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Identification
Name Estradiol
Accession Number DB00783 (APRD00311)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Generally refers to the 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries and the placenta. It is also produced by the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women. The 17-alpha-isomer of estradiol binds weakly to estrogen receptors (receptors, estrogen) and exhibits little estrogenic activity in estrogen-responsive tissues. Various isomers can be synthesized. [PubChem]

Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
17beta oestradiol
17β-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol
17β-estradiol
17β-oestradiol
beta-Estradiol
cis-estradiol
Estradiol-17beta
Salts
  • Estradiol acetate
  • Estradiol benzoate
  • Estradiol cypionate
  • Estradiol valerate
Brand names
Name Company
Alora
Climara
Divigel
Elestrin
Estrace
Estraderm MX
Estraderm TTS
Estrasorb Topical
Estring
Estrofem
Estrogel
EvaMist
Femring
Femtrace
Gynodiol
Innofem
Menostar
Vivelle-Dot
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Activella Estradiol + norethindrone acetate
AngeliQ Estradiol + drospirenone
Climacteron Injection Estradiol Benzoate + Estradiol Dienanthate + Testosterone Enanthate Benzilic Acid Hydrazone
Cyclo-Progynova estradiol valerate + norgestrel
Categories
  • Anticholesteremic Agents
  • Estrogens
  • Anti-menopausal Agents
CAS number 50-28-2
Weight Average: 272.382
Monoisotopic: 272.177630012
Chemical Formula C18H24O2
InChI Key InChIKey=VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H24O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-17,19-20H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17+,18+/m1/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(1S,10R,11S,14S,15S)-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-5,14-diol
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])C3=C(CC[C@@]21[H])C=C(O)C=C3
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (9.34 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
Substructures
  • Steroids and Steroid Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Naphthalenes
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Phenanthrenes
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Cyclohexenes and Derivatives
  • Phenyl Esters
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of urogenital symptoms associated with post-menopausal atrophy of the vagina (such as dryness, burning, pruritus and dyspareunia) and/or the lower urinary tract (urinary urgency and dysuria).
Pharmacodynamics Estradiol, the principal intracellular human estrogen, is substantially more active than its metabolites, estrone and estriol, at the cellular level.
Mechanism of action Estradiol enters target cells freely (e.g., female organs, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary) and interacts with a target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
Absorption 43%
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding >95%
Metabolism Exogenous estrogens are metabolized using the same mechanism as endogenous estrogens. Estrogens are partially metabolized by cytochrome P450.
Route of elimination Estradiol, estrone and estriol are excreted in the urine along with glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.
Half life 36 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Can cause nausea and vomiting, and withdrawal bleeding may occur in females.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Warner chilcott inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Bayer healthcare pharmaceuticals inc
  • Women first healthcare inc
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
  • Mylan technologies inc
  • Ortho mcneil pharmaceutical inc
  • Parke davis pharmaceutical research div warner lambert co
  • Azur pharma international ii ltd
  • Ascend therapeutics inc
  • Upsher smith laboratories inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
  • Kv pharmaceutical co
  • Bristol myers squibb co
  • Bristol myers squibb co pharmaceutical research institute
  • Aai pharma inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Heritage pharmaceuticals inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Duramed pharmaceuticals inc sub barr laboratories inc
  • Novo nordisk inc
  • Galen ltd
  • Graceway pharmaceuticals llc
  • Jhp pharmaceuticals llc
  • Pharmaforce inc
  • Sandoz canada inc
  • Private formulations inc
  • Monarch pharmaceuticals inc
  • Wyeth ayerst laboratories
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Disc Transdermal
Gel Transdermal
Liquid Intramuscular
Patch Transdermal
Ring Intravaginal
Tablet Intravaginal
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Femring 0.1 mg/24hr Ring 218.6 USD ring
Estring 2 mg Ring Box 210.39 USD box
Femring 0.10 mg vaginal ring 210.19 USD ring
Femring 0.05 mg/24hr Ring 205.15 USD ring
Estring 2 mg vaginal ring 202.3 USD ring
Femring 0.05 mg vaginal ring 197.26 USD ring
Elestrin 0.52 mg/0.87 gm(0.06%) Gel 144 gm Bottle 162.06 USD bottle
Ethinyl estradiol powder 140.0 USD g
Vagifem 18 25 mcg tablet Box 139.78 USD box
Estrace 0.1 mg/gm Cream 42.5 gm Tube 133.27 USD tube
Estradiol cypionate powder 88.74 USD g
Delestrogen 10 mg/ml Oil 5ml Vial 88.04 USD vial
Evamist 1.53 mg/spray Solution 8.1ml Bottle 87.18 USD bottle
Divigel 1 mg/gm Gel Box Of 30 gm 85.53 USD box
Estrogel 0.75 mg/1.25 gm(0.06%) Gel 50 gm Bottle 84.24 USD bottle
Divigel 30 0.25 mg/0.25 gm Gel 30 Patches/box 81.24 USD box
Climara 4 0.025 mg/24hr Patches Box 75.58 USD box
Climara 4 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 75.58 USD box
Climara 4 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box 75.58 USD box
Menostar 4 14 mcg/24hr Patches Box 73.18 USD box
Divigel 0.5 mg/0.5 gm Gel Box 72.99 USD box
Estraderm 8 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box 72.47 USD box
Vivelle-Dot 8 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box 72.46 USD box
Vivelle-Dot 8 0.025 mg/24hr Patches Box 70.69 USD box
Climara 4 0.075 mg/24hr Patches Box 69.04 USD box
Climara Pro 4 0.045-0.015 mg/day Patches Box 69.04 USD box
Vivelle-Dot 8 0.0375 mg/24hr Patches Box 68.84 USD box
Vivelle-Dot 8 0.075 mg/24hr Patches Box 66.89 USD box
CombiPatch 8 0.05-0.25 mg/day Patches Box 66.45 USD box
Estraderm 8 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 66.35 USD box
Vivelle-Dot 8 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 65.99 USD box
Estring 2 mg Slow-Release Ring 65.39 USD ring
Alora 8 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box 62.99 USD box
Alora 8 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 60.99 USD box
Alora 8 0.075 mg/24hr Patches Box 58.27 USD box
Vagifem 8 25 mcg tablet Box 58.23 USD box
Vagifem 8 10 mcg tablet Box 54.99 USD box
Vivelle 8 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 49.99 USD box
Estradiol benzoate powder 42.0 USD g
Estradiol 4 0.025 mg/24hr Patches Box 40.92 USD box
Estradiol 4 0.05 mg/24hr Patches Box 40.92 USD box
Estradiol 4 0.075 mg/24hr Patches Box 40.92 USD box
Estradiol 4 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box 40.92 USD box
Estradiol 4 0.06 mg/24hr Patches Box 39.99 USD box
Delestrogen 40 mg/ml Oil 39.52 USD ml
Estradiol 4 0.0375 mg/24hr Patches Box 39.35 USD box
Delestrogen 40 mg/ml vial 38.0 USD ml
Estradiol valerate 40 mg/ml vial 35.62 USD ml
Estradiol valerate powder 32.13 USD g
Delestrogen 20 mg/ml Oil 23.82 USD ml
Delestrogen 20 mg/ml vial 22.91 USD ml
Estradiol valerate 20 mg/ml vial 21.25 USD ml
Estradiol 0.1 mg/day patch 20.55 USD patch
Estradiol powder 17.86 USD g
Climara 0.0375 mg/24hr Patches 17.26 USD patch
Climara 0.06 mg/24hr Patches 17.26 USD patch
Estradiol 0.05 mg/day patch 16.91 USD patch
Delestrogen 10 mg/ml vial 16.25 USD ml
Climara 0.025 mg/day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara 0.0375 mg/day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara 0.05 mg/day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara 0.06/mg day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara 0.075 mg/day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara 0.1 mg/day patch 15.77 USD patch
Climara pro patch 15.77 USD patch
Estradiol valerate 10 mg/ml vial 15.24 USD ml
Evamist 1.53 mg/spray 10.43 USD ml
Estradiol tds 0.025 mg/day 9.84 USD each
Estradiol tds 0.0375 mg/day 9.84 USD each
Estradiol tds 0.06 mg/day 9.84 USD each
Estradiol tds 0.075 mg/day 9.84 USD each
Depo-Estradiol 5 mg/ml Oil 9.66 USD ml
Estraderm 0.1 mg patch 8.66 USD patch
CombiPatch 0.05-0.14 mg/day Patches 8.65 USD patch
Vivelle-dot 0.075 mg patch 8.49 USD patch
Estraderm 0.05 mg patch 8.07 USD patch
Combipatch 0.05-0.14 mg ptch 7.92 USD patch
Combipatch 0.05-0.25 mg ptch 7.91 USD patch
Depo-estradiol 5 mg/ml vial 7.89 USD ml
Vivelle-dot 0.1 mg patch 7.89 USD patch
Vivelle-dot 0.05 mg patch 7.61 USD patch
Vivelle-dot 0.0375 mg patch 7.54 USD patch
Vivelle-dot 0.025 mg patch 7.53 USD patch
Alora 0.1 mg patch 7.16 USD patch
Alora 0.075 mg patch 7.0 USD patch
Alora 0.05 mg patch 6.86 USD patch
Vagifem 10 mcg vaginal tab 6.78 USD each
Vagifem 25 mcg vaginal tab 6.78 USD each
Climara 100 (7.8 Mg/Pth) 100 mcg/day Patch 6.67 USD patch
Climara 75 (5.7 Mg/Pth) 75 mcg/day Patch 6.31 USD patch
Alora 0.025 mg patch 6.26 USD patch
Vivelle 0.1 mg patch 5.94 USD patch
Climara 50 (3.9 Mg/Pth) 50 mcg/day Patch 5.91 USD patch
Vivelle 0.05 mg patch 5.74 USD patch
Climara 25 (2 Mg/Pth) 25 mcg/day Patch 5.54 USD patch
Estraderm-100 (8.0 Mg/Pth) 100 mcg/day Patch 4.52 USD patch
Estraderm-25 (2 Mg/Pth) 25 mcg/day Patch 3.74 USD patch
Estradot 100 (1.56 Mg/Pth) 100 mcg/day Patch 3.49 USD patch
Estradot 75 (1.17 Mg/Pth) 75 mcg/day Patch 3.3 USD patch
Vagifem 25 mcg Tablet 3.21 USD tablet
Estradot 50 (0.78 Mg/Pth) 50 mcg/day Patch 3.07 USD patch
Oesclim 50 (10 Mg/Pth) 50 mcg/day Patch 3.06 USD patch
Estrace 0.01% cream 3.05 USD g
Estrace 2 mg tablet 2.98 USD tablet
Estradot 37.5 (0.585 Mg/Pth) 37.5 mcg/day Patch 2.88 USD patch
Estradot 25 (0.39 Mg/Pth) 25 mcg/day Patch 2.86 USD patch
Estrasorb 4.35 mg/1.74 gm Emulsion 1.74 gm Packet 2.83 USD packet
Oesclim 25 (5 Mg/Pth) 25 mcg/day Patch 2.83 USD patch
Divigel 0.25 mg gel packet 2.74 USD each
Divigel 0.5 mg gel packet 2.74 USD each
Divigel 1 mg gel packet 2.74 USD g
Sandoz Estradiol Derm 100 (8 Mg/Pth) 100 mcg/day Patch 2.64 USD patch
Menest 2.5 mg tablet 2.6 USD tablet
Femtrace 1.8 mg tablet 2.59 USD tablet
Sandoz Estradiol Derm 75 (6 Mg/Pth) 75 mcg/day Patch 2.5 USD patch
Sandoz Estradiol Derm 50 (4 Mg/Pth) 50 mcg/day Patch 2.34 USD patch
Estrace 0.5 mg tablet 2.29 USD tablet
Femtrace 0.45 mg tablet 2.02 USD tablet
Femtrace 0.9 mg tablet 2.02 USD tablet
Estrace 1 mg tablet 1.93 USD tablet
Estrogel 0.06% gel 1.63 USD g
Menest 1.25 mg tablet 1.56 USD tablet
Menest 0.625 mg tablet 1.41 USD tablet
Estrasorb packet 1.21 USD g
Elestrin 0.06% gel 0.94 USD g
Menest 0.3 mg tablet 0.89 USD tablet
Gynodiol 1.5 mg tablet 0.5 USD tablet
Estradiol 2 mg tablet 0.49 USD tablet
Estrace 2 mg Tablet 0.44 USD tablet
Estradiol 1 mg tablet 0.42 USD tablet
Estradiol 0.5 mg tablet 0.36 USD tablet
Estrogel 0.06 % Gel 0.31 USD g
Estrace 1 mg Tablet 0.25 USD tablet
Estrace 0.5 mg Tablet 0.13 USD tablet
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 7572779 2004-03-02 2024-03-02
United States 5223261 1993-06-29 2010-06-29
Canada 2306881 2008-09-02 2018-11-19
Canada 1338660 1996-10-22 2013-10-22
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 178.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 3.6 mg/L (at 27 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP 4.01 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Caco2 permeability -4.77 ADME Research, USCD
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.13e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 3.57 ALOGPS
logP 3.75 ChemAxon
logS -4.1 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 10.33 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -0.88 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 40.46 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 0 ChemAxon
refractivity 79.9 ChemAxon
polarizability 32.13 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Pentikainen V, Erkkila K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L: Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):2057-67. Pubmed
  2. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE: Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet. 1993 May 29;341(8857):1392-5. Pubmed
  3. Raman JD, Schlegel PN: Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol. 2002 Feb;167(2 Pt 1):624-9. Pubmed
  4. Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, Korach KS, Simpson ER: Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 10;337(2):91-5. Pubmed
  5. Behl C, Widmann M, Trapp T, Holsboer F: 17-beta estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Nov 13;216(2):473-82. Pubmed
  6. Schmidt JW, Wollner D, Curcio J, Riedlinger J, Kim LS: Hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women: Past problems and future possibilities. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;22(10):564-77. Pubmed
  7. Foresta C, Zuccarello D, Biagioli A, De Toni L, Prana E, Nicoletti V, Ambrosini G, Ferlin A: Oestrogen stimulates endothelial progenitor cells via oestrogen receptor-alpha. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Oct;67(4):520-5. Epub 2007 Jun 15. Pubmed
  8. Garcia-Segura LM, Sanz A, Mendez P: Cross-talk between IGF-I and estradiol in the brain: focus on neuroprotection. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(4):275-9. Epub 2006 Nov 23. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00105 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00951 Link_out
PubChem Compound 5757 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46508115 Link_out
ChemSpider 5554 Link_out
BindingDB 17292 Link_out
ChEBI 16469 Link_out
ChEMBL 16469 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000854 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449503 Link_out
IUPHAR 1013 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 1013 Link_out
HET ECO Link_out
Drug Product Database 2246969 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/estrogel.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/estradiol.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol Link_out
ATC Codes
  • G03CA01
  • G03CA03
  • L02AA02
  • L02AA03
AHFS Codes
  • 68:16.04
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (89.1 KB)
MSDS show (73.8 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Amobarbital The enzyme inducer, amobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Aprobarbital The enzyme inducer, aprobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Butabarbital The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Butalbital The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Butethal The enzyme inducer, butethal, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Ethotoin The enzyme inducer, ethotoin, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Fosphenytoin The enzyme inducer, fosphenytoin, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Griseofulvin The enzyme inducer, griseofulvin, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Heptabarbital The enzyme inducer, heptabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Hexobarbital The enzyme inducer, hexobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Mephenytoin The enzyme inducer, mephenytoin, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Methohexital The enzyme inducer, methohexital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Methylphenobarbital The enzyme inducer, methylphenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Pentobarbital The enzyme inducer, pentobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Phenobarbital The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Phenytoin The enzyme inducer, phenytoin, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Prednisolone The estrogenic agent, estradiol, may increase the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
Prednisone The estrogenic agent, estradiol, may increase the effect of corticosteroid, prednisone.
Primidone The enzyme inducer, primidone, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Raloxifene Association not recommended
Secobarbital The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Talbutal The enzyme inducer, talbutal, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Tipranavir Estradiol may increase the adverse dermatological effects (i.e. skin rash) of Tipranavir. Tipranavir may decrease the serum concentration Estradiol. Use an alternate form of contraception or monitor for estrogen deficiency if Estradiol is used for hormone replacement therapy.
Ursodeoxycholic acid Estrogens decreases the effect of ursodiol
Food Interactions
  • Take with food to decrease nausea.
Targets

