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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:04:44
Primary Accession Number DB00649
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00440
Name Stavudine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. 2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxythimidine
  2. 3'-Deoxy-2'-thymidinene
  3. Estavudina [INN-Spanish]
  4. STV
  5. Sanilvudine
  6. Stavudine [Usan:Ban:Inn]
  7. Stavudinum [INN-Latin]
  8. stavudine
Brand Names
  1. Zerit
  2. Zerit XR
  3. Zerut XR
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 1-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione
Chemical Formula C10H12N2O4
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 3056-17-5
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C10H12N2O4/c1-6-4-12(10(15)11-9(6)14)8-3-2-7(5-13)16-8/h2-4,7-8,13H,5H2,1H3,(H,11,14,15)/t7-,8+/m0/s1/f/h11H
InChI Key XNKLLVCARDGLGL-ATTKCSSXDC
KEGG Drug D00445 Link Image
KEGG Compound C07312 Link Image
PubChem Compound 18283 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9520 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA451494 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02216094 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/stavudin.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/zer1496.shtml Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavudine Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Joshi, Bhalchandra V. et al.; J.Chem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1; 19; 2537-2544(1992)
Average Molecular Weight 224.2133
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 224.0797
State Solid
Melting Point 159 - 160 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 5-10 g/100 mL at 21 oC Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 4.05e+01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.8 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -0.73 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -0.74 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC1=CN([C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)C=C2)C(=O)NC1=O
Canonical SMILES CC1=CN(C2OC(CO)C=C2)C(=O)NC1=O
Drug Category
  • Anti-HIV Agents
  • Antimetabolites
  • Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 08:18.08.20
Indication For the treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infections.
Pharmacology Stavudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Stavudine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated.
Mechanism of Action Stavudine inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.
Absorption Following oral administration, stavudine is rapidly absorbed (bioavailability is 68-104%).
Toxicity Side effects include peripheral neuropathy tingling, burning, numbness, or pain in the hands or feet), fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in patients treated with stavudine (ZERIT) in combination with other antiretroviral agents, severe liver enlargement, inflammation (pain and swelling) of the liver, and liver failure.
Protein Binding Negligible
Biotransformation Phosphorylated intracellularly to stavudine triphosphate, the active substrate for HIV-reverse transcriptase.
Half Life 0.8-1.5 hours (in adults)
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Capsule Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
  4. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Targets
  1. Gag-Pol polyprotein
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 864
Target 1 Name Gag-Pol polyprotein
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Pr160Gag-Pol
Target 1 Gene Name gag
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Gag-Pol polyprotein 
GARASVLSGGELDKWEKIRLRPGGKKKYKLKHIVWASRELERFAVNPGLLETSEGCRQIL
GQLQPSLQTGSEELRSLYNTVATLYCVHQRIDVKDTKEALEKIEEEQNKSKKKAQQAAAA
AGTGNSSQVSQNYPIVQNLQGQMVHQAISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSEGA
TPQDLNTMLNTVGGHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRVHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGT
TSTLQEQIGWMTNNPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDR
FYKTLRAEQASQDVKNWMTETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPAATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHK
ARVLAEAMSQVTNPANIMMQRGNFRNQRKTVKCFNCGKEGHIAKNCRAPRKKGCWRCGRE
GHQMKDCTERQANFLREDLAFLQGKAREFSSEQTRANSPTRRELQVWGGENNSLSEAGAD
RQGTVSFNFPQITLWQRPLVTIRIGGQLKEALLDