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Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:07:04
Primary Accession Number DB00252
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00241
Name Phenytoin
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. 5,5-Dwufenylohydantoina
  2. 5,5-diphenylhydantoin
  3. DPH
  4. Difenilhidantoina [Spanish]
  5. Dihydantoin
  6. Diphenylan Sodium
  7. Diphenylhydantoin
  8. Diphenylhydantoine [French]
  9. Diphenylhydatanoin
  10. Fenitoina [INN-Spanish]
  11. Phenytoin Sodium
  12. Phenytoine
  13. Phenytoine [INN-French]
  14. Phenytoinum [INN-Latin]
Brand Names
  1. Aleviatin
  2. Antisacer
  3. Auranile
  4. Causoin
  5. Citrullamon
  6. Citrulliamon
  7. Comital
  8. Comitoina
  9. Convul
  10. Danten
  11. Dantinal
  12. Dantoinal
  13. Dantoinal klinos
  14. Dantoine
  15. Denyl
  16. Di-Hydan
  17. Di-Lan
  18. Di-Phetine
  19. Didan TDC 250
  20. Difenilhidantoina
  21. Difenin
  22. Difetoin
  23. Difhydan
  24. Dihycon
  25. Dilabid
  26. Dilantin
  27. Dilantin acid
  28. Dilantin-125
  29. Dilantine
  30. Dillantin
  31. Dintoin
  32. Dintoina
  33. Diphantoin
  34. Diphedal
  35. Diphedan
  36. Diphenat
  37. Diphenin
  38. Diphenine
  39. Diphentoin
  40. Diphentyn
  41. Diphenylan
  42. Ditoinate
  43. Ekko
  44. Elepsindon
  45. Enkelfel
  46. Epamin
  47. Epanutin
  48. Epasmir 5
  49. Epdantoin Simple
  50. Epdantoine simple
  51. Epelin
  52. Epifenyl
  53. Epihydan
  54. Epilan
  55. Epilan D
  56. Epilan-D
  57. Epilantin
  58. Epinat
  59. Epised
  60. Eptal
  61. Eptoin
  62. Fenantoin
  63. Fenidantoin s
  64. Fentoin
  65. Fenylepsin
  66. Fenytoin Dak
  67. Fenytoine
  68. Gerot-epilan-D
  69. Hidan
  70. Hidantal
  71. Hidantilo
  72. Hidantina
  73. Hidantina senosian
  74. Hidantina vitoria
  75. Hidantomin
  76. Hindatal
  77. Hydantal
  78. Hydantin
  79. Hydantoin
  80. Hydantoinal
  81. Hydantol
  82. Ictalis simple
  83. Idantoil
  84. Idantoin
  85. Iphenylhydantoin
  86. Kessodanten
  87. Labopal
  88. Lehydan
  89. Lepitoin
  90. Lepsin
  91. Mesantoin
  92. Minetoin
  93. Neos-Hidantoina
  94. Neosidantoina
  95. Novantoina
  96. Novophenytoin
  97. Om hidantoina simple
  98. Om-Hydantoine
  99. Oxylan
  100. Phanantin
  101. Phanatine
  102. Phenatine
  103. Phenatoine
  104. Phenhydan
  105. Phenhydanin
  106. Phenitoin
  107. Phentoin
  108. Phentytoin
  109. Phenytex
  110. Phenytoin AWD
  111. Phenytoin-Gerot
  112. Prompt Phenytoin Sodium
  113. Ritmenal
  114. Saceril
  115. Sanepil
  116. Silantin
  117. Sinergina
  118. Sodanthon
  119. Sodantoin
  120. Sodanton
  121. Solantin
  122. Solantoin
  123. Solantyl
  124. Sylantoic
  125. TOIN
  126. Tacosal
  127. Thilophenyl
  128. Toin unicelles
  129. Zentronal
  130. Zentropil
Brand Mixtures
  1. Dilantin W Phenobarbital 15mg (Phenobarbital + Phenytoin Sodium)
  2. Dilantin W Phenobarbital 30mg Cap (Phenobarbital + Phenytoin Sodium)
Chemical IUPAC Name 5,5-di(phenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione
Chemical Formula C15H12N2O2
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 57-41-0
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C15H12N2O2/c18-13-15(17-14(19)16-13,11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H,(H2,16,17,18,19)/f/h16-17H
InChI Key CXOFVDLJLONNDW-XQMQJMAZCS
KEGG Drug D00512 Link Image
KEGG Compound C07443 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1775 Link Image
PubChem Substance 148821 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA450947 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00780626 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/phenyt.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/dil1136.shtml Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Henze, U.S. Pat. 2,409,754 (1946)
Average Molecular Weight 252.2680
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 252.0899
State Solid
Melting Point 286 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 32 mg/L Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 7.11e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 2.2 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 2.26 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -3.55 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability -4.57 [ADME Research, USCD]
pKa/Isoelectric Point 8.33
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES O=C1NC(=O)C(N1)(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Canonical SMILES O=C1NC(=O)C(N1)(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Drug Category
  • Anticonvulsants
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 28:12.12
Indication For the control of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor, temporal lobe) seizures and prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery.
Pharmacology Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy. The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex where spread of seizure activity is inhibited. Phenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures. Phenytoin acts to damp the unwanted, runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells. It lacks the sedation effects associated with phenobarbital. There are some indications that phenytoin has other effects, including anxiety control and mood stabilization, although it has never been approved for those purposes by the FDA.
Mechanism of Action Phenytoin acts on sodium channels on the neuronal cell membrane, limiting the spread of seizure activity and reducing seizure propagation. By promoting sodium efflux from neurons, phenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of post-tetanic potentiation at synapses. Loss of post-tetanic potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci from detonating adjacent cortical areas.
Absorption Bioavailability 70-100% oral, 24.4% for rectal and intravenous administration. Rapid rate of absorption with peak blood concentration expected in 1½ to 3 hours.
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50 = 150 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 1635 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include coma, difficulty in pronouncing words correctly, involuntary eye movement, lack of muscle coordination, low blood pressure, nausea, sluggishness, slurred speech, tremors, and vomiting.
Protein Binding Highly protein bound
Biotransformation Primarily hepatic
Half Life 22 hours (range of 7 to 42 hours)
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Capsule Oral
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Intravenous
Solution Intramuscular
Suspension Oral
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol Increased hydantoin levels and risk of bleeding
Alprazolam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Aminophylline Decreased effect of both products
Amiodarone Amiodarone increases the effect of hydantoin
Anisindione Increased hydantoin levels and risk of bleeding
Aprepitant This CYP3A4 inducer decreases the effect of aprepitant
Atracurium Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Betamethasone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Bleomycin The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Capecitabine Capecitabine increases the effect of hydantoin
Carboplatin The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Carmustine The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Chloramphenicol Increases phenytoin, modifies chloramphenicol
Chlordiazepoxide Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Chlorotrianisene The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Chlorpheniramine The antihistamine increases the effect of hydantoin
Cimetidine Cimetidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin decreases the hydantoin effect
Cisplatin The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin increases the effect and toxicity of phenytoin
Clomifene The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Clorazepate Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Clozapine The hydantoin decreases the effect of clozapine
Conjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Cortisone acetate The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Cyclosporine The hydantoin decreases the effect of cyclosporine
Dasatinib Decreased levels/efficacy of dasatinib
Delavirdine The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of delavirdine
Dexamethasone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Diazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Diazoxide Diazoxide decreases the hydantoin effect
Dicumarol Increased hydantoin levels and risk of bleeding
Diethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Disopyramide The hydantoin decreases the effect of disopyramide
Disulfiram Disulfiram increases the effect of phenytoin
Divalproex sodium Valproate increases the effect of hydantoin
Dopamine Risk of severe hypotension
Doxacurium Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Doxycycline The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of doxycycline
Dyphylline Decreased effect of both products
Estazolam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Estradiol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Estriol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Estrone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Estropipate The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Ethinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Felbamate Increased phenytoin levels and decreased felbamate levels
Felodipine The hydantoin decreases the effect of felodipine
Fluconazole Fluconazole increases the effect of hydantoin
Fludrocortisone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Fluorouracil Fluorouracil increases the effect of hydantoin
Fluoxetine Fluoxetine increases the effect of phenytoin
Flurazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine increases the effect of hydantoin
Folic Acid folic acid decreases the levels of hydantoin
Furosemide The hydantoin decreases the effect of furosemide
Gabapentin Gabapentin increases the effect of hydantoin
Gallamine Triethiodide Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Gefitinib This CYP3A4 inducer may reduce gefitinib plasma concentrations and pharmacological effects
Hydrocortisone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Imatinib The hydantoin decreases the levels of imatinib
Irinotecan The hydantoin decreases the effect of irinotecan
Isoniazid Isoniazid increases the effect of phenytoin in 20% of patients
Itraconazole Phenytoin decreases the effect of itraconazole
Lamotrigine Phenytoin may reduce levels of lamotrigine
Levodopa The hydantoin decreases the effect of levodopa
Levonorgestrel Phenytoin decreases the contraceptive effect
Lopinavir Levels of both drugs are affected
Lorazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Mebendazole The hydantoin decreases the efficiency of mebendazole
Medroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Megestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Mestranol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Methotrexate The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Methoxsalen The hydantoin decreases the effect of psoralene
Methylprednisolone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Metocurine Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Metyrapone The combination renders the test invalid
Mexiletine The hydantoin decreases the effect of mexiletine
Midazolam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Mirtazapine The hydantoins may reduce mirtazapine plasma concentrations and pharmacological effects
Mivacurium Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Nisoldipine Phenytoin decreases the efficiency of nisoldipine
Norethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Omeprazole Omeprazole increases the effect of hydantoin
Oxazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine increases the effect of hydantoin
