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Identification
Name Cimetidine
Accession Number DB00501 (APRD00568)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to histamine H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrins output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P-450 which might explain proposals for use in neoadjuvant therapy. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Cimetidine Hcl
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Acibilin
Acinil
Cimetag
Cimetum
Dyspamet
Edalene
Eureceptor
Gastromet
Peptol
Tagamet
Tagamet HB
Tagamet HB 200
Tametin
Tratul
Ulcedin
Ulcedine
Ulcimet
Ulcofalk
Ulcomedina
Ulcomet
Ulhys
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-Ulcer Agents
  • Analgesics
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Adjuvants
  • Histamine Antagonists
  • Histamine H2 Antagonists
CAS number 51481-61-9
Weight Average: 252.339
Monoisotopic: 252.115715232
Chemical Formula C10H16N6S
InChI Key InChIKey=AQIXAKUUQRKLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H16N6S/c1-8-9(16-7-15-8)5-17-4-3-13-10(12-2)14-6-11/h7H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,15,16)(H2,12,13,14)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(Z)-1-cyano-2-methyl-3-(2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)guanidine
SMILES
C\N=C(\NCCSCC1=C(C)NC=N1)NC#N
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (10 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Imidazoles
Substructures
  • Ethers
  • Nitriles and Derivatives
  • Cyanides
  • Imidazoles
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Guanidines
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamidines
  • Imines
  • Cyanamides
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment and the management of acid-reflux disorders (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, heartburn, and acid indigestion.
Pharmacodynamics Cimetidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. It reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion and a reduction in gastric volume, acidity, and amount of gastric acid released in response to stimuli including food, caffeine, insulin, betazole, or pentagastrin. It is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as gastric or duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. Cimetidine inhibits many of the isoenzymes of the hepatic CYP450 enzyme system. Other actions of Cimetidine include an increase in gastric bacterial flora such as nitrate-reducing organisms.
Mechanism of action Cimetidine binds to an H2-receptor located on the basolateral membrane of the gastric parietal cell, blocking histamine effects. This competitive inhibition results in reduced gastric acid secretion and a reduction in gastric volume and acidity.
Absorption Rapid 60-70%
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 15-20%
Metabolism Hepatic
Route of elimination The principal route of excretion of cimetidine is the urine.
Half life 2 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased saliva production, difficulty breathing, and a fast heartbeat.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00232 Cimetidine Pathway SMP00232
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Glaxosmithkline
  • Apotex inc
  • Contract pharmacal corp
  • Dava pharmaceuticals inc
  • Endo pharmaceuticals inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Lek pharmaceuticals d d
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • L perrigo co
  • Perrigo co
  • Pliva inc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Hospira inc
  • Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
  • Teva parenteral medicines inc
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Duramed pharmaceuticals inc sub barr laboratories inc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Novex pharma
  • Pharmaceutical assoc inc div beach products
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Injection Intravenous 6 mg/ml
Solution Oral 300 mg/5 ml
Solution Oral 300 mg/ml
Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 300 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 800 mg
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Cimetidine 800 mg tablet 2.7 USD tablet
Tagamet 400 mg tablet 2.51 USD tablet
Cimetidine 150 mg/ml vial 1.67 USD ml
Cimetidine powder 1.48 USD g
Cimetidine 400 mg tablet 1.44 USD tablet
Tagamet 300 mg tablet 1.28 USD tablet
Cimetidine 300 mg tablet 0.93 USD tablet
Cimetidine 200 mg tablet 0.46 USD tablet
Cimetidine HCl 300 mg/5ml Solution 0.38 USD ml
Tagamet hb 200 mg tablet 0.37 USD tablet
Apo-Cimetidine 800 mg Tablet 0.27 USD tablet
Mylan-Cimetidine 800 mg Tablet 0.27 USD tablet
Acid reducer 200 mg tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Apo-Cimetidine 600 mg Tablet 0.18 USD tablet
Mylan-Cimetidine 600 mg Tablet 0.18 USD tablet
Novo-Cimetine 600 mg Tablet 0.18 USD tablet
Nu-Cimet 600 mg Tablet 0.18 USD tablet
Apo-Cimetidine 400 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Mylan-Cimetidine 400 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Novo-Cimetine 400 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Nu-Cimet 400 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Apo-Cimetidine 200 mg Tablet 0.09 USD tablet
Apo-Cimetidine 300 mg Tablet 0.09 USD tablet
Mylan-Cimetidine 300 mg Tablet 0.09 USD tablet
Novo-Cimetine 300 mg Tablet 0.09 USD tablet
Nu-Cimet 300 mg Tablet 0.09 USD tablet
Heartburn relief 200 mg tablet 0.08 USD tablet
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 142 °C PhysProp
water solubility 9380 mg/L (at 25 °C) MCFARLAND,JW ET AL. (2001)
logP 0.40 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS -1.35 ADME Research, USCD
Caco2 permeability -5.89 ADME Research, USCD
pKa 6.8 TOMLINSON,E & HAFKENSCHEID,TL (1986)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 8.16e-01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 0.44 ALOGPS
logP -0.11 ChemAxon
logS -2.5 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 13.38 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 6.91 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 88.89 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon
refractivity 70.32 ChemAxon
polarizability 27.47 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Michnovicz JJ, Galbraith RA: Cimetidine inhibits catechol estrogen metabolism in women. Metabolism. 1991 Feb;40(2):170-4. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00295 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2756 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505360 Link_out
ChemSpider 2654 Link_out
BindingDB 22889 Link_out
ChEBI 3699 Link_out
ChEMBL 3699 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000338 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449001 Link_out
IUPHAR 1231 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 1231 Link_out
Drug Product Database 749494 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/cimet.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/cimetidine.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A02BA01
AHFS Codes
  • 56:28.12
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (420 KB)
MSDS show (73.4 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol Cimetidine may increase the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
Alfentanil Increases the effect of the narcotic
Alprazolam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, alprazolam.
Aminophylline Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of aminophylline by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of aminophylline if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Amitriptyline Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of amitriptyline if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Amoxapine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, amoxapine, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of amoxapine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Anisindione Cimetidine may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
Astemizole Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Atazanavir This gastric pH modifier decreases the levels/effects of atazanavir
Bendamustine CA1A2 hepatic enzyme metabolism is affected by increased amounts of bendamustine by cimetidine. In addition, decreased conversion of bendamustine to active metabolites occurs. Amounts of active metabolites may be decreased. Decreased conversion of bendamustine to active metabolites also occurs.
Carbamazepine Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of carbamazepine during the first few days of concomitant therapy. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of carbamazepine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Carmustine Increases myelosuppression caused by carmustine
Cefditoren H2-Antagonists such as cimetidine may decrease the serum concentration of cefditoren. Cefditoren prescribing information recommends to avoid concomitant use with H2-antagonists (eg, famotidine, ranitidine) and antacids as well. Consider alternative methods to minimize/control acid reflux (eg, diet modification) or alternative antimicrobial therapy if use of H2-antagonists can not be avoided.
Chlordiazepoxide Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide.
Clomipramine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of clomipramine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Clonazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Clorazepate Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clorazepate.
Clozapine Cimetidine may increase the serum concentratin of clozapine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of clozapine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Codeine Cimetidine may decrease the therapeutic effect of codeine by decreasing its metabolism to its active metabolite, morphine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic effect of codeine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Desipramine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of desipramine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Diazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, diazepam.
Dicumarol Cimetidine may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
Dihydroquinidine barbiturate Increases the effect of quinidine
Dofetilide Increases effect/toxicity of dofetilide
Donepezil Possible antagonism of action
Doxepin Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, doxepin, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of doxepin if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Dyphylline Increases the effect of theophylline
Eltrombopag Affects hepatic CYP1A2 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag. Affects hepatic CYP2C9/10 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag.
Enoxacin Cimetidine may decrease the absorption of enoxacin.
Epirubicin Cimetidine can increase epirubicin levels
Estazolam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, estazolam.
Ethotoin Increases the effect of hydantoin
Fentanyl Cimetidine, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of fentanyl. Closely monitor changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of fentanyl if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Flecainide Cimetidine, a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of flecainide.
Flurazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, flurazepam.
Fosphenytoin Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of fosphenytoin by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of fosphenytoin if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Galantamine Possible antagonism of action
Halazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, halazepam.
Heroin Cimetidine increases the effect of the narcotic
Imipramine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of imipramine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Itraconazole The H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, may decrease the absorption of itraconazole.
Ketazolam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, ketazolam.
Ketoconazole The H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.
Labetalol Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of labetolol by decreasing its metabolism.
Lidocaine Increases the effect and toxicity of lidocaine
Mephenytoin Increases the effect of hydantoin
Metformin Cimetidine may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of metformin by increasing its serum concentration. Consider alternate therapy.
Methadone Cimetidine, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of metahdone, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of methadone if cimetidine is initiatied, discontinued or dose changed.
Metoprolol Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of metoprolol by decreasing its metabolism.
Midazolam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, midazolam.
Moclobemide Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of moclobemide by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of moclobemide if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Nalbuphine Increases the effect of the narcotic
Nifedipine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.
Nimodipine Cimetidine increases the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nimodipine.
Nitrendipine Cimetidine increases the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nitrendipine.
Nortriptyline Cimetidine may increase the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of nortriptyline if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Oxtriphylline Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of oxtriphylline by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of oxtriphylline if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Oxycodone Cimetidine, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of oxycodone. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of oxycodone if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Oxymorphone Increases the effect of the narcotic
Pazopanib Affects CYP3A4 metabolism therefore will decrease levels or effect of pazopanib. Consider alternate therapy.
Phenytoin Cimetidine may increase the therapeutic effect of phenytoin.
Posaconazole Significant decrease of posaconazole levels
Pramipexole Cimetidine may increase the effect and toxicity of pramipexole.
Prazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, prazepam.
Procainamide The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, may increase the effect of procainamide.
Propoxyphene Cimetidine, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of propoxyphene. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of propoxyphene if cimetidine is intitiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Propranolol Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of propranolol by decreasing its metabolism.
Protriptyline Cimetidine may increase the effect of tricyclic antidepressant, protriptyline, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of trimipramine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Quazepam Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, quazepam.
Quinidine Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of quinidine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of quinidine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Quinidine barbiturate Increases the effect of quinidine
Rivastigmine Possible antagonism of action
Sildenafil Increases the effect and toxicity of sildenafil
Sufentanil Increases the effect of the narcotic
Tacrine The metabolism of Tacrine, a CYP1A2 substrate, may be reduced by Cimetidine, a CYP1A2 inhibitors. Monitor the efficacy and toxicity of Tacrine if Cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or if the dose is changed.
Tacrolimus Cimetidine may increase the blood concentration of Tacrolimus. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/toxic effects of Tacrolimus if Cimetidine therapy is initiated, discontinued or altered.
Tamoxifen Cimetidine may decrease the therapeutic effect of Tamoxifen by decreasing the production of active metabolites. Consider alternate therapy.
Tamsulosin Cimetidine, a CYP3A4/2D6 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tamsulosin, a CYP3A4/2D6 substrate. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Tamsulosin if Cimetidine is initiated, discontinued, or dose changed.
Terfenadine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Theophylline Cimetidine may increase the effect of theophylline.
Ticlopidine Cimetidine may increase Ticlopidine levels. Avoid concomitant therapy.
Timolol Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of timolol by decreasing its metabolism.
Tizanidine Cimetidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tizanidine. Consider alternate therapy or use caution during co-administration.
Tolazoline Anticipated loss of efficacy of tolazoline
Tolterodine Cimetidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tolterodine. Adjust Tolterodine dose and monitor for efficacy and toxicity.
Tramadol Cimetidine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Cimetidine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Trazodone The CYP3A4 inhibitor, Cimetidine, may increase Trazodone efficacy/toxicity by decreasing Trazodone metabolism and clearance. Monitor for changes in Trazodone efficacy/toxicity if Cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Triazolam Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of triazolam by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of triazolam if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Trimipramine Cimetidine may increase the effect of tricyclic antidepressant, trimipramine, by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of trimipramine if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Vilazodone Cimetidine may decrease the metabolism of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Consider using an alternative H2-antagonist to avoid the risk of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) toxicity. Monitor for increased therapeutic or toxic effects of SSRI if cimetidine is initiated/dose increased, or decreased effects if cimetidine is discontinued/dose decreased.
Warfarin Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of warfarin. Monitor for changes in prothrombin time and therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if cimetidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Zaleplon Cimetidine may increase the serum concentration of zaleplon by decreasing its metabolism. Reduce the initial dose of zaleplon to 5 mg in patients receiving cimetidine.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Best effect when taken with food.
  • Limit caffeine intake.
Targets

