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Identification
Name Ibuprofen
Accession Number DB01050 (APRD00372)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Ibuprofen, a propionic acid derivative, is a prototypical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with analgesic and antipyretic properties.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Ibuprophen
P-Isobutylhydratropic Acid
Para-Isobutylhydratropic Acid
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Act-3
Actiprofen
Adex
Adran
Advil
Advil Liqui-Gels
Aktren
Alaxan
Alges-X
Algoflex
Algofren
Alivium
Amersol
Amibufen
Anadin Ibuprofen
Anadin Joint Pain
Anco
Andran
Anflagen
Apo-Ibuprofen
Apsifen
Apsifen-F
Arthrofen
Artofen
Artril 300
Betagesic
Betaprofen
Bluton
Bonifen
Brufanic
Brufen
Brufen Retard
Brufort
Buburone
Bugesic
Buprovil
Burana
Butylenin
Caldolor
Calprofen
Cap-Profen
Children's Advil
Children's Elixsure
Children's Ibuprofen
Children's Motrin
Codral
Dalsy
Dismenol
Diverin
Dolgirid
Dolgit
Dolo-Dolgit
Dolo-Spedifen
Dolocyl
Dolofort
Doloraz
Dolormin
Dorival
Ebufac
EmuProfen
Epobron
Espidifen
Eve
Femadon
Fenbid
Fenbid Spansule
Fenpaed
Finalflex
Galprofen
Haltran
Herron Blue
i-profen
Ibalgin
Ibrofen and Ibugan
Ibu
Ibu-Attritin
IBU-Ratiopharm
Ibu-Slo
Ibu-Tab
Ibu-Tab 200
Ibu-Vivimed
Ibufen
Ibuflam
Ibugel
Ibugesic
IbuHEXAL
Ibuleve
Ibum
Ibumax
Ibumetin
Ibumidol
Ibupain
Ibuprin
Ibuprocin
Ibuprohm
Ibuprom
Ibuprosyn
Ibuprox
Ibustar
Ibutid
Ibux
Ibuxin
Ifen
Inabrin
Inoven
Ipren
Junior Strength Advil
Junior Strength Ibuprofen
Junior Strength Motrin
Kratalgin
Lamidon
Lebrufen
Lidifen
Liptan
Lotem
Medicol
Medipren
Midol
Midol 200
Moment
Motrin
Mynosedin
Mypaid
Myprodol
Napacetin
Narfen
Naron Ace
Neobrufen
NeoProfen Ovation
Nobfelon
Nobfen
Nobgen
Norvectan
Novogent N
Novoprofen
Nuprin
Nureflex
Nurofen
Orbifen
Panafen
Pantrop
Paxofen
Pedia-Profen
Pediaprofen
Pediatric Advil
Perifar
Profen
Profin
Rafen
Ranfen
Rapidol
Ratiodolor
Rebugen
Rimafen
Roidenin
Rufen
Salvarina
Seclodin
Solpaflex
Spedifen
Speedpain NANO
Spidifen
Suspren
Tab-Profen
Tabalon
Tefin
Trendar
Unafen
Upfen
Urem
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Advil® Cold & Sinus ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Advil® Cold & Sinus Daytime ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Advil® Cold and Sinus Nighttime ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCll + chlorpheniramine maleate
Advil® Cold and Sinus Plus ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl + chlorpheniramine maleate
Advil® Flu & Body Ache ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Children's Advil® Cold ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Dristan® Sinus Caplets® ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Motrin® Children's Cold ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Motrin® Sinus Headache ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Robax Platinum® methocarbamol + ibuprofen
Sudafed® Sinus Advance ibuprofen + pseudoephedrine HCl
Vicoprofen® ibuprofen + hydrocodone bitartrate
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Categories
  • Anti-inflammatory Agents
  • Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
  • Analgesics
  • Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
  • Antipyretics
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents (NSAIAs)
CAS number 15687-27-1
Weight Average: 206.2808
Monoisotopic: 206.13067982
Chemical Formula C13H18O2
InChI Key InChIKey=HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid
SMILES
CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (11.4 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Phenylacetates
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Phenylacetates
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aromatic compounds
Pharmacology
Indication For symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. May be used to treat mild to moderate pain and for the management of dysmenorrhea. May be used to reduce fever. Has been used with some success for treating ankylosing spondylitis, gout and psoriatic arthritis. May reduce pain, fever and inflammation of pericarditis. May be used IV with opiates to relieve moderate to severe pain. Ibuprofen lysine may be used IV to treat patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature neonates.
Pharmacodynamics Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Ibuprofen has pharmacologic actions similar to those of other prototypical NSAIAs, which are thought to act through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Mechanism of action The exact mechanism of action of ibuprofen is unknown. Ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme invovled in prostaglandin synthesis via the arachidonic acid pathway. Its pharmacological effects are believed to be due to inhibition cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever and swelling. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Inhibition of COX-1 is thought to cause some of the side effects of ibuprofen including GI ulceration. Ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The R-enantiomer undergoes extensive interconversion to the S-enantiomer in vivo. The S-enantiomer is believed to be the more pharmacologically active enantiomer.
Absorption ~ 80% absorbed from GI tract