1. Estrogen receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03372 Link_out
Gene: ESR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Brama M, Gnessi L, Basciani S, Cerulli N, Politi L, Spera G, Mariani S, Cherubini S, d’Abusco AS, Scandurra R, Migliaccio S: Cadmium induces mitogenic signaling in breast cancer cell by an ERalpha-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 29;264(1-2):102-8. Epub 2006 Nov 27. Pubmed
  2. Lehnes K, Winder AD, Alfonso C, Kasid N, Simoneaux M, Summe H, Morgan E, Iann MC, Duncan J, Eagan M, Tavaluc R, Evans CH Jr, Russell R, Wang A, Hu F, Stoica A: The effect of estradiol on in vivo tumorigenesis is modulated by the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt1 pathway. Endocrinology. 2007 Mar;148(3):1171-80. Epub 2006 Nov 30. Pubmed
  3. Sasson S: Equilibrium binding analysis of estrogen agonists and antagonists: relation to the activation of the estrogen receptor. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1991 Jan;39(1):59-69. Pubmed
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. Estrogen receptor beta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner. Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA- binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q92731 Link_out
Gene: ESR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Vijayanathan V, Greenfield NJ, Thomas TJ, Ivanova MM, Tyulmenkov VV, Klinge CM, Gallo MA, Thomas T: Effects of estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen on the conformation, thermal stability, and DNA recognition of estrogen receptor beta. Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Feb;85(1):1-10. Pubmed
  2. Sasson S: Equilibrium binding analysis of estrogen agonists and antagonists: relation to the activation of the estrogen receptor. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1991 Jan;39(1):59-69. Pubmed

3. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Orphan receptor; its natural ligand is probably pregnane. Binds to a response element in the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes promoter. Activates its expression in response to a wide variety of endobiotics and xenobiotics

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75469 Link_out
Gene: NR1I2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Xue Y, Moore LB, Orans J, Peng L, Bencharit S, Kliewer SA, Redinbo MR: Crystal structure of the pregnane X receptor-estradiol complex provides insights into endobiotic recognition. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 May;21(5):1028-38. Epub 2007 Feb 27. Pubmed

Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Lee AJ, Cai MX, Thomas PE, Conney AH, Zhu BT: Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Lee AJ, Cai MX, Thomas PE, Conney AH, Zhu BT: Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

4. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

5. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX- alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate

UniProt ID: P22309 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hanioka N, Tanabe N, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Nagaoka K, Naito S, Koeda A, Narimatsu S: Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 enzymes. Life Sci. 2010 Aug 14;87(7-8):261-8. Epub 2010 Jul 8. Pubmed
  2. Guillemette C, Belanger A, Lepine J: Metabolic inactivation of estrogens in breast tissue by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: an overview. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):246-54. Epub 2004 Sep 27. Pubmed
  3. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  4. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  5. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  6. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  7. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  8. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  9. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  10. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  11. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  12. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  13. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  14. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  15. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  16. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 1B1

Actions: substrate

Participates in the metabolism of an as-yet-unknown biologically active molecule that is a participant in eye development

UniProt ID: Q16678 Link_out
Gene: CYP1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  2. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed
  3. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hayer-Zillgen M, Bruss M, Bonisch H: Expression and pharmacological profile of the human organic cation transporters hOCT1, hOCT2 and hOCT3. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;136(6):829-36. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, Kekuda R, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Identity of the organic cation transporter OCT3 as the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake2) and evidence for the expression of the transporter in the brain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32776-86. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hayer-Zillgen M, Bruss M, Bonisch H: Expression and pharmacological profile of the human organic cation transporters hOCT1, hOCT2 and hOCT3. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;136(6):829-36. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, Kekuda R, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Identity of the organic cation transporter OCT3 as the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake2) and evidence for the expression of the transporter in the brain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32776-86. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hayer-Zillgen M, Bruss M, Bonisch H: Expression and pharmacological profile of the human organic cation transporters hOCT1, hOCT2 and hOCT3. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;136(6):829-36. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, Kekuda R, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Identity of the organic cation transporter OCT3 as the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake2) and evidence for the expression of the transporter in the brain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32776-86. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost

UniProt ID: O94956 Link_out
Gene: SLCO2B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tamai I, Nozawa T, Koshida M, Nezu J, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Functional characterization of human organic anion transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) in comparison with liver-specific OATP-C. Pharm Res. 2001 Sep;18(9):1262-9. Pubmed

5. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity)

UniProt ID: P46721 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kanai N, Lu R, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Vore M, Schuster VL: Estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide is a high-affinity substrate for oatp organic anion transporter. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F326-31. Pubmed
  2. Bossuyt X, Muller M, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ: Polyspecific drug and steroid clearance by an organic anion transporter of mammalian liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):891-6. Pubmed
  3. Kullak-Ublick, G.A. et al. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP- B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology 120, 525-533 (2001).Pubmed

6. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7

Actions: inhibitor

ATP-dependent transporter probably involved in cellular detoxification through lipophilic anion extrusion

UniProt ID: Q5T3U5 Link_out
Gene: ABCC10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen ZS, Hopper-Borge E, Belinsky MG, Shchaveleva I, Kotova E, Kruh GD: Characterization of the transport properties of human multidrug resistance protein 7 (MRP7, ABCC10). Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;63(2):351-8. Pubmed

7. Solute carrier family 22 member 11

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds

UniProt ID: Q9NSA0 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Kusuhara H, Yu E, Kim JY, Kim DK, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4507-12. Pubmed

8. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123

UniProt ID: Q9UNQ0 Link_out
Gene: ABCG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Imai Y, Asada S, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Tsuruo T, Sugimoto Y: Breast cancer resistance protein exports sulfated estrogens but not free estrogens. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;64(3):610-8. Pubmed
  2. Imai Y, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Tsuruo T, Sugimoto Y: Estrone and 17beta-estradiol reverse breast cancer resistance protein-mediated multidrug resistance. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002 Mar;93(3):231-5. Pubmed

9. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver

UniProt ID: Q9Y6L6 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tamai I, Nozawa T, Koshida M, Nezu J, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Functional characterization of human organic anion transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) in comparison with liver-specific OATP-C. Pharm Res. 2001 Sep;18(9):1262-9. Pubmed
  2. Kullak-Ublick, G.A. et al. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP- B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology 120, 525-533 (2001).Pubmed

10. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Rao US, Fine RL, Scarborough GA: Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92. Pubmed
  2. Kim WY, Benet LZ: P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1)-mediated efflux of sex-steroid hormones and modulation of P-gp expression in vitro. Pharm Res. 2004 Jul;21(7):1284-93. Pubmed

11. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed

12. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotrexate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP)

UniProt ID: Q9NPD5 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1B3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. Pubmed

13. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1

Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone-3-sulfate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) are transported with much lower efficiency

UniProt ID: Q9NYB5 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1C1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Pizzagalli F, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Klenk U, Folkers G, Meier PJ: Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;16(10):2283-96. Pubmed

14. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate

UniProt ID: Q96BD0 Link_out
Gene: SLCO4A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jun 24;273(1):251-60. Pubmed

Carriers

1. Sex hormone-binding globulin

Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration

UniProt ID: P04278 Link_out
Gene: SHBG Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Campusano M C, Brusco G F, Campino J C, Rodriguez P L, Arteaga U E: [Assessment of androgenic decline in the elderly] Rev Med Chil. 2006 Sep;134(9):1123-8. Epub 2006 Dec 12. Pubmed
  2. Kuba R, Pohanka M, Zakopcan J, Novotna I, Rektor I: Sexual dysfunctions and blood hormonal profile in men with focal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006 Dec;47(12):2135-40. Pubmed
  3. Bendlova B, Zavadilova J, Vankova M, Vejrazkova D, Lukasova P, Vcelak J, Hill M, Cibula D, Vondra K, Starka L, Vrbikova J: Role of D327N sex hormone-binding globulin gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Apr;104(1-2):68-74. Epub 2007 Jan 26. Pubmed
  4. Sablik Z, Samborska-Sablik A, Bolinska-Soltysiak H, Goch JH, Kula K: [Hyperandrogenism as a risk factor of coronary artery disease in young women] Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2006 Feb;115(2):118-24. Pubmed
  5. Mohamad MJ, Mohammad MA, Karayyem M, Hairi A, Hader AA: Serum levels of sex hormones in men with acute myocardial infarction. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Apr;28(2):182-6. Pubmed
  6. O’Connell MB: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic variation between different estrogen products. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;35(9 Suppl):18S-24S. Pubmed
  7. Pardridge WM: Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May;15(2):259-78. Pubmed

2. Serum albumin

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. O’Connell MB: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic variation between different estrogen products. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;35(9 Suppl):18S-24S. Pubmed

3. Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal

FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long- chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor

UniProt ID: P12104 Link_out
Gene: FABP2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Rowland A, Knights KM, Mackenzie PI, Miners JO: Characterization of the binding of drugs to human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP): potential role of IFABP as an alternative to albumin for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of drug kinetic parameters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jul;37(7):1395-403. Epub 2009 Apr 27. Pubmed

Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19