Identification
- Name
- Midodrine
- Accession Number
- DB00211 (APRD01116)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Description
An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of hypotension.
- Structure
- Synonyms
- (±)-2-amino-N-(β-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)acetamide
- 1-(2',5'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-glycinamidoethanol
- 2-Amino-N-(2,5-dimethoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethyl)acetamide
- DL-N1-(beta-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)glycinamid
- Midodrin
- Midodrina
- Midodrine
- Midodrinum
- External IDs
- ST 1085 / ST-1085
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Midodrine hydrochloride 59JV96YTXV 43218-56-0 MGCQZNBCJBRZDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Amatine Tablet 5 mg Oral Shire Pharma Canada Ulc 1992-12-31 2010-10-04 Canada Amatine Tablet 2.5 mg Oral Shire Pharma Canada Ulc 1992-12-31 2010-09-30 Canada Midodrine Tablet 5.0 mg Oral Aa Pharma Inc 2006-06-13 Not applicable Canada Midodrine Tablet 2.5 mg Oral Aa Pharma Inc 2006-06-13 Not applicable Canada ProAmatine Tablet 10 mg/1 Oral Shire 1996-09-06 2010-12-31 US ProAmatine Tablet 5 mg/1 Oral Shire 1996-09-06 2010-12-31 US ProAmatine Tablet 2.5 mg/1 Oral Shire 1996-09-06 2010-12-31 US ProAmatine Tablet 5 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2005-09-30 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
- Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
- Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Agents
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Autonomic Agents
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Cardiac Stimulants Excl. Cardiac Glycosides
- Cardiac Therapy
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Ethanolamines
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Sympathomimetics
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
- UNII
- 6YE7PBM15H
- CAS number
- 42794-76-3
- Weight
- Average: 254.2823
Monoisotopic: 254.126657074 - Chemical Formula
- C12H18N2O4
- InChI Key
- PTKSEFOSCHHMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C12H18N2O4/c1-17-8-3-4-11(18-2)9(5-8)10(15)7-14-12(16)6-13/h3-5,10,15H,6-7,13H2,1-2H3,(H,14,16)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-amino-N-[2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]acetamide
- SMILES
- COC1=CC(C(O)CNC(=O)CN)=C(OC)C=C1
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension (OH).
- Associated Conditions
- Pharmacodynamics
Midodrine is a prodrug, i.e., the therapeutic effect of orally administered midodrine is due to the major metabolite desglymidodrine formed by deglycination of midodrine. Desglymidodrine diffuses poorly across the blood-brain barrier, and is therefore not associated with effects on the central nervous system. Administration of midodrine results in a rise in standing, sitting, and supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with orthostatic hypotension of various etiologies. Standing systolic blood pressure is elevated by approximately 15 to 30 mmHg at 1 hour after a 10-mg dose of midodrine, with some effect persisting for 2 to 3 hours. Midodrine has no clinically significant effect on standing or supine pulse rates in patients with autonomic failure.
- Mechanism of action
Midodrine forms an active metabolite, desglymidodrine, that is an alpha1-agonist, and exerts its actions via activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors of the arteriolar and venous vasculature, producing an increase in vascular tone and elevation of blood pressure. Desglymidodrine does not stimulate cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors.
Target Actions Organism AAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor agonistHumans AAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UAlpha-1D adrenergic receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of midodrine (measured as desglymidodrine) is 93% and is not affected by food.
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
- Not Available
- Metabolism
Thorough metabolic studies have not been conducted, but it appears that deglycination of midodrine to desglymidodrine takes place in many tissues, and both compounds are metabolized in part by the liver.
- Route of elimination
- Not Available
- Half life
The plasma levels of the prodrug peak after about half an hour, and decline with a half-life of approximately 25 minutes, while the metabolite reaches peak blood concentrations about 1 to 2 hours after a dose of midodrine and has a half-life of about 3 to 4 hours.
- Clearance
- Renal cl=385 mL/minute
- Toxicity
Symptoms of overdose could include hypertension, piloerection (goosebumps), a sensation of coldness and urinary retention. The single doses that would be associated with symptoms of overdosage or would be potentially life- threatening are unknown. The oral LD50 is approximately 30 to 50 mg/kg in rats, 675 mg/kg in mice, and 125 to 160 mg/kg in dogs. Desglymidodrine is dialyzable.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction 1-(3-Mercapto-2-Methyl-Propionyl)-Pyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 1-(3-Mercapto-2-Methyl-Propionyl)-Pyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid. 1-benzylimidazole The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 1-benzylimidazole. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine. 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid The therapeutic efficacy of Midodrine can be increased when used in combination with 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine. 4-Methoxyamphetamine The metabolism of 4-Methoxyamphetamine can be decreased when combined with Midodrine. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Midodrine is combined with 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. - Food Interactions
- Take without regard to meals.
References
- Synthesis Reference
Anup K. Ray, Hiren Patel, Mahendra R. Patel, "Synthesis of midodrine HCI from a novel intermediate 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-azidoethanone." U.S. Patent US6201153, issued July, 1965.
US6201153- General References
- Hebenstreit G: [Treatment of hypotension caused by psychopharmacological drugs (author's transl)]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1981 Feb 28;131(4):109-12. [PubMed:6165144]
- Tsuda M, Terada T, Irie M, Katsura T, Niida A, Tomita K, Fujii N, Inui K: Transport characteristics of a novel peptide transporter 1 substrate, antihypotensive drug midodrine, and its amino acid derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):455-60. Epub 2006 Apr 5. [PubMed:16597710]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014356
- KEGG Drug
- D08220
- KEGG Compound
- C07890
- PubChem Compound
- 4195
- PubChem Substance
- 46507373
- ChemSpider
- 4050
- ChEBI
- 6933
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1201212
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000229
- PharmGKB
- PA164749381
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Midodrine
- ATC Codes
- C01CA17 — Midodrine
- AHFS Codes
- 12:12.04 — Alpha-adrenergic Agonists
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Apotex inc etobicoke site
- Impax pharmaceuticals
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Sandoz inc
- Upsher smith laboratories inc
- Shire development inc
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Apotex Inc.
- Eon Labs
- Global Pharmaceuticals
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Impax Laboratories Inc.
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Nycomed Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Shire Inc.
- UDL Laboratories
- Upsher Smith Laboratories
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 5 mg Tablet Oral 2.5 mg Tablet Oral 5.0 mg Tablet Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet Oral 2.5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 5 mg/1 - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Proamatine 10 mg tablet 5.91USD tablet Midodrine hcl 10 mg tablet 4.93USD tablet Proamatine 5 mg tablet 3.08USD tablet Midodrine hcl 5 mg tablet 2.47USD tablet Proamatine 2.5 mg tablet 1.53USD tablet Midodrine hcl 2.5 mg tablet 1.23USD tablet Apo-Midodrine 5 mg Tablet 0.59USD tablet Apo-Midodrine 2.5 mg Tablet 0.35USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 200 to 203°C Not Available water solubility Soluble Not Available logP -0.5 Not Available pKa 7.8 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 4.45 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.49 ALOGPS logP -0.95 ChemAxon logS -1.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.77 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.14 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 93.81 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 ChemAxon Refractivity 66.22 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 26.65 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 1 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.7686 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.856 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7382 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.784 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9781 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9866 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8896 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8519 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7593 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5595 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8848 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9385 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8993 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.867 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9316 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.774 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8613 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9595 Rat acute toxicity 2.3137 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9772 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8604
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dimethoxybenzenes. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a monocyclic benzene moiety carrying exactly two methoxy groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Methoxybenzenes
- Direct Parent
- Dimethoxybenzenes
- Alternative Parents
- Phenoxy compounds / Anisoles / Alkyl aryl ethers / Secondary alcohols / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
- Substituents
- P-dimethoxybenzene / Dimethoxybenzene / Phenoxy compound / Anisole / Phenol ether / Alkyl aryl ether / Secondary alcohol / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Ether
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- aromatic ether, amino acid amide, secondary alcohol (CHEBI:6933)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein heterodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
- Gene Name
- ADRA1A
- Uniprot ID
- P35348
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51486.005 Da
References
- Buckner SA, Milicic I, Daza AV, Meyer MD, Altenbach RJ, Williams M, Sullivan JP, Brioni JD: ABT-866, a novel alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor agonist with antagonist properties at the alpha(1B)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug 2;449(1-2):159-65. [PubMed:12163120]
- Taniguchi N, Hamada K, Ogasawara T, Ukai Y, Yoshikuni Y, Kimura K: NS-49, an alpha 1A-adrenoceptor agonist, selectively increases intraurethral pressure in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Dec 27;318(1):117-22. [PubMed:9007522]
- Altenbach RJ, Khilevich A, Kolasa T, Rohde JJ, Bhatia PA, Patel MV, Searle XB, Yang F, Bunnelle WH, Tietje K, Bayburt EK, Carroll WA, Meyer MD, Henry R, Buckner SA, Kuk J, Daza AV, Milicic IV, Cain JC, Kang CH, Ireland LM, Carr TL, Miller TR, Hancock AA, Nakane M, Esbenshade TA, Brune ME, O'Neill AB, Gauvin DM, Katwala SP, Holladay MW, Brioni JD, Sullivan JP: Synthesis and structure-activity studies on N-[5-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]methanesulfonamide, an imidazole-containing alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor agonist. J Med Chem. 2004 Jun 3;47(12):3220-35. [PubMed:15163201]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein heterodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
- Gene Name
- ADRA1B
- Uniprot ID
- P35368
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 56835.375 Da
References
- Altenbach RJ, Khilevich A, Kolasa T, Rohde JJ, Bhatia PA, Patel MV, Searle XB, Yang F, Bunnelle WH, Tietje K, Bayburt EK, Carroll WA, Meyer MD, Henry R, Buckner SA, Kuk J, Daza AV, Milicic IV, Cain JC, Kang CH, Ireland LM, Carr TL, Miller TR, Hancock AA, Nakane M, Esbenshade TA, Brune ME, O'Neill AB, Gauvin DM, Katwala SP, Holladay MW, Brioni JD, Sullivan JP: Synthesis and structure-activity studies on N-[5-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]methanesulfonamide, an imidazole-containing alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor agonist. J Med Chem. 2004 Jun 3;47(12):3220-35. [PubMed:15163201]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
- Gene Name
- ADRA1D
- Uniprot ID
- P25100
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 60462.205 Da
References
- Altenbach RJ, Khilevich A, Meyer MD, Buckner SA, Milicic I, Daza AV, Brune ME, O'Neill AB, Gauvin DM, Cain JC, Nakane M, Holladay MW, Williams M, Brioni JD, Sullivan JP: N-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]ethanesulfonamide (ABT-866, 1),(1) a novel alpha(1)-adrenoceptor ligand with an enhanced in vitro and in vivo profile relative to phenylpropanolamine and midodrine. J Med Chem. 2002 Sep 26;45(20):4395-7. [PubMed:12238918]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
- Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
- Gene Name
- SLC15A1
- Uniprot ID
- P46059
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78805.265 Da
References
- Tsuda M, Terada T, Irie M, Katsura T, Niida A, Tomita K, Fujii N, Inui K: Transport characteristics of a novel peptide transporter 1 substrate, antihypotensive drug midodrine, and its amino acid derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):455-60. Epub 2006 Apr 5. [PubMed:16597710]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 17, 2019 16:46