Time to reach peak plasma concentration = 47 minutes (suspension), 62 minutes (chewable tablets), 120 minutes (conventional tablets)
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 90-99% to whole human plasma and site II of purified albumin, binding appears to be saturable and becomes non-linear at concentrations exceeding 20 mcg/ml.
Metabolism
R-enanatiomer undergoes extensive enantiomeric conversion (53-65%) to the more active S-enantiomer in vivo. Metablized by oxidation to 2 inactive metabolites: (+)-2[4´-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propionic acid and (+)-2-[4´-(2-carboxypropyl)phenyl]propionic acid. Very small amounts of 1-hydroxyibuprofen and 3-hydroxyibuprofen have been recovered from urine. Cytochrome P450 2C9 is the major catalyst in the formation of oxidative metabolites. Oxidative metabolites may be conjugated to glucuronide prior to excretion.

Important The metabolism module of DrugBank is currently in beta. Questions or suggestions? Please contact us.

Substrate Enzymes Product
Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen glucuronide Details
Ibuprofen
2-Hydroxyibuprofen Details
Ibuprofen
3-Hydroxyibuprofen Details
Ibuprofen
    		(+)-2-[4'-(2-carboxypropyl)phenyl]propionic acid Details
    Ibuprofen
      		(+)-2[4'-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propionic acid Details
      Ibuprofen
        		1-hydroxyibuprofen Details
        Ibuprofen
          		Carboxy-ibuprofen Details
          Route of elimination Ibuprofen is rapidly metabolized and eliminated in the urine.
          Half life 2-4 hours
          Clearance Not Available
          Toxicity

          Side effects: May cause peripheral edema and fluid retention. Use caution in patients with congestive heart failure or severe uncontrolled hypertension. May cause dyspepsia, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, stomatitis, flatulence, bloating, epigastric pain, and abdominal pain. Peptic ulcer and GI bleeding have been reported. May also cause dizziness, headache and nervousness. Acute renal failure accompanied by acute tubular necrosis has been reported.

          Most common symptoms of overdose are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, vertigo, drowsiness (somnolence), dizziness and insomnia. Other symptoms of overdose include headache, loss of consciousness, tinnitus, CNS depression, convulsions and seizures. May rarely cause metabolic acidosis, abnormal hepatic function, hyperkalemia, renal failure, dyspnea, respiratory depression, coma, acute renal failure, and apnea (primarily in very young pediatric patients).

          LD50=1255mg/kg(orally in mice)
          Affected organisms
          • Humans and other mammals
          Pathways
          Pathway Name SMPDB ID
          Smp00086 Ibuprofen Pathway SMP00086
          Pharmacoeconomics
          Manufacturers
          • Wyeth consumer healthcare
          • Banner pharmacaps inc
          • Contract pharmacal corp
          • Dr reddys laboratories ltd
          • Marksans pharma ltd
          • Bayer healthcare llc
          • Cumberland pharmaceuticals inc
          • Mcneil consumer healthcare
          • Perrigo co
          • Tris pharma inc
          • Mcneil consumer products co div mcneilab inc
          • Alterna tchp llc
          • L perrigo co
          • Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
          • Actavis mid atlantic llc
          • Perrigo r and d co
          • Mcneil consumer healthcare div mcneil ppc inc
          • Mcneil pediatrics
          • Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co
          • Basf corp
          • Pliva inc
          • Advent pharmaceuticals inc
          • Amneal pharmaceuticals ny llc
          • Dr reddys laboratories louisiana llc
          • Dr reddys laboratories inc
          • Halsey drug co inc
          • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
          • Leiner health products inc
          • Lnk international inc
          • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
          • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
          • Mylan laboratories inc
          • Northstar healthcare holdings ltd
          • Ohm corp
          • Ohm laboratories inc
          • Par pharmaceutical inc
          • Purepac pharmaceutical co
          • Sandoz inc
          • Shasun usa inc
          • Superpharm corp
          • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
          • Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
          • Watson laboratories inc
          • Alra laboratories inc
          • Bristol myers products inc
          • Lundbeck inc
          Packagers
          Dosage forms
          Form Route Strength
          Capsule Oral 200 mg
          Concentrate Intravenous 100 mg/ml
          Suspension Oral 100 mg/5 ml
          Suspension Oral 40 mg/ml
          Tablet Oral 200 mg
          Tablet Oral 400 mg
          Tablet Oral 600 mg
          Tablet Oral 800 mg
          Tablet, chewable Oral 100 mg
          Tablet, chewable Oral 50 mg
          Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg
          Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg
          Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg
          Tablet, film coated Oral 600 mg
          Tablet, film coated Oral 800 mg
          First Prev Next Last
          Prices
          Unit description Cost Unit
          Neoprofen 20 mg/2 ml vial 304.5 USD ml
          Caldolor 400 mg/4 ml vial 2.21 USD ml
          Caldolor 800 mg/8 ml vial 1.58 USD ml
          Nuprin arthritis patch 1.11 USD patch
          Ibuprofen powder 1.04 USD g
          Nuprin muscle & joint patch 1.03 USD patch
          Profen II 45-800 mg 12 Hour tablet 0.69 USD tablet
          Motrin 800 mg tablet 0.59 USD tablet
          Advil allergy sinus caplet 0.5 USD caplet
          Ibu-drops 40 mg/ml suspension drops 0.42 USD ml
          Motrin 600 mg tablet 0.4 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen 800 mg tablet 0.36 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen 400 mg tablet 0.35 USD tablet
          Infant's motrin 50 mg/1.25 ml 0.34 USD ml
          Childs ibuprofen susp drp 0.33 USD ml
          Ibuprofen 600 mg tablet 0.33 USD tablet
          Wal-profen cold & sinus cplt 0.3 USD caplet
          Infant ibuprofen susp drop 0.29 USD ml
          Motrin 400 mg tablet 0.29 USD tablet
          CVS Pharmacy infant ibuprofen susp drop 0.25 USD ml
          Infants medi-profen susp 0.23 USD ml
          Advil cold & sinus caplet 0.22 USD caplet
