folylpolyglutamate synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 18;98(26):15360-5. [Article]
  5. Li R, Moore M, King J: Investigating the regulation of one-carbon metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Mar;44(3):233-41. [Article]
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Required to prevent uracil accumulation in mtDNA. Interconversion of serine and glycine. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
Gene Name
SHMT2
Uniprot ID
P34897
Uniprot Name
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
55992.385 Da
References
  1. Heil SG, Van der Put NM, Waas ET, den Heijer M, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ: Is mutated serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) involved in the etiology of neural tube defects? Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Jun;73(2):164-72. [Article]
  2. Contestabile R, Paiardini A, Pascarella S, di Salvo ML, D'Aguanno S, Bossa F: l-Threonine aldolase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and fungal alanine racemase. A subgroup of strictly related enzymes specialized for different functions. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Dec;268(24):6508-25. [Article]
  3. Li R, Moore M, King J: Investigating the regulation of one-carbon metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Mar;44(3):233-41. [Article]
  4. Appaji Rao N, Ambili M, Jala VR, Subramanya HS, Savithri HS: Structure-function relationship in serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Apr 11;1647(1-2):24-9. [Article]
  5. Angelaccio S, Chiaraluce R, Consalvi V, Buchenau B, Giangiacomo L, Bossa F, Contestabile R: Catalytic and thermodynamic properties of tetrahydromethanopterin-dependent serine hydroxymethyltransferase from Methanococcus jannaschii. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41789-97. Epub 2003 Aug 5. [Article]
  6. Prabhu V, Chatson KB, Lui H, Abrams GD, King J: Effects of sulfanilamide and methotrexate on 13C fluxes through the glycine decarboxylase/serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme system in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 1998 Jan;116(1):137-44. [Article]
  7. Rajaram V, Bhavani BS, Kaul P, Prakash V, Appaji Rao N, Savithri HS, Murthy MR: Structure determination and biochemical studies on Bacillus stearothermophilus E53Q serine hydroxymethyltransferase and its complexes provide insights on function and enzyme memory. FEBS J. 2007 Aug;274(16):4148-60. Epub 2007 Jul 25. [Article]
  8. Vatsyayan R, Roy U: Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Leishmania donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 Apr;52(2):433-40. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Protein complex binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine.
Gene Name
MTHFR
Uniprot ID
P42898
Uniprot Name
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Molecular Weight
74595.895 Da
References
  1. Ubbink JB, Christianson A, Bester MJ, Van Allen MI, Venter PA, Delport R, Blom HJ, van der Merwe A, Potgieter H, Vermaak WJ: Folate status, homocysteine metabolism, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase genotype in rural South African blacks with a history of pregnancy complicated by neural tube defects. Metabolism. 1999 Feb;48(2):269-74. [Article]
  2. Heijmans BT, Gussekloo J, Kluft C, Droog S, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, Westendorp RG, Slagboom EP: Mortality risk in men is associated with a common mutation in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR). Eur J Hum Genet. 1999 Feb-Mar;7(2):197-204. [Article]
  3. Tsai MY, Welge BG, Hanson NQ, Bignell MK, Vessey J, Schwichtenberg K, Yang F, Bullemer FE, Rasmussen R, Graham KJ: Genetic causes of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with premature occlusive coronary artery diseases. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Mar;143(1):163-70. [Article]
  4. Holmes ZR, Regan L, Chilcott I, Cohen H: The C677T MTHFR gene mutation is not predictive of risk for recurrent fetal loss. Br J Haematol. 1999 Apr;105(1):98-101. [Article]
  5. Larsson J, Hultberg B, Hillarp A: Hyperhomocysteinemia and the MTHFR C677T mutation in central retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000 Jun;78(3):340-3. [Article]
  6. Siva A, De Lange M, Clayton D, Monteith S, Spector T, Brown MJ: The heritability of plasma homocysteine, and the influence of genetic variation in the homocysteine methylation pathway. QJM. 2007 Aug;100(8):495-9. Epub 2007 Jul 17. [Article]
  7. Leopardi P, Marcon F, Caiola S, Cafolla A, Siniscalchi E, Zijno A, Crebelli R: Effects of folic acid deficiency and MTHFR C677T polymorphism on spontaneous and radiation-induced micronuclei in human lymphocytes. Mutagenesis. 2006 Sep;21(5):327-33. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [Article]
  8. Ott K, Vogelsang H, Marton N, Becker K, Lordick F, Kobl M, Schuhmacher C, Novotny A, Mueller J, Fink U, Ulm K, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Keller G: The thymidylate synthase tandem repeat promoter polymorphism: A predictor for tumor-related survival in neoadjuvant treated locally advanced gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 15;119(12):2885-94. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Interconversion of serine and glycine.
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
Q53ET4
Uniprot Name
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Molecular Weight
55973.345 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.016840. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Cofactor
General Function
Methionyl-trna formyltransferase activity
Specific Function
Formylates methionyl-tRNA in mitochondria. A single tRNA(Met) gene gives rise to both an initiator and an elongator species via an unknown mechanism (By similarity).
Gene Name
MTFMT
Uniprot ID
Q96DP5
Uniprot Name
Methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
43831.73 Da
References
  1. Li Y, Holmes WB, Appling DR, RajBhandary UL: Initiation of protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria without formylation of the initiator tRNA. J Bacteriol. 2000 May;182(10):2886-92. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter.
Gene Name
ABCC2
Uniprot ID
Q92887
Uniprot Name
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1
Molecular Weight
174205.64 Da
References
  1. Kusuhara H, Han YH, Shimoda M, Kokue E, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Reduced folate derivatives are endogenous substrates for cMOAT in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4 Pt 1):G789-96. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:42