Oxtriphylline Decreased effect of both products
Oxyphenbutazone The NSAID increases the effect of hydantoin
Pancuronium Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Paramethasone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Phenylbutazone The NSAID increases the effect of hydantoin
Posaconazole Modifications of drug levels for both agents
Praziquantel Markedly lower praziquantel levels
Prednisolone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Prednisone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Quazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Quetiapine Phenytoin decreases the effect of quetiapine
Quinestrol The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the hormones
Quinidine The anticonvulsant decreases the effect of quinidine
Rifampin Rifampin decreases the effect of hydantoin
Sertraline Sertraline increases the effect of hydantoin
Sirolimus The hydantoin decreases sirolimus levels
Sucralfate Sucralfate decreases the effect of hydantoin
Sulfadiazine The sulfonamide increases the effect of hydantoin
Sulfamethizole The sulfonamide increases the effect of hydantoin
Sunitinib Possible decrease in sunitinib levels
Tacrolimus The hydantoin decreases the effect of tacrolimus
Telithromycin Telithromycin may possibly increase the agent effect/toxicity
Temazepam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Theophylline Decreased effect of both products
Thiotepa Possible increase in thiotepa levels
Ticlopidine Ticlopidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Topiramate Increased phenytoin/decreased topiramate
Triamcinolone The enzyme inducer decreases the effect of the corticosteroid
Triazolam Possible increased levels of the hydantoin, decrease of benzodiazepine
Trimethoprim Trimethoprim increases the effect of hydantoin
Trioxsalen The hydantoin decreases the effect of psoralene
Tubocurarine Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Vecuronium Phenytoin decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Vigabatrin Vigabatrin decreases the effect of hydantoin
Vinblastine The antineoplasic agent decreases the effect of hydantoin
Voriconazole The hydantoin decreases the effect of voriconazole
Warfarin Increased hydantoin levels and risk of bleeding
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Do not take calcium, aluminum, magnesium or Iron supplements within 2 hours of taking this medication.
  • Take with food to increase bioavailability and reduce irritation.
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Fosphenytoin (Antiarrhythmic) Pathway SMP00326 Link Image
Phenytoin (Antiarrhythmic) Pathway SMP00327 Link Image
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
  4. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)
  2. Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
  3. Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)
  4. Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)
  5. Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)
Targets
  1. Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha
  2. Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP3A5
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P20815 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P20815|CP3A5_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A5 
MDLIPNLAVETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTRTHGLFKRLGIPGPTPLPLLGNVLSYRQGLWKF
DTECYKKYGKMWGTYEGQLPVLAITDPDVIRTVLVKECYSVFTNRRSLGPVGFMKSAISL
AEDEEWKRIRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMFPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAEKGKPVTLKDIFGAYS
MDVITGTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVESTKKFLKFGFLDPLFLSIILFPFLTPVFEALNVSL
FPKDTINFLSKSVNRMKKSRLNDKQKHRLDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELAAQSI
IFIFAGYETTSSVLSFTLYELATHPDVQQKLQKEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDAVVQMEYLDMVV
NETLRLFPVAIRLERTCKKDVEINGVFIPKGSMVVIPTYALHHDPKYWTEPEEFRPERFS
KKKDSIDPYIYTPFGTGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLDTQG
LLQPEKPIVLKVDSRDGTLSGE
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CYP2C19
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P33261 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P33261|CP2CJ_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C19 (EC 1.14.13.80) 
MDPFVVLVLCLSCLLLLSIWRQSSGRGKLPPGPTPLPVIGNILQIDIKDVSKSLTNLSKI
YGPVFTLYFGLERMVVLHGYEVVKEALIDLGEEFSGRGHFPLAERANRGFGIVFSNGKRW
KEIRRFSLMTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEARCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
IIFQKRFDYKDQQFLNLMEKLNENIRIVSTPWIQICNNFPTIIDYFPGTHNKLLKNLAFM
ESDILEKVKEHQESMDINNPRDFIDCFLIKMEKEKQNQQSEFTIENLVITAADLLGAGTE
TTSTTLRYALLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIERVVGRNRSPCMQDRGHMPYTDAVVHEVQRYID
LIPTSLPHAVTCDVKFRNYLIPKGTTILTSLTSVLHDNKEFPNPEMFDPRHFLDEGGNFK
KSNYFMPFSAGKRICVGEGLARMELFLFLTFILQNFNLKSLIDPKDLDTTPVVNGFASVP
PFYQLCFIPV
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 Name Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)
Enzyme 3 Gene Name CYP2C8
Enzyme 3 SwissProt ID P10632 Link Image
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >sp|P10632|CP2C8_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C8 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MEPFVVLVLCLSFMLLFSLWRQSCRRRKLPPGPTPLPIIGNMLQIDVKDICKSFTNFSKV
YGPVFTVYFGMNPIVVFHGYEAVKEALIDNGEEFSGRGNSPISQRITKGLGIISSNGKRW
KEIRRFSLTTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEAHCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
VVFQKRFDYKDQNFLTLMKRFNENFRILNSPWIQVCNNFPLLIDCFPGTHNKVLKNVALT
RSYIREKVKEHQASLDVNNPRDFIDCFLIKMEQEKDNQKSEFNIENLVGTVADLFVAGTE
TTSTTLRYGLLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIDHVIGRHRSPCMQDRSHMPYTDAVVHEIQRYSD
LVPTGVPHAVTTDTKFRNYLIPKGTTIMALLTSVLHDDKEFPNPNIFDPGHFLDKNGNFK
KSDYFMPFSAGKRICAGEGLARMELFLFLTTILQNFNLKSVDDLKNLNTTAVTKGIVSLP
PSYQICFIPV
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 Name Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)
Enzyme 4 Gene Name CYP2C9
Enzyme 4 SwissProt ID P11712 Link Image
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >sp|P11712|CP2C9_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C9 (EC 1.14.13.80) 
MDSLVVLVLCLSCLLLLSLWRQSSGRGKLPPGPTPLPVIGNILQIGIKDISKSLTNLSKV
YGPVFTLYFGLKPIVVLHGYEAVKEALIDLGEEFSGRGIFPLAERANRGFGIVFSNGKKW
KEIRRFSLMTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEARCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
IIFHKRFDYKDQQFLNLMEKLNENIKILSSPWIQICNNFSPIIDYFPGTHNKLLKNVAFM
KSYILEKVKEHQESMDMNNPQDFIDCFLMKMEKEKHNQPSEFTIESLENTAVDLFGAGTE
TTSTTLRYALLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIERVIGRNRSPCMQDRSHMPYTDAVVHEVQRYID
LLPTSLPHAVTCDIKFRNYLIPKGTTILISLTSVLHDNKEFPNPEMFDPHHFLDEGGNFK
KSKYFMPFSAGKRICVGEALAGMELFLFLTSILQNFNLKSLVDPKNLDTTPVVNGFASVP
PFYQLCFIPV
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 Name Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)
Enzyme 5 Gene Name CYP2B6
Enzyme 5 SwissProt ID P20813 Link Image
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >sp|P20813|CP2B6_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2B6 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MELSVLLFLALLTGLLLLLVQRHPNTHDRLPPGPRPLPLLGNLLQMDRRGLLKSFLRFRE
KYGDVFTVHLGPRPVVMLCGVEAIREALVDKAEAFSGRGKIAMVDPFFRGYGVIFANGNR
WKVLRRFSVTTMRDFGMGKRSVEERIQEEAQCLIEELRKSKGALMDPTFLFQSITANIIC
SIVFGKRFHYQDQEFLKMLNLFYQTFSLISSVFGQLFELFSGFLKYFPGAHRQVYKNLQE
INAYIGHSVEKHRETLDPSAPKDLIDTYLLHMEKEKSNAHSEFSHQNLNLNTLSLFFAGT
ETTSTTLRYGFLLMLKYPHVAERVYREIEQVIGPHRPPELHDRAKMPYTEAVIYEIQRFS
DLLPMGVPHIVTQHTSFRGYIIPKDTEVFLILSTALHDPHYFEKPDAFNPDHFLDANGAL
KKTEAFIPFSLGKRICLGEGIARAELFLFFTTILQNFSMASPVAPEDIDLTPQECGVGKI
PPTYQIRFLPR
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 158
Target 1 Name Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Sodium channel protein type I subunit alpha
  2. Sodium channel protein, brain I subunit alpha
  3. Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.1
Target 1 Gene Name SCN1A
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha 
MEQTVLVPPGPDSFNFFTRESLAAIERRIAEEKAKNPKPDKKDDDENGPKPNSDLEAGKN
LPFIYGDIPPEMVSEPLEDLDPYYINKKTFIVLNKGKAIFRFSATSALYILTPFNPLRKI
AIKILVHSLFSMLIMCTILTNCVFMTMSNPPDWTKNVEYTFTGIYTFESLIKIIARGFCL
EDFTFLRDPWNWLDFTVITFAYVTEFVDLGNVSALRTFRVLRALKTISVIPGLKTIVGAL
IQSVKKLSDVMILTVFCLSVFALIGLQLFMGNLRNKCIQWPPTNASLEEHSIEKNITVNY
NGTLINETVFEFDWKSYIQDSRYHYFLEGFLDALLCGNSSDAGQCPEGYMCVKAGRNPNY
GYTSFDTFSWAFLSLFRLMTQDFWENLYQLTLRAAGKTYMIFFVLVIFLGSFYLINLILA
VVAMAYEEQNQATLEEAEQKEAEFQQMIEQLKKQQEAAQQAATATASEHSREPSAAGRLS
DSSSEASKLSSKSAKERRNRRKKRKQKEQSGGEEKDEDEFQKSESEDSIRRKGFRFSIEG
NRLTYEKRYSSPHQSLLSIRGSLFSPRRNSRTSLFSFRGRAKDVGSENDFADDEHSTFED
NESRRDSLFVPRRHGERRNSNLSQTSRSSRMLAVFPANGKMHSTVDCNGVVSLVGGPSVP
TSPVGQLLPEVIIDKPATDDNGTTTETEMRKRRSSSFHVSMDFLEDPSQRQRAMSIASIL
TNTVEELEESRQKCPPCWYKFSNIFLIWDCSPYWLKVKHVVNLVVMDPFVDLAITICIVL
NTLFMAMEHYPMTDHFNNVLTVGNLVFTGIFTAEMFLKIIAMDPYYYFQEGWNIFDGFIV
TLSLVELGLANVEGLSVLRSFRLLRVFKLAKSWPTLNMLIKIIGNSVGALGNLTLVLAII
VFIFAVVGMQLFGKSYKDCVCKIASDCQLPRWHMNDFFHSFLIVFRVLCGEWIETMWDCM
EVAGQAMCLTVFMMVMVIGNLVVLNLFLALLLSSFSADNLAATDDDNEMNNLQIAVDRMH
KGVAYVKRKIYEFIQQSFIRKQKILDEIKPLDDLNNKKDSCMSNHTAEIGKDLDYLKDVN
GTTSGIGTGSSVEKYIIDESDYMSFINNPSLTVTVPIAVGESDFENLNTEDFSSESDLEE
SKEKLNESSSSSEGSTVDIGAPVEEQPVVEPEETLEPEACFTEGCVQRFKCCQINVEEGR
GKQWWNLRRTCFRIVEHNWFETFIVFMILLSSGALAFEDIYIDQRKTIKTMLEYADKVFT
YIFILEMLLKWVAYGYQTYFTNAWCWLDFLIVDVSLVSLTANALGYSELGAIKSLRTLRA
LRPLRALSRFEGMRVVVNALLGAIPSIMNVLLVCLIFWLIFSIMGVNLFAGKFYHCINTT
TGDRFDIEDVNNHTDCLKLIERNETARWKNVKVNFDNVGFGYLSLLQVATFKGWMDIMYA
AVDSRNVELQPKYEESLYMYLYFVIFIIFGSFFTLNLFIGVIIDNFNQQKKKFGGQDIFM
TEEQKKYYNAMKKLGSKKPQKPIPRPGNKFQGMVFDFVTRQVFDISIMILICLNMVTMMV
ETDDQSEYVTTILSRINLVFIVLFTGECVLKLISLRHYYFTIGWNIFDFVVVILSIVGMF
LAELIEKYFVSPTLFRVIRLARIGRILRLIKGAKGIRTLLFALMMSLPALFNIGLLLFLV
MFIYAIFGMSNFAYVKREVGIDDMFNFETFGNSMICLFQITTSAGWDGLLAPILNSKPPD
CDPNKVNPGSSVKGDCGNPSVGIFFFVSYIIISFLVVVNMYIAVILENFSVATEESAEPL
SEDDFEMFYEVWEKFDPDATQFMEFEKLSQFAAALEPPLNLPQPNKLQLIAMDLPMVSGD
RIHCLDILFAFTKRVLGESGEMDALRIQMEERFMASNPSKVSYQPITTTLKRKQEEVSAV
IIQRAYRRHLLKRTVKQASFTYNKNKIKGGANLLIKEDMIIDRINENSITEKTDLTMSTA
ACPPSYDRVTKPIVEKHEQEGKDEKAKGK
Target 1 Number of Residues 2042
Target 1 Molecular Weight 228974
Target 1 Theoretical pI 5.53
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
voltage-gated ion channel activity
voltage-gated sodium channel activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
calcium ion binding
Process
cation transport
monovalent inorganic cation transport
sodium ion transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
protein complex
voltage-gated sodium channel complex
cell
membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in ion channel activity
Target 1 Specific Function Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 124-147
  • 156-175
  • 189-207
  • 214-233
  • 250-273
  • 400-425
  • 763-787
  • 799-822
  • 831-850
  • 857-876
  • 893-913
  • 967-992
  • 1214-1237
  • 1251-1276
  • 1283-1304
  • 1309-1330
  • 1350-1377
  • 1457-1483
  • 1537-1560
  • 1572-1595
  • 1602-1625
  • 1636-1657
  • 1673-1695
  • 1762-1786
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 12642270 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35498 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SCN1A_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1BYY Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >6000 bp 
ATGGAGCAAACAGTGCTTGTACCACCAGGACCTGACAGCTTCAACTTCTTCACCAGAGAA
TCTCTTGCGGCTATTGAAAGACGCATTGCAGAAGAAAAGGCAAAGAATCCCAAACCAGAC
AAAAAAGATGACGACGAAAATGGCCCAAAGCCAAATAGTGACTTGGAAGCTGGAAAGAAC
CTTCCATTTATTTATGGAGACATTCCTCCAGAGATGGTGTCAGAGCCCCTGGAGGACCTG
GACCCCTACTATATCAATAAGAAAACTTTTATAGTATTGAATAAAGGGAAGGCCATCTTC
CGGTTCAGTGCCACCTCTGCCCTGTACATTTTAACTCCCTTCAATCCTCTTAGGAAAATA
GCTATTAAGATTTTGGTACATTCATTATTCAGCATGCTAATTATGTGCACTATTTTGACA
AACTGTGTGTTTATGACAATGAGTAACCCTCCTGATTGGACAAAGAATGTAGAATACACC
TTCACAGGAATATATACTTTTGAATCACTTATAAAAATTATTGCAAGGGGATTCTGTTTA
GAAGATTTTACTTTCCTTCGGGATCCATGGAACTGGCTCGATTTCACTGTCATTACATTT
GCGTACGTCACAGAGTTTGTGGACCTGGGCAATGTCTCGGCATTGAGAACATTCAGAGTT
CTCCGAGCATTGAAGACGATTTCAGTCATTCCAGGCCTGAAAACCATTGTGGGAGCCCTG
ATCCAGTCTGTGAAGAAGCTCTCAGATGTAATGATCCTGACTGTGTTCTGTCTGAGCGTA
TTTGCTCTAATTGGGCTGCAGCTGTTCATGGGCAACCTGAGGAATAAATGTATACAATGG
CCTCCCACCAATGCTTCCTTGGAGGAACATAGTATAGAAAAGAATATAACTGTGAATTAT
AATGGTACACTTATAAATGAAACTGTCTTTGAGTTTGACTGGAAGTCATATATTCAAGAT
TCAAGATATCATTATTTCCTGGAGGGTTTTTTAGATGCACTACTATGTGGAAATAGCTCT
GATGCAGGCCAATGTCCAGAGGGATATATGTGTGTGAAAGCTGGTAGAAATCCCAATTAT
GGCTACACAAGCTTTGATACCTTCAGTTGGGCTTTTCTGTCCTTGTTTCGACTAATGACT
CAGGACTTCTGGGAAAATCTTTATCAACTGACATTACGTGCTGCTGGGAAAACGTACATG
ATATTTTTTGTGTTGGTCATTTTCTTGGGCTCATTCTACCTAATAAATTTGATCCTGGCT
GTGGTGGCCATGGCCTACGAGGAACAGAATCAGGCCACCTTGGAAGAAGCAGAACAGAAA
GAGGCCGAATTTCAGCAGATGATTGAACAGCTTAAAAAGCAACAGGAGGCAGCTCAGCAG
GCAGCAACGGCAACTGCCTCAGAACATTCCAGAGAGCCCAGTGCAGCAGGCAGGCTCTCA
GACAGCTCATCTGAAGCCTCTAAGTTGAGTTCCAAGAGTGCTAAGGAAAGAAGAAATCGG
AGGAAGAAAAGAAAACAGAAAGAGCAGTCTGGTGGGGAAGAGAAAGATGAGGATGAATTC
CAAAAATCTGAATCTGAGGACAGCATCAGGAGGAAAGGTTTTCGCTTCTCCATTGAAGGG
AACCGATTGACATATGAAAAGAGGTACTCCTCCCCACACCAGTCTTTGTTGAGCATCCGT
GGCTCCCTATTTTCACCAAGGCGAAATAGCAGAACAAGCCTTTTCAGCTTTAGAGGGCGT
GCAAAGGATGTGGGATCTGAGAACGACTTCGCAGATGATGAGCACAGCACCTTTGAGGAT
AACGAGAGCCGTAGAGATTCCTTGTTTGTGCCCCGACGACACGGAGAGAGACGCAACAGC
AACCTGAGTCAGACCAGTAGGTCATCCCGGATGCTGGCAGTGTTTCCAGCGAATGGGAAG
ATGCACAGCACTGTGGATTGCAATGGTGTGGTTTCCTTGGTTGGTGGACCTTCAGTTCCT
ACATCGCCTGTTGGACAGCTTCTGCCAGGGGGAACAACCACTGAAACTGAAATGAGAAAG
AGAAGGTCAAGTTCTTTCCACGTTTCCATGGACTTTCTAGAAGATCCTTCCCAAAGGCAA
CGAGCAATGAGTATAGCCAGCATTCTAACAAATACAGTAGAAGAACTTGAAGAATCCAGG
CAGAAATGCCCACCCTGTTGGTATAAATTTTCCAACATATTCTCAATCTGGGACTGTTCT
CCATATTGGTTAAAAGTGAAACATGTTGTCAACCTGGTCGTGATGGACCCATTTGTTGAC
CTGGCCATCACCATCTGTATTGTCTTAAATACTCTTTTCATGGCCATGGAGCACTATCCA
ATGACGGACCATTTCAATAATGTGCTTACAGTAGGAAACTTGGTTTTCACTGGGATCTTT
ACAGCAGAAATGTTTCTGAAAATTATTGCCATGGATCCTTACTATTATTTCCAAGAAGGC
TGGAATATCTTTGACGGTTTTATTGTGACGCTTAGCCTGGTAGAACTTGGACTCGCCAAT
GTGGAAGGATTATCTGTTCTCCGTTCATTTCGATTGCTGCGAGTTTTCAAGTTGGCAAAA
TCTTGGCCAACGTTAAATATGCTAATAAAGATCATCGGCAATTCCGTGGGGGCTCTGGGA
AATTTAACCCTCGTCTTGGCCATCATCGTCTTCATTTTTGCCGTGGTCGGCATGCAGCTC
TTTGGTAAAAGCTACAAAGATTGTGTCTGCAAGATCGCCAGTGATTGTCAACTCCCACAA
CGCTGGCACATGAATGACTTCTTCCACTCCTTCCTGATTGTGTTCCGCGTGCTGTGTGGG
GAGTGGATAGAGACCATGTGGGACTGTATGGAGGTTGCTGGTCAAGCCATGTGCCTTACT
GTCTTCATGATGGTCATGGTGATTGGAAACCTAGTGGTCCTGAATCTCTTTCTGGCCTTG
CTTCTGAGCTCATTTAGTGCAGACAACCTTGCAGCCACTGATGATGATAATGAAATGAAT
AATCTCCAAATTGCTGTGGATAGGATGCACAAAGGAGTAGCTTATGTGAAAAGAAAAATA
TATGAATTTATTCAACAGTCCTTCATTAGGAAACAAAAGATTTTAGATGAAATTAAACCA
CTTGATGATCTAAACAACAAGAAAGACAGTTGTATGTCCAATCATACAACAGAAATTGGG
AAAGATCTTGACTATCTTAAAGATGTAAATGGAACTACAAGTGGTATAGGAACTGGCAGC
AGTGTTGAAAAATACATTATTGATGAAAGTGATTACATGTCATTCATAAACAACCCCAGT
CTTACTGTGACTGTACCAATTGCTGTAGGAGAATCTGACTTTGAAAATTTAAACACGGAA
GACTTTAGTAGTGAATCGGATCTGGAAGAAAGCAAAGAGAAACTGAATGAAAGCAGTAGC
TCATCAGAAGGTAGCACTGTGGGACATCGGCGCCCTGTAGAAGAACAGCCCGTAGTGGAA
CCTGAAGAAACTCTTGAACCAGAAGCTTGTTTCACTGAAGGCTGTGTACAAAGATTCAAG
TGTTGTCAAATCAATGTGGAAGAAGGCAGAGGAAAACAATGGTGGAACCTGAGAAGGACG
TGTTTCCGAATAGTTGAACATAACTGGTTTGAGACCTTCATTGTTTTCATGATTCTCCTT
AGTAGTGGTGCTCTGGCATTTGAAGATATATATATTGATCAGCGAAAGACGATTAAGACG
ATGTTGGAATATGCTGACAAGGTTTTCACTTACATTTTCATTCTGGAAATGCTTCTAAAA
TGGGTGGCATATGGCTATCAAACATATTTCACCAATGCCTGGTGTTGGCTGGACTTCTTA
ATTGTTGATGTTTCATTGGTCAGTTTAACAGCAAATGCCTTGGGTTACTCAGAACTTGGA
GCCATCAAATCTCTCAGGACACTAAGAGCTCTGAGACCTCTAAGAGCCTTATCTCGATTT
GAAGGGATGAGGGTGGTTGTGAATGCCCTTTTAGGAGCAATTCCATCCATCATGAATGTG
CTTCTGGTTTGTCTTATATTCTGGCTAATTTTCAGCATCATGGGCGTAAATTTGTTTGCT
GGCAAATTCTACCACTGTATTAACACCACAACTGGTGACAGGTTTGACATCGAAGACGTG
AATAATCATACTGATTGCCTAAAACTAATAGAAAGAAATGAGACTGCTCGATGGAAAAAT
GTGAAAGTAAACTTTGATAATGTAGGATTTGGGTATCTCTCTTTGCTTCAAGTTGCCACA
TTCAAAGGATGGATGGATATAATGTATGCAGCAGTTGATTCCAGAAATGTGGAACTCCAG
CCTAAGTATGAAGAAAGTCTGTACATGTATCTTTACTTTGTTATTTTCATCATCTTTGGG
TCCTTCTTCACCTTGAACCTGTTTATTGGTGTCATCATAGATAATTTCAACCAGCAGAAA
AAGAAGTTTGGAGGTCAAGACATCTTTATGACAGAAGAACAGAAGAAATACTATAATGCA
ATGAAAAAATTAGGATCGAAAAAACCGCAAAAGCCTATACCTCGACCAGGAAACAAATTT
CAAGGAATGGTCTTTGACTTCGTAACCAGACAAGTTTTTGACATAAGCATCATGATTCTC
ATCTGTCTTAACATGGTCACAATGATGGTGGAAACAGATGACCAGAGTGAATATGTGACT
ACCATTTTGTCACGCATCAATCTGGTGTTCATTGTGCTATTTACTGGAGAGTGTGTACTG
AAACTCATCTCTCTACGCCATTATTATTTTACCATTGGATGGAATATTTTTGATTTTGTG
GTTGTCATTCTCTCCATTGTAGGTATGTTTCTTGCCGAGCTGATAGAAAAGTATTTCGTG
TCCCCTACCCTGTTCCGAGTGATCCGTCTTGCTAGGATTGGCCGAATCCTACGTCTGATC
AAAGGAGCAAAGGGGATCCGCACGCTGCTCTTTGCTTTGATGATGTCCCTTCCTGCGTTG
TTTAACATCGGCCTCCTACTCTTCCTAGTCATGTTCATCTACGCCATCTTTGGGATGTCC
AACTTTGCCTATGTTAAGAGGGAAGTTGGGATCGATGACATGTTCAACTTTGAGACCTTT
GGCAACAGCATGATCTGCCTATTCCAAATTACAACCTCTGCTGGCTGGGATGGATTGCTA
GCACCCATTCTCAACAGTAAGCCACCCGACTGTGACCCTAATAAAGTTAACCCTGGAAGC
TCAGTTAAGGGAGACTGTGGGAACCCATCTGTTGGAATTTTCTTTTTTGTCAGTTACATC
ATCATATCCTTCCTGGTTGTGGTGAACATGTACATCGCGGTCATCCTGGAGAACTTCAGT
GTTGCTACTGAAGAAAGTGCAGAGCCTCTGAGTGAGGATGACTTTGAGATGTTCTATGAG
GTTTGGGAGAAGTTTGATCCCGATGCAACTCAGTTCATGGAATTTGAAAAATTATCTCAG
TTTGCAGCTGCGCTTGAACCGCCTCTCAATCTGCCACAACCAAACAAACTCCAGCTCATT
GCCATGGATTTGCCCATGGTGAGTGGTGACCGGATCCACTGTCTTGATATCTTATTTGCT
TTTACAAAGCGGGTTCTAGGAGAGAGTGGAGAGATGGATGCTCTACGAATACAGATGGAA
GAGCGATTCATGGCTTCCAATCCTTCCAAGGTCTCCTATCAGCCAATCACTACTACTTTA
AAACGAAAACAAGAGGAAGTATCTGCTGTCATTATTCAGCGTGCTTACAGACGCCACCTT
TTAAAGCGAACTGTAAAACAAGCTTCCTTTACGTACAATAAAAACAAAATCAAAGGTGGG
GCTAATCTTCTTATAAAAGAAGACATGATAATTGACAGAATAAATGAAAACTCTATTACA
GAAAAAACTGATCTGACCATGTCCACTGCAGCTTGTCCACCTTCCTATGACCGGGTGACA
AAGCCAATTGTGGAAAAACATGAGCAAGAAGGCAAAGATGAAAAAGCCAAAGGGAAATAA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID SCN1A Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID SCN1A Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:10585 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 2
Target 1 Locus 2q24.3
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Escayg A, MacDonald BT, Meisler MH, Baulac S, Huberfeld G, An-Gourfinkel I, Brice A, LeGuern E, Moulard B, Chaigne D, Buresi C, Malafosse A: Mutations of SCN1A, encoding a neuronal sodium channel, in two families with GEFS+2. Nat Genet. 2000 Apr;24(4):343-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Barnett S, Richards M, Dibbens L, Desai RR, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Mazarib A, Brand N, Ben-Zeev B, Goikhman I, Singh R, Kremmidiotis G, Gardner A, Sutherland GR, George AL Jr, Mulley JC, Berkovic SF: Neuronal sodium-channel alpha1-subunit mutations in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):859-65. Epub 2001 Mar 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Escayg A, Heils A, MacDonald BT, Haug K, Sander T, Meisler MH: A novel SCN1A mutation associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus--and prevalence of variants in patients with epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):866-73. Epub 2001 Mar 14. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Claes L, Del-Favero J, Ceulemans B, Lagae L, Van Broeckhoven C, De Jonghe P: De novo mutations in the sodium-channel gene SCN1A cause severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1327-32. Epub 2001 May 15. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Abou-Khalil B, Ge Q, Desai R, Ryther R, Bazyk A, Bailey R, Haines JL, Sutcliffe JS, George AL Jr: Partial and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and a novel SCN1A mutation. Neurology. 2001 Dec 26;57(12):2265-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lu CM, Han J, Rado TA, Brown GB: Differential expression of two sodium channel subtypes in human brain. FEBS Lett. 1992 May 25;303(1):53-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Malo MS, Blanchard BJ, Andresen JM, Srivastava K, Chen XN, Li X, Jabs EW, Korenberg JR, Ingram VM: Localization of a putative human brain sodium channel gene (SCN1A) to chromosome band 2q24. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1994;67(3):178-86. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Tate SK, Depondt C, Sisodiya SM, Cavalleri GL, Schorge S, Soranzo N, Thom M, Sen A, Shorvon SD, Sander JW, Wood NW, Goldstein DB: Genetic predictors of the maximum doses patients receive during clinical use of the anti-epileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 12;102(15):5507-12. Epub 2005 Apr 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Tate SK, Singh R, Hung CC, Tai JJ, Depondt C, Cavalleri GL, Sisodiya SM, Goldstein DB, Liou HH: A common polymorphism in the SCN1A gene associates with phenytoin serum levels at maintenance dose. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006 Oct;16(10):721-726. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 220
Target 2 Name Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. HH1
  2. Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha
  3. Sodium channel protein, cardiac muscle alpha-subunit
  4. Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5
Target 2 Gene Name SCN5A
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha 
MANFLLPRGTSSFRRFTRESLAAIEKRMAEKQARGSTTLQESREGLPEEEAPRPQLDLQA
SKKLPDLYGNPPQELIGEPLEDLDPFYSTQKTFIVLNKGKTIFRFSATNALYVLSPFHPV
RRAAVKILVHSLFNMLIMCTILTNCVFMAQHDPPPWTKYVEYTFTAIYTFESLVKILARA
FCLHAFTFLRDPWNWLDFSVIIMAYTTEFVDLGNVSALRTFRVLRALKTISVISGLKTIV
GALIQSVKKLADVMVLTVFCLSVFALIGLQLFMGNLRHKCVRNFTALNGTNGSVEADGLV
WESLDLYLSDPENYLLKNGTSDVLLCGNSSDAGTCPEGYRCLKAGENPDHGYTSFDSFAW
AFLALFRLMTQDCWERLYQQTLRSAGKIYMIFFMLVIFLGSFYLVNLILAVVAMAYEEQN
QATIAETEEKEKRFQEAMEMLKKEHEALTIRGVDTVSRSSLEMSPLAPVNSHERRSKRRK
RMSSGTEECGEDRLPKSDSEDGPRAMNHLSLTRGLSRTSMKPRSSRGSIFTFRRRDLGSE
ADFADDENSTARESESHHTSLLVPWPLRRTSAQGQPSPGTSAPGHALHGKKNSTVDCNGV
VSLLGAGDPEATSPGSHLLRPVMLEHPPDTTTPSEEPGGPQMLTSQAPCVDGFEEPGARQ
RALSAVSVLTSALEELEESRHKCPPCWNRLAQRYLIWECCPLWMSIKQGVKLVVMDPFTD
LTITMCIVLNTLFMALEHYNMTSEFEEMLQVGNLVFTGIFTAEMTFKIIALDPYYYFQQG
WNIFDSIIVILSLMELGLSRMSNLSVLRSFRLLRVFKLAKSWPTLNTLIKIIGNSVGALG
NLTLVLAIIVFIFAVVGMQLFGKNYSELRDSDSGLLPRWHMMDFFHAFLIIFRILCGEWI
ETMWDCMEVSGQSLCLLVFLLVMVIGNLVVLNLFLALLLSSFSADNLTAPDEDREMNNLQ
LALARIQRGLRFVKRTTWDFCCGLLRHRPQKPAALAAQGQLPSCIATPYSPPPPETEKVP
PTRKETQFEEGEQPGQGTPGDPEPVCVPIAVAESDTDDQEEDEENSLGTEEESSKQQESQ
PVSGWPRGPPDSRTWSQVSATASSEAEASASQADWRQQWKAEPQAPGCGETPEDSCSEGS
TADMTNTAELLEQIPDLGQDVKDPEDCFTEGCVRRCPCCAVDTTQAPGKVWWRLRKTCYH
IVEHSWFETFIIFMILLSSGALAFEDIYLEERKTIKVLLEYADKMFTYVFVLEMLLKWVA
YGFKKYFTNAWCWLDFLIVDVSLVSLVANTLGFAEMGPIKSLRTLRALRPLRALSRFEGM
RVVVNALVGAIPSIMNVLLVCLIFWLIFSIMGVNLFAGKFGRCINQTEGDLPLNYTIVNN
KSQCESLNLTGELYWTKVKVNFDNVGAGYLALLQVATFKGWMDIMYAAVDSRGYEEQPQW
EYNLYMYIYFVIFIIFGSFFTLNLFIGVIIDNFNQQKKKLGGQDIFMTEEQKKYYNAMKK
LGSKKPQKPIPRPLNKYQGFIFDIVTKQAFDVTIMFLICLNMVTMMVETDDQSPEKINIL
AKINLLFVAIFTGECIVKLAALRHYYFTNSWNIFDFVVVILSIVGTVLSDIIQKYFFSPT
LFRVIRLARIGRILRLIRGAKGIRTLLFALMMSLPALFNIGLLLFLVMFIYSIFGMANFA
YVKWEAGIDDMFNFQTFANSMLCLFQITTSAGWDGLLSPILNTGPPYCDPTLPNSNGSRG
DCGSPAVGILFFTTYIIISFLIVVNMYIAIILENFSVATEESTEPLSEDDFDMFYEIWEK