          Advil pm caplet 0.22 USD caplet
          Soba profen cold-sinus tablet 0.22 USD tablet
          Midol caplet 0.21 USD caplet
          Advil migraine 200 mg capsule 0.2 USD capsule
          Ibuprofen cold-sinus caplet 0.2 USD caplet
          Motrin 100 mg caplet 0.2 USD caplet
          Motrin pm caplet 0.2 USD caplet
          Advil 200 mg liqui-gel capsule 0.19 USD capsule
          Soba profen ib caplet 0.19 USD caplet
          Motrin 100 mg tablet chew 0.18 USD tablet
          Pub infants profenib drops 0.18 USD ml
          Sm ibuprofen ib 100 mg tablet 0.18 USD tablet
          Eck ibuprofen jr caplet 0.17 USD caplet
          Ibuprofen pm caplet 0.17 USD caplet
          Advil 200 mg caplet 0.15 USD capsule
          Advil 200 mg gel caplet 0.15 USD caplet
          Advil 200 mg tablet 0.15 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen 100 mg tablet chew 0.15 USD tablet
          Motrin ib 200 mg caplet 0.15 USD caplet
          Apo-Ibuprofen 600 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
          CVS Pharmacy ibuprofen jr str 100 mg tablet 0.14 USD tablet
          Nu-Ibuprofen 600 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
          Motrin ib 200 mg tablet 0.13 USD tablet
          Motrin ib 200 mg gelcap 0.12 USD capsule
          Nuprin 200 mg caplet 0.12 USD caplet
          Wal-profen 200 mg caplet 0.12 USD caplet
          Wal-profen 200 mg tablet 0.12 USD tablet
          Eql ibuprofen 200 mg tablet 0.1 USD tablet
          Nuprin 200 mg tablet 0.1 USD tablet
          Apo-Ibuprofen 400 mg Tablet 0.08 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen ib 200 mg tablet 0.08 USD tablet
          Novo-Profen 400 mg Tablet 0.08 USD tablet
          Apo-Ibuprofen 300 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
          Medi-profen 200 mg tablet 0.07 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen 100 mg/5ml Suspension 0.06 USD ml
          Ibuprofen 200 mg caplet 0.06 USD caplet
          Child ibuprofen susp 0.05 USD ml
          Children's medi-profen susp 0.05 USD ml
          Children's motrin cold suspension 0.05 USD ml
          CVS Pharmacy ibuprofen 200 mg tablet 0.05 USD tablet
          Ibuprofen cold suspension 0.05 USD ml
          I-prin 200 mg tablet 0.05 USD tablet
          Novo-Profen 600 mg Tablet 0.05 USD tablet
          Children's motrin cold 0.04 USD ml
          Pv ibuprofen 200 mg caplet 0.04 USD caplet
          Soba children's profenib susp 0.04 USD ml
          Ibuprofen 200 mg tablet 0.03 USD tablet
          CVS Pharmacy ibuprofen 200 mg caplet 0.02 USD caplet
          Pv ibuprofen 200 mg tablet 0.02 USD tablet
          First Prev Next Last
          DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
          Patents
          Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
          United States 6727286 2001-11-27 2021-11-27
          United States 5215755 1993-06-01 2010-06-01
          Properties
          State solid
          Experimental Properties
          Property Value Source
          melting point 76 °C PhysProp
          water solubility 21 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
          logP 3.97 AVDEEF,A (1997)
          logS -3.99 ADME Research, USCD
          Caco2 permeability -4.28 ADME Research, USCD
          pKa 4.91 SANGSTER (1994)
          Predicted Properties
          Property Value Source
          water solubility 6.84e-02 g/l ALOGPS
          logP 3.5 ALOGPS
          logP 3.84 ChemAxon
          logS -3.5 ALOGPS
          pKa (strongest acidic) 4.85 ChemAxon
          physiological charge -1 ChemAxon
          hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
          hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
          polar surface area 37.3 ChemAxon
          rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon
          refractivity 60.73 ChemAxon
          polarizability 23.76 ChemAxon
          References
          Synthesis Reference

          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen#Synthesis
          General Reference
          1. Zawada ET Jr: Renal consequences of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Postgrad Med. 1982 May;71(5):223-30. Pubmed
          2. Townsend KP, Pratico D: Novel therapeutic opportunities for Alzheimer’s disease: focus on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. FASEB J. 2005 Oct;19(12):1592-601. Pubmed
          3. Chen H, Jacobs E, Schwarzschild MA, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Ascherio A: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and the risk for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2005 Dec;58(6):963-7. Pubmed
          4. Geisslinger G, Dietzel K, Bezler H, Nuernberg B, Brune K: Therapeutically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetical and pharmaceutical behavior of ibuprofen lysinate as compared to ibuprofen acid. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1989 Jul;27(7):324-8. Pubmed
          5. Bergner T, Przybilla B: Photosensitization caused by ibuprofen. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Jan;26(1):114-6. Pubmed
          6. Dill J, Patel AR, Yang XL, Bachoo R, Powell CM, Li S: A molecular mechanism for ibuprofen-mediated RhoA inhibition in neurons. J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 20;30(3):963-72. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5045-09.2010. Pubmed
          External Links
          Resource Link
          KEGG Drug D00126 Link_out
          KEGG Compound C01588 Link_out
          PubChem Compound 3672 Link_out
          PubChem Substance 46507255 Link_out
          ChemSpider 3544 Link_out
          ChEBI 5855 Link_out
          ChEMBL 5855 Link_out
          Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000780 Link_out
          PharmGKB PA449957 Link_out
          IUPHAR 2713 Link_out
          Guide to Pharmacology 2713 Link_out
          HET IBP Link_out
          Drug Product Database 636525 Link_out
          RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ibup.htm Link_out
          Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/ibuprofen.html Link_out
          Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen Link_out
          ATC Codes
          • C01EB16
          • G02CC01
          • M01AE01
          • M01AE14
          • M02AA13
          AHFS Codes
          • 28:08.04.92
          PDB Entries Not Available
          FDA label show (1.77 MB)
          MSDS show (73.5 KB)
          Interactions
          Drug Interactions
          Drug Interaction
          Acebutolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Acenocoumarol The NSAID, ibuprofen, may increase the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
          Acetylsalicylic acid Concomitant therapy of the NSAID, ketoprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid may result in additive adverse/toxic effects (e.g. GI bleeding). The NSAID may also limit the cardioprotective effect of acetylsalicylic acid. Occasional concomitant use may not cause clinically significant problems, but regular, frequent concomitant therapy is not recommended.
          Alendronate Increased risk of gastric toxicity
          Anisindione The NSAID, ibuprofen, may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
          Atenolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Azilsartan medoxomil Increases toxicity of each. May deteriorate renal function, particularly in volume depleted or elderly patients. Decreases effects of azilsartan by antagonism.
          Betaxolol Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents such as ibuprofen may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers such as betaxolol. Monitor for increases in blood pressure if a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) is initiated/dose increased, or decreases in blood pressure if a NSAID is discontinued/dose decreased; this is particularly important if NSAID treatment is for extended periods of time. Ophthalmic beta-blockers are likely of little concern.
          Bevantolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Bisoprolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Bumetanide The NSAID, ibuprofen, may antagonize the diuretic and antihypertensive effects of the loop diuretic, bumetanide.
          Carteolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Carvedilol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Colesevelam Bile acid sequestrants may decrease the absorption of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Monitor for decreased serum concentrations/therapeutic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) if coadministered with bile acid sequestrants. Separating the administration of doses by 2 or more hours may reduce (but not eliminate) the risk of interaction. The manufacturer of colesevelam recommends that drugs should be administered at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after colesevelam.
          Cyclosporine Monitor for nephrotoxicity
          Dicumarol The NSAID, ibuprofen, may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
          Eltrombopag Increases levels of Ibuprofen via metabolism decrease. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibition with unclear significance.
          Esmolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Ethacrynic acid The NSAID, ibuprofen, may antagonize the diuretic and antihypertensive effects of the loop diuretic, ethacrynic acid.
          Furosemide The NSAID, ibuprofen, may antagonize the diuretic and antihypertensive effects of the loop diuretic, furosemide.
          Ginkgo biloba Additive anticoagulant/antiplatelet effects may increase bleed risk. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
          Homoharringtonine Avoid combination with ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) due to the potential enhancement of homoharringtonine associated bleeding-related adverse effects. Specifically it is suggested to avoid this combination in patients with a platelet count of less than 50,000/uL.
          Labetalol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Lithium The NSAID, ibuprofen, may decrease the renal excretion of lithium. Increased risk of lithium toxicity.
          Methotrexate The NSAID, ibuprofen, may decrease the renal excretion of methotrexate. Increased risk of methotrexate toxicity.
          Metoprolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Nadolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Oxprenolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Penbutolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Pindolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Practolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Pralatrexate NSAIDs increase the risk of toxicity due to impairment of renal clearance of pralatrexate thus increasing exposure. Monitor for adverse effects or adjust dose of pralatrexate.
          Prasugrel Coadministration with NSAIDS used chronically may increase the risk of bleeding.
          Propranolol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Sotalol Risk of inhibition of renal prostaglandins
          Tamoxifen Ibuprofen may reduce clearance rate of Tamoxifen. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Tamoxifen if Ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Tolbutamide Ibuprofen, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tolbutamide, a CYP2C9 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Tolbutamide therapeutic and adverse effects if Ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Torasemide The NSAID, ibuprofen, may decrease the diuretic and antihypertensive effect of the loop diuretic, torasemide.
          Trandolapril The NSAID, Ibuprofen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Treprostinil The prostacyclin analogue, Treprostinil, may increase the risk of bleeding when combined with the NSAID, Ibuprofen. Monitor for increased bleeding during concomitant thearpy.
          Triflusal The metabolite of triflusal, 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoro-methyl-benzoic acid (HTB), impairs the serum protein binding of ibuprofen to the same extent as acetylsalisylic acid. Thus, the free fraction of glisentide may be increased. A dosage reduction may be required if used in combination.
          Trimethoprim The strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, Ibuprofen, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Trimethoprim, a CYP2C9 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in therapeutic and adverse effects of Trimethoprim if Ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Vilazodone Increased risk of bleeding with concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with vilazodone.
          Voriconazole Ibuprofen, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of voriconazole by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of voriconazole if ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Warfarin Ibuprofen, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism of warfarin. The antiplatelet effect of ibuprofen may also increase the bleed risk associated with warfarin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
          Food Interactions
          • Avoid alcohol
          • Food delays the time to reach peak plasma concentrations by 30-60 minutes and reduces peak plasma concentrations by 30-50%. Extent of absorption is unaffected.
          • Take with food to reduce gastric irritation.
          Targets