1. Histamine H2 receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

The H2 subclass of histamine receptors mediates gastric acid secretion. Also appears to regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Possible role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and, through a separate G protein-dependent mechanism, the phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC) signaling pathway

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P25021 Link_out
Gene: HRH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  2. Hernandez-Munoz R, Montiel-Ruiz C, Vazquez-Martinez O: Gastric mucosal cell proliferation in ethanol-induced chronic mucosal injury is related to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats. Lab Invest. 2000 Aug;80(8):1161-9. Pubmed
  3. Kuint J, Linder N, Reichman B: Hypoxemia associated with cimetidine therapy in a newborn infant. Am J Perinatol. 1996 Jul;13(5):301-3. Pubmed
  4. Takahashi HK, Watanabe T, Yokoyama A, Iwagaki H, Yoshino T, Tanaka N, Nishibori M: Cimetidine induces interleukin-18 production through H2-agonist activity in monocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):450-3. Epub 2006 May 24. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  4. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  5. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  6. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  7. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Wang DS, Jonker JW, Kato Y, Kusuhara H, Schinkel AH, Sugiyama Y: Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):510-5. Pubmed
  4. Wang DS, Jonker JW, Kato Y, Kusuhara H, Schinkel AH, Sugiyama Y: Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):510-5. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

7. Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial

Actions: inhibitor

Has steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity. In addition to this activity, the 18 or 19-hydroxylation of steroids and the aromatization of androstendione to estrone have also been ascribed to cytochrome P450 XIB

UniProt ID: P15538 Link_out
Gene: CYP11B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Actions: inhibitor

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms

UniProt ID: P05181 Link_out
Gene: CYP2E1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

11. Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3

Actions: substrate

Involved in the oxidative metabolism of a variety of xenobiotics such as drugs and pesticides. It N-oxygenates primary aliphatic alkylamines as well as secondary and tertiary amines. Plays an important role in the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), via the production of TMA N-oxide (TMAO). Is also able to perform S-oxidation when acting on sulfide compounds

UniProt ID: P31513 Link_out
Gene: FMO3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cashman JR: Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab. 2000 Sep;1(2):181-91. Pubmed
  2. Cashman JR, Park SB, Berkman CE, Cashman LE: Role of hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in drug and chemical metabolism in adult humans. Chem Biol Interact. 1995 Apr 28;96(1):33-46. Pubmed
  3. Hai X, Adams E, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A: Enantioselective in-line and off-line CE methods for the kinetic study on cimetidine and its chiral metabolites with reference to flavin-containing monooxygenase genetic isoforms. Electrophoresis. 2009 Apr;30(7):1248-57. Pubmed

12. Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1

Actions: substrate

This protein is involved in the oxidative metabolism of a variety of xenobiotics such as drugs and pesticides. Form I catalyzes the N-oxygenation of secondary and tertiary amines

UniProt ID: Q01740 Link_out
Gene: FMO1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hai X, Adams E, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A: Enantioselective in-line and off-line CE methods for the kinetic study on cimetidine and its chiral metabolites with reference to flavin-containing monooxygenase genetic isoforms. Electrophoresis. 2009 Apr;30(7):1248-57. Pubmed
  2. Cashman JR: Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab. 2000 Sep;1(2):181-91. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor, inducer

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Romiti N, Tramonti G, Chieli E: Influence of different chemicals on MDR-1 P-glycoprotein expression and activity in the HK-2 proximal tubular cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Sep 1;183(2):83-91. Pubmed
  2. Lentz KA, Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Polli JE: Influence of passive permeability on apparent P-glycoprotein kinetics. Pharm Res. 2000 Dec;17(12):1456-60. Pubmed
  3. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. Pubmed
  4. van der Sandt IC, Blom-Roosemalen MC, de Boer AG, Breimer DD: Specificity of doxorubicin versus rhodamine-123 in assessing P-glycoprotein functionality in the LLC-PK1, LLC-PK1:MDR1 and Caco-2 cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000 Sep;11(3):207-14. Pubmed
  5. Ito T, Yano I, Tanaka K, Inui KI: Transport of quinolone antibacterial drugs by human P-glycoprotein expressed in a kidney epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Aug;282(2):955-60. Pubmed
  6. Adachi Y, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. Pubmed
  2. Motohashi H, Uwai Y, Hiramoto K, Okuda M, Inui K: Different transport properties between famotidine and cimetidine by human renal organic ion transporters (SLC22A). Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 25;503(1-3):25-30. Pubmed
  3. Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. Pubmed
  4. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed
  5. Okuda M, Urakami Y, Saito H, Inui K: Molecular mechanisms of organic cation transport in OCT2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 4;1417(2):224-31. Pubmed
  6. Pan BF, Sweet DH, Pritchard JB, Chen R, Nelson JA: A transfected cell model for the renal toxin transporter, rOCT2. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Feb;47(2):181-6. Pubmed
  7. Dudley AJ, Bleasby K, Brown CD: The organic cation transporter OCT2 mediates the uptake of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists across the apical membrane of renal LLC-PK cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;131(1):71-9. Pubmed
  8. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed
  9. Grundemann, D., Liebich, G., Kiefer, N., Koster, S. & Schomig, E. Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol 56, 1-10 (1999). Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, Yost SC, Terashita S, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;51(6):913-21. Pubmed
  2. Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. Pubmed
  3. Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. Pubmed
  4. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Chun JK, Babbitt PC, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A). J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16548-54. Pubmed
  5. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed
  6. Okuda M, Urakami Y, Saito H, Inui K: Molecular mechanisms of organic cation transport in OCT2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 4;1417(2):224-31. Pubmed
  7. Jonker JW, Wagenaar E, Mol CA, Buitelaar M, Koepsell H, Smit JW, Schinkel AH: Reduced hepatic uptake and intestinal excretion of organic cations in mice with a targeted disruption of the organic cation transporter 1 (Oct1 [Slc22a1]) gene. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;21(16):5471-7. Pubmed
  8. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed
  9. Wang, D.S. et al. Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302, 510-515 (2002). Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Grundemann D, Schechinger B, Rappold GA, Schomig E: Molecular identification of the corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal catecholamine transporter. Nat Neurosci. 1998 Sep;1(5):349-51. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, Huang W, Ganapathy ME, Wang H, Kekuda R, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):F449-58. Pubmed
  3. Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Wang H, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15971-9. Pubmed
  4. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. Pubmed

5. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. Pubmed
  2. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed
  3. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. Pubmed

6. Bile salt export pump

Actions: inhibitor

Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes

UniProt ID: O95342 Link_out
Gene: ABCB11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Fluorescent substrates of sister-P-glycoprotein (BSEP) evaluated as markers of active transport and inhibition: evidence for contingent unequal binding sites. Pharm Res. 2003 Apr;20(4):537-44. Pubmed

7. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed
  2. Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. Pubmed
  3. Nagata Y, Kusuhara H, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Expression and functional characterization of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3) in the choroid plexus. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):982-8. Pubmed
  4. Burckhardt BC, Brai S, Wallis S, Krick W, Wolff NA, Burckhardt G: Transport of cimetidine by flounder and human renal organic anion transporter 1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):F503-9. Epub 2002 Nov 12. Pubmed

8. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jung KY, Takeda M, Kim DK, Tojo A, Narikawa S, Yoo BS, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35. Pubmed
  2. Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. Pubmed
  3. Motohashi H, Uwai Y, Hiramoto K, Okuda M, Inui K: Different transport properties between famotidine and cimetidine by human renal organic ion transporters (SLC22A). Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 25;503(1-3):25-30. Pubmed
  4. Ohtsuki S, Kikkawa T, Mori S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1273-81. Epub 2004 Feb 4. Pubmed
  5. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Tsuchiya A, Kohyama N, Ohbayashi M, Yamamoto T: Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 May;32(5):479-83. Pubmed
  6. Nagata Y, Kusuhara H, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Expression and functional characterization of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3) in the choroid plexus. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 May;61(5):982-8. Pubmed
  7. Mori S, Takanaga H, Ohtsuki S, Deguchi T, Kang YS, Hosoya K, Terasaki T: Rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) is responsible for brain-to-blood efflux of homovanillic acid at the abluminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003 Apr;23(4):432-40. Pubmed
  8. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed
  9. Bakhiya A, Bahn A, Burckhardt G, Wolff N: Human organic anion transporter 3 (hOAT3) can operate as an exchanger and mediate secretory urate flux. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2003;13(5):249-56. Pubmed
  10. Tahara H, Kusuhara H, Chida M, Fuse E, Sugiyama Y: Is the monkey an appropriate animal model to examine drug-drug interactions involving renal clearance? Effect of probenecid on the renal elimination of H2 receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Mar;316(3):1187-94. Epub 2005 Nov 16. Pubmed
  11. Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tsuda M, Kojima R, Cha SH, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13675-80. Pubmed

9. Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1- methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfate, acyclovir, ganciclovir and also the zwitterionic cephalosporin, cephalexin and cephradin. Seems to also play a role in the uptake of oxaliplatin (a new platinum anticancer agent). Able to transport paraquat (PQ or N,N-dimethyl-4-4'-bipiridinium); a widely used herbicid. Responsible for the secretion of cationic drugs across the brush border membranes

UniProt ID: Q96FL8 Link_out
Gene: SLC47A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lai Y, Sampson KE, Balogh LM, Brayman TG, Cox SR, Adams WJ, Kumar V, Stevens JC: Preclinical and clinical evidence for the collaborative transport and renal secretion of an oxazolidinone antibiotic by organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3/SLC22A8) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1/SLC47A1). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Sep 1;334(3):936-44. Epub 2010 Jun 2. Pubmed

10. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 1;1466(1-2):315-27. Pubmed

11. Solute carrier family 22 member 11

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds

UniProt ID: Q9NSA0 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. Pubmed

12. Solute carrier family 22 member 7

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate

UniProt ID: Q9Y694 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Shibusawa A, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Sekine T, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):7-14. Pubmed
  2. Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tsuda M, Kojima R, Cha SH, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13675-80. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19