FDPEATQFIEYSVLSDFADALSEPLRIAKPNQISLINMDLPMVSGDRIHCMDILFAFTKR
VLGESGEMDALKIQMEEKFMAANPSKISYEPITTTLRRKHEEVSAMVIQRAFRRHLLQRS
LKHASFLFRQQAGSGLSEEDAPEREGLIAYVMSENFSRPLGPPSSSSISSTSFPPSYDSV
TRATSDNLQVRGSDYSHSEDLADFPPSPDRDRESIV
Target 2 Number of Residues 2049
Target 2 Molecular Weight 227165
Target 2 Theoretical pI 5.23
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
voltage-gated ion channel activity
voltage-gated sodium channel activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
Process
cation transport
monovalent inorganic cation transport
sodium ion transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
protein complex
voltage-gated sodium channel complex
cell
membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in ion channel activity
Target 2 Specific Function This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in the electrocardiogram
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 127-150
  • 159-178
  • 192-210
  • 217-236
  • 253-276
  • 390-415
  • 712-736
  • 748-771
  • 780-799
  • 806-825
  • 842-862
  • 914-939
  • 1201-1224
  • 1238-1263
  • 1270-1291
  • 1296-1317
  • 1337-1359
  • 1444-1470
  • 1524-1547
  • 1559-1582
  • 1589-1612
  • 1623-1644
  • 1660-1682
  • 1748-1772
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 184039 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q14524 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SCN5A_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >6051 bp 
ATGGCAAACTTCCTATTACCTCGGGGCACCAGCAGCTTCCGCAGGTTCACACGGGAGTCC
CTGGCAGCCATCGAGAAGCGCATGGCGGAGAAGCAAGCCCGCGGCTCAACCACCTTGCAG
GAGAGCCGAGAGGGGCTGCCCGAGGAGGAGGCTCCCCGGCCCCAGCTGGACCTGCAGGCC
TCCAAAAAGCTGCCAGATCTCTATGGCAATCCACCCCAAGAGCTCATCGGAGAGCCCCTG
GAGGACCTGGACCCCTTCTATAGCACCCAAAAGACTTTCATCGTACTGAATAAAGGCAAG
ACCATCTTCCGGTTCAGTGCCACCAACGCCTTGTATGTCCTCAGTCCCTTCCACCCAGTT
CGGAGAGCGGCTGTGAAGATTCTGGTTCACTCGCTCTTCAACATGCTCATCATGTGCACC
ATCCTCACCAACTGCGTGTTCATGGCCCAGCACGACCCTCCACCCTGGACCAAGTATGTC
GAGTACACCTTCACCGCCATTTACACCTTTGAGTCTCTGGTCAAGATTCTGGCTCGAGCT
TTCTGCCTGCACGCGTTCACTTTCCTTCGGGACCCATGGAACTGGCTGGACTTTAGTGTG
ATTATCATGGCATACACAACTGAATTTGTGGACCTGGGCAATGTCTCAGCCTTACGCACC
TTCCGAGTCCTCCGGGCCCTGAAAACTATATCAGTCATTTCAGGGCTGAAGACCATCGTG
GGGGCCCTGATCCAGTCTGTGAAGAAGCTGGCTGATGTGATGGTCCTCACAGTCTTCTGC
CTCAGCGTCTTTGCCCTCATCGGCCTGCAGCTCTTCATGGGCAACCTAAGGCACAAGTGT
GTGCGCAACTTCACAGCGCTCAACGGCACCAACGGCTCCGTGGAGGCCGACGGCTTGGTC
TGGGAATCCCTGGACCTTTACCTCAGTGATCCAGAAAATTACCTGCTCAAGAACGGCACC
TCTGATGTGTTACTGTGTGGGAACAGCTCTGACGCTGGGACATGTCCGGAGGGCTACCGG
TGCCTAAAGGCAGGCGAGAACCCCGACCACGGCTACACCAGCTTCGATTCCTTTGCCTGG
GCCTTTCTTGCACTCTTCCGCCTGATGACGCAGGACTGCTGGGAGCGCCTCTATCAGCAG
ACCCTCAGGTCCGCAGGGAAGATCTACATGATCTTCTTCATGCTTGTCATCTTCCTGGGG
TCCTTCTACCTGGTGAACCTGATCCTGGCCGTGGTCGCAATGGCCTATGAGGAGCAAAAC
CAAGCCACCATCGCTGAGACCGAGGAGAAGGAAAAGCGCTTCCAGGAGGCCATGGAAATG
CTCAAGAAAGAACACGAGGCCCTCACCATCAGGGGTGTGGATACCGTGTCCCGTAGCTCC
TTGGAGATGTCCCCTTTGGCCCCAGTAAACAGCCATGAGAGAAGAAGCAAGAGGAGAAAA
CGGATGTCTTCAGGAACTGAGGAGTGTGGGGAGGACAGGCTCCCCAAGTCTGACTCAGAA
GATGGTCCCAGAGCAATGAATCATCTCAGCCTCACCCGTGGCCTCAGCAGGACTTCTATG
AAGCCACGTTCCAGCCGCGGGAGCATTTTCACCTTTCGCAGGCGAGACCTGGGTTCTGAA
GCAGATTTTGCAGATGATGAAAACAGCACAGCGCGGGAGAGCGAGAGCCACCACACATCA
CTGCTGGTGCCCTGGCCCCTGCGCCGGACCAGTGCCCAGGGACAGCCCAGTCCCGGAACC
TCGGCTCCTGGCCACGCCCTCCATGGCAAAAAGAACAGCACTGTGGACTGCAATGGGGTG
GTCTCATTACTGGGGGCAGGCGACCCAGAGGCCACATCCCCAGGAAGCCACCTCCTCCGC
CCTGTGATGCTAGAGCACCCGCCAGACACGACCACGCCATCGGAGGAGCCAGGCGGCCCC
CAGATGCTGACCTCCCAGGCTCCGTGTGTAGATGGCTTCGAGGAGCCAGGAGCACGGCAG
CGGGCCCTCAGCGCAGTCAGCGTCCTCACAAGCGCACTGGAAGAGTTAGAGGAGTCTCGC
CACAAGTGTCCACCATGCTGGAACCGTCTCGCCCAGCGCTACCTGATCTGGGAGTGCTGC
CCGCTGTGGATGTCCATCAAGCAGGGAGTGAAGTTGGTGGTCATGGACCCGTTTACTGAC
CTCACCATCACTATGTGCATCGTACTCAACACACTCTTCATGGCGCTGGAGCACTACAAC
ATGACAAGTGAATTCGAGGAGATGCTGCAGGTCGGAAACCTGGTCTTCACAGGGATTTTC
ACAGCAGAGATGACCTTCAAGATCATTGCCCTCGACCCCTACTACTACTTCCAACAGGGC
TGGAACATCTTCGACAGCATCATCGTCATCCTTAGCCTCATGGAGCTGGGCCTGTCCCGC
ATGAGCAACTTGTCGGTGCTGCGCTCCTTCCGCCTGCTGCGGGTCTTCAAGCTGGCCAAA
TCATGGCCCACCCTGAACACACTCATCAAGATCATCGGGAACTCAGTGGGGGCACTGGGG
AACCTGACACTGGTGCTAGCCATCATCGTGTTCATCTTTGCTGTGGTGGGCATGCAGCTC
TTTGGCAAGAACTACTCGGAGCTGAGGGACAGCGACTCAGGCCTGCTGCCTCGCTGGCAC
ATGATGGACTTCTTTCATGCCTTCCTAATCATCTTCCGCATCCTCTGTGGAGAGTGGATC
GAGACCATGTGGGACTGCATGGAGGTGTCGGGGCAGTCATTATGCCTGCTGGTCTTCTTG
CTTGTTATGGTCATTGGCAACCTTGTGGTCCTGAATCTCTTCCTGGCCTTGCTGCTCAGC
TCCTTCAGTGCAGACAACCTCACAGCCCCTGATGAGGACAGAGAGATGAACAACCTCCAG
CTGGCCCTGGCCCGCATCCAGAGGGGCCTGCGCTTTGTCAAGCGGACCACCTGGGATTTC
TGCTGTGGTCTCCTGCGGCACCGGCCTCAGAAGCCCGCAGCCCTTGCCGCCCAGGGCCAG
CTGCCCAGCTGCATTGCCACCCCCTACTCCCCGCCACCCCCAGAGACGGAGAAGGTGCCT
CCCACCCGCAAGGAAACACAGTTTGAGGAAGGCGAGCAACCAGGCCAGGGCACCCCCGGG
GATCCAGAGCCCGTGTGTGTGCCCATCGCTGTGGCCGAGTCAGACACAGATGACCAAGAA
GAGGATGAGGAGAACAGCCTGGGCACGGAGGAGGAGTCCAGCAAGCAGCAGGAATCCCAG
CCTGTGTCCGGCTGGCCCAGAGGCCCTCCGGATTCCAGGACCTGGAGCCAGGTGTCAGCG
ACTGCCTCCTCTGAGGCCGAGGCCAGTGCATCTCAGGCCGACTGGCGGCAGCAGTGGAAA
GCGGAACCCCAGGCCCCAGGGTGCGGTGAGACCCCAGAGGACAGTTGCTCCGAGGGCAGC
ACAGCAGACATGACCAACACCGCTGAGCTCCTGGAGCAGATCCCTGACCTCGGCCAGGAT
GTCAAGGACCCAGAGGACTGCTTCACTGAAGGCTGTGTCCGGCGCTGTCCCTGCTGTGCG
GTGGACACCACACAGGCCCCAGGGAAGGTCTGGTGGCGGTTGCGCAAGACCTGCTACCAC
ATCGTGGAGCACAGCTGGTTCGAGACATTCATCATCTTCATGATCCTACTCAGCAGTGGA
GCGCTGGCCTTCGAGGACATCTACCTAGAGGAGCGGAAGACCATCAAGGTTCTGCTTGAG
TATGCCGACAAGATGTTCACATATGTCTTCGTGCTGGAGATGCTGCTCAAGTGGGTGGCC
TACGGCTTCAAGAAGTACTTCACCAATGCCTGGTGCTGGCTCGACTTCCTCATCGTAGAC
GTCTCTCTGGTCAGCCTGGTGGCCAACACCCTGGGCTTTGCCGAGATGGGCCCCATCAAG
TCACTGCGGACGCTGCGTGCACTCCGTCCTCTGAGAGCTCTGTCACGATTTGAGGGCATG
AGGGTGGTGGTCAATGCCCTGGTGGGCGCCATCCCGTCCATCATGAACGTCCTCCTCGTC
TGCCTCATCTTCTGGCTCATCTTCAGCATCATGGGCGTGAACCTCTTTGCGGGGAAGTTT
GGGAGGTGCATCAACCAGACAGAGGGAGACTTGCCTTTGAACTACACCATCGTGAACAAC
AAGAGCCAGTGTGAGTCCTTGAACTTGACCGGAGAATTGTACTGGACCAAGGTGAAAGTC
AACTTTGACAACGTGGGGGCCGGGTACCTGGCCCTTCTGCAGGTGGCAACATTTAAAGGC
TGGATGGACATTATGTATGCAGCTGTGGACTCCAGGGGGTATGAAGAGCAGCCTCAGTGG
GAATACAACCTCTACATGTACATCTATTTTGTCATTTTCATCATCTTTGGGTCTTTCTTC
ACCCTGAACCTCTTTATTGGTGTCATCATTGACAACTTCAACCAACAGAAGAAAAAGTTA
GGGGGCCAGGACATCTTCATGACAGAGGAGCAGAAGAAGTACTACAATGCCATGAAGAAG
CTGGGCTCCAAGAAGCCCCAGAAGCCCATCCCACGGCCCCTGAACAAGTACCAGGGCTTC
ATATTCGACATTGTGACCAAGCAGGCCTTTGACGTCACCATCATGTTTCTGATCTGCTTG
AATATGGTGACCATGATGGTGGAGACAGATGACCAAAGTCCTGAGAAAATCAACATCTTG
GCCAAGATCAACCTGCTCTTTGTGGCCATCTTCACAGGCGAGTGTATTGTCAAGCTGGCT
GCCCTGCGCCACTACTACTTCACCAACAGCTGGAATATCTTCGACTTCGTGGTTGTCATC
CTCTCCATCGTGGGCACTGTGCTCTCGGACATCATCCAGAAGTACTTCTTCTCCCCGACG
CTCTTCCGAGTCATCCGCCTGGCCCGAATAGGCCGCATCCTCAGACTGATCCGAGGGGCC
AAGGGGATCCGCACGCTGCTCTTTGCCCTCATGATGTCCCTGCCTGCCCTCTTCAACATC
GGGCTGCTGCTCTTCCTCGTCATGTTCATCTACTCCATCTTTGGCATGGCCAACTTCGCT
TATGTCAAGTGGGAGGCTGGCATCGACGACATGTTCAACTTCCAGACCTTCGCCAACAGC
ATGCTGTGCCTCTTCCAGATCACCACGTCGGCCGGCTGGGATGGCCTCCTCAGCCCCATC
CTCAACACTGGGCCGCCCTACTGCGACCCCACTCTGCCCAACAGCAATGGCTCTCGGGGG
GACTGCGGGAGCCCAGCCGTGGGCATCCTCTTCTTCACCACCTACATCATCATCTCCTTC
CTCATCGTGGTCAACATGTACATTGCCATCATCCTGGAGAACTTCAGCGTGGCCACGGAG
GAGAGCACCGAGCCCCTGAGTGAGGACGACTTCGATATGTTCTATGAGATCTGGGAGAAA
TTTGACCCAGAGGCCACTCAGTTTATTGAGTATTCGGTCCTGTCTGACTTTGCCGACGCC
CTGTCTGAGCCACTCCGTATCGCCAAGCCCAACCAGATAAGCCTCATCAACATGGACCTG
CCCATGGTGAGTGGGGACCGCATCCATTGCATGGACATTCTCTTTGCCTTCACCAAAAGG
GTCCTGGGGGAGTCTGGGGAGATGGACGCCCTGAAGATCCAGATGGAGGAGAAGTTCATG
GCAGCCAACCCATCCAAGATCTCCTACGAGCCCATCACCACCACACTCCGGCGCAAGCAC
GAAGAGGTGTCGGCCATGGTTATCCAGAGAGCCTTCCGCAGGCACCTGCTGCAACGCTCT
TTGAAGCATGCCTCCTTCCTCTTCCGTCAGCAGGCGGGCAGCGGCCTCTCCGAAGAGGAT
GCCCCTGAGCGAGAGGGCCTCATCGCCTACGTGATGAGTGAGAACTTCTCCCGACCCCTT
GGCCCACCCTCCAGCTCCTCCATCTCCTCCACTTCCTTCCCACCCTCCTATGACAGTGTC
ACTAGAGCCACCAGCGATAACCTCCAGGTGCGGGGGTCTGACTACAGCCACAGTGAAGAT
CTCGCCGACTTCCCCCCTTCTCCGGACAGGGACCGTGAGTCCATCGTGTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID SCN5A Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID SCN5A Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:10593 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 3
Target 2 Locus 3p21
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Wei J, Wang DW, Alings M, Fish F, Wathen M, Roden DM, George AL Jr: Congenital long-QT syndrome caused by a novel mutation in a conserved acidic domain of the cardiac Na+ channel. Circulation. 1999 Jun 22;99(24):3165-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Wattanasirichaigoon D, Vesely MR, Duggal P, Levine JC, Blume ED, Wolff GS, Edwards SB, Beggs AH: Sodium channel abnormalities are infrequent in patients with long QT syndrome: identification of two novel SCN5A mutations. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 29;86(5):470-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Splawski I, Shen J, Timothy KW, Lehmann MH, Priori S, Robinson JL, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Towbin JA, Vincent GM, Keating MT: Spectrum of mutations in long-QT syndrome genes. KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2. Circulation. 2000 Sep 5;102(10):1178-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wehrens XH, Rossenbacker T, Jongbloed RJ, Gewillig M, Heidbuchel H, Doevendans PA, Vos MA, Wellens HJ, Kass RS: A novel mutation L619F in the cardiac Na+ channel SCN5A associated with long-QT syndrome (LQT3): a role for the I-II linker in inactivation gating. Hum Mutat. 2003 May;21(5):552. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Gellens ME, George AL Jr, Chen LQ, Chahine M, Horn R, Barchi RL, Kallen RG: Primary structure and functional expression of the human cardiac tetrodotoxin-insensitive voltage-dependent sodium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jan 15;89(2):554-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Bennett PB, Yazawa K, Makita N, George AL Jr: Molecular mechanism for an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Nature. 1995 Aug 24;376(6542):683-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Wang Q, Shen J, Splawski I, Atkinson D, Li Z, Robinson JL, Moss AJ, Towbin JA, Keating MT: SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome. Cell. 1995 Mar 10;80(5):805-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Wang Q, Shen J, Li Z, Timothy K, Vincent GM, Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Keating MT: Cardiac sodium channel mutations in patients with long QT syndrome, an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Sep;4(9):1603-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Makita N, Shirai N, Nagashima M, Matsuoka R, Yamada Y, Tohse N, Kitabatake A: A de novo missense mutation of human cardiac Na+ channel exhibiting novel molecular mechanisms of long QT syndrome. FEBS Lett. 1998 Feb 13;423(1):5-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. An RH, Wang XL, Kerem B, Benhorin J, Medina A, Goldmit M, Kass RS: Novel LQT-3 mutation affects Na+ channel activity through interactions between alpha- and beta1-subunits. Circ Res. 1998 Jul 27;83(2):141-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Swadron SP, Rudis MI, Azimian K, Beringer P, Fort D, Orlinsky M: A comparison of phenytoin-loading techniques in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Mar;11(3):244-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Lenkowski PW, Ko SH, Anderson JD, Brown ML, Patel MK: Block of human NaV1.5 sodium channels by novel alpha-hydroxyphenylamide analogues of phenytoin. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Apr;21(5):635-44. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.