          1. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

          Pharmacological action: yes
          Actions: inhibitor

          May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P35354 Link_out
          Gene: PTGS2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Chavez ML, DeKorte CJ: Valdecoxib: a review. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):817-51. Pubmed
          2. Ouellet M, Falgueyret JP, Percival MD: Detergents profoundly affect inhibitor potencies against both cyclo-oxygenase isoforms. Biochem J. 2004 Feb 1;377(Pt 3):675-84. Pubmed
          3. Gallego-Sandin S, Novalbos J, Rosado A, Gisbert JP, Galvez-Mugica MA, Garcia AG, Pajares JM, Abad-Santos F: Effect of ibuprofen on cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase of gastric mucosa: correlation with endoscopic lesions and adverse reactions. Dig Dis Sci. 2004 Sep;49(9):1538-44. Pubmed
          4. Murphey LJ, Williams MK, Sanchez SC, Byrne LM, Csiki I, Oates JA, Johnson DH, Morrow JD: Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 by a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay: determination of cyclooxygenase-specific PGE2 synthesis in healthy humans and those with lung cancer. Anal Biochem. 2004 Nov 15;334(2):266-75. Pubmed
          5. Sanchez-Fidalgo S, Martin-Lacave I, Illanes M, Motilva V: Angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric ulcer healing. Effect of a selective cox-2 inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Nov 28;505(1-3):187-94. Pubmed
          6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

          2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1

          Pharmacological action: yes

          May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P23219 Link_out
          Gene: PTGS1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Chavez ML, DeKorte CJ: Valdecoxib: a review. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):817-51. Pubmed
          2. Patrignani P: Aspirin insensitive eicosanoid biosynthesis in cardiovascular disease. Thromb Res. 2003 Jun 15;110(5-6):281-6. Pubmed
          3. Gupta K, Kaub CJ, Carey KN, Casillas EG, Selinsky BS, Loll PJ: Manipulation of kinetic profiles in 2-aryl propionic acid cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Feb 9;14(3):667-71. Pubmed
          4. Martic M, Tatic I, Markovic S, Kujundzic N, Kostrun S: Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling studies of novel COX-1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem. 2004 Feb;39(2):141-51. Pubmed
          5. Hillarp A: [Acetylsalicylic acid resistance—clinical diagnosis with unclear mechanism] Lakartidningen. 2004 Nov 4;101(45):3504-6, 3508-9. Pubmed
          6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

          3. Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2

          Pharmacological action: unknown
          Actions: modulator

          Suppresses apoptosis in a variety of cell systems including factor-dependent lymphohematopoietic and neural cells. Regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability. Appears to function in a feedback loop system with caspases. Inhibits caspase activity either by preventing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and/or by binding to the apoptosis-activating factor (APAF-1)

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P10415 Link_out
          Gene: BCL2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. Pubmed

          4. Thrombomodulin

          Pharmacological action: unknown
          Actions: modulator

          Thrombomodulin is a specific endothelial cell receptor that forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This complex is responsible for the conversion of protein C to the activated protein C (protein Ca). Once evolved, protein Ca scissions the activated cofactors of the coagulation mechanism, factor Va and factor VIIIa, and thereby reduces the amount of thrombin generated

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P07204 Link_out
          Gene: THBD Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. Pubmed

          5. Tissue-type plasminogen activator

          Pharmacological action: unknown
          Actions: negative modulator

          Converts the abundant, but inactive, zymogen plasminogen to plasmin by hydrolyzing a single Arg-Val bond in plasminogen. By controlling plasmin-mediated proteolysis, it plays an important role in tissue remodeling and degradation, in cell migration and many other physiopathological events. Play a direct role in facilitating neuronal migration

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P00750 Link_out
          Gene: PLAT Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. Pubmed

          6. Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal

          Pharmacological action: unknown
          Actions: binder

          FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long- chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P12104 Link_out
          Gene: FABP2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Velkov T, Chuang S, Wielens J, Sakellaris H, Charman WN, Porter CJ, Scanlon MJ: The interaction of lipophilic drugs with intestinal fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):17769-76. Epub 2005 Feb 18. Pubmed

          7. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

          Pharmacological action: unknown
          Actions: activator

          Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis

          Organism class: human
          UniProt ID: P37231 Link_out
          Gene: PPARG Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Dill J, Patel AR, Yang XL, Bachoo R, Powell CM, Li S: A molecular mechanism for ibuprofen-mediated RhoA inhibition in neurons. J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 20;30(3):963-72. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5045-09.2010. Pubmed
          Enzymes

          1. Cytochrome P450 2C9

          Actions: substrate, inhibitor

          Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

          UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
          Gene: CYP2C9
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Mo SL, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF: New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126. Pubmed
          2. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
          3. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
          4. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
          5. Carlile DJ, Hakooz N, Bayliss MK, Houston JB: Microsomal prediction of in vivo clearance of CYP2C9 substrates in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;47(6):625-35. Pubmed

          2. Cytochrome P450 2C8

          Actions: substrate

          Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

          UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
          Gene: CYP2C8
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
          2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

          3. Cytochrome P450 2C19

          Actions: substrate

          Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

          UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
          Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

          4. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1

          Actions: substrate

          UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX- alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate

          UniProt ID: P22309 Link_out
          Gene: UGT1A1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

          5. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3

          Actions: substrate

          UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds

          UniProt ID: P35503 Link_out
          Gene: UGT1A3 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

          6. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9

          Actions: substrate

          UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols

          UniProt ID: O60656 Link_out
          Gene: UGT1A9 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

          7. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4

          Actions: substrate

          UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as estriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol) and xenobiotics (such as 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, 4- nitrophenol, 2-aminophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and menthol). It is capable of 6 alpha-hydroxyglucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid

          UniProt ID: P06133 Link_out
          Gene: UGT2B4 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

          8. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7

          Actions: substrate

          Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites

          UniProt ID: P16662 Link_out
          Gene: UGT2B7 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

          9. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1

          Actions: inhibitor

          May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells

          UniProt ID: P23219 Link_out
          Gene: PTGS1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. Pubmed

          10. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

          Actions: inhibitor

          May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity

          UniProt ID: P35354 Link_out
          Gene: PTGS2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. Pubmed
          Transporters

          1. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

          Actions: substrate

          Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost

          UniProt ID: O94956 Link_out
          Gene: SLCO2B1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Satoh H, Yamashita F, Tsujimoto M, Murakami H, Koyabu N, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Citrus juices inhibit the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):518-23. Epub 2005 Jan 7. Pubmed

          2. Multidrug resistance protein 1

          Actions: substrate

          Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

          UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
          Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Faassen F, Vogel G, Spanings H, Vromans H: Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22. Pubmed

          3. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4

          Actions: inhibitor

          May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification

          UniProt ID: O15439 Link_out
          Gene: ABCC4 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. Pubmed

          4. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

          Actions: inhibitor

          May participate directly in the active transport of drugs into subcellular organelles or influence drug distribution indirectly. Confers resistance to anticancer drugs. Transports LTC4. May protect milk against xenobiotics

          UniProt ID: P33527 Link_out
          Gene: ABCC1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. Pubmed

          5. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

          Actions: inhibitor

          Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity)

          UniProt ID: P46721 Link_out
          Gene: SLCO1A2 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Shitara Y, Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, Abe T, Meier PJ, Itoh T, Sugiyama Y: Comparative inhibitory effects of different compounds on rat oatpl (slc21a1)- and Oatp2 (Slc21a5)-mediated transport. Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;19(2):147-53. Pubmed

          6. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

          Actions: inhibitor
          UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
          Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Mulato AS, Ho ES, Cihlar T: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs efficiently reduce the transport and cytotoxicity of adefovir mediated by the human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):10-5. Pubmed
          2. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed
          3. Uwai Y, Saito H, Inui K: Interaction between methotrexate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in organic anion transporter. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec 1;409(1):31-6. Pubmed
          4. Apiwattanakul N, Sekine T, Chairoungdua A, Kanai Y, Nakajima N, Sophasan S, Endou H: Transport properties of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by organic anion transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(5):847-54. Pubmed

          7. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

          Actions: inhibitor

          Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

          UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
          Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed
          2. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed
          3. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Tsuchiya A, Kohyama N, Ohbayashi M, Yamamoto T: Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 May;32(5):479-83. Pubmed

          8. Solute carrier family 22 member 11

          Actions: inhibitor

          Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds

          UniProt ID: Q9NSA0 Link_out
          Gene: SLC22A11 Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. Pubmed
          2. Cha SH, Sekine T, Kusuhara H, Yu E, Kim JY, Kim DK, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4507-12. Pubmed
          Carriers

          1. Serum albumin

          Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

          UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
          Gene: ALB Link_out
          Protein Sequence: FASTA
          Gene Sequence: FASTA
          SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

          References:
          1. Yamasaki K, Rahman MH, Tsutsumi Y, Maruyama T, Ahmed S, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M: Circular dichroism simulation shows a site-II-to-site-I displacement of human serum albumin-bound diclofenac by ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2000 May 14;1(2):E12. Pubmed
          Comments
          Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on June 03, 2013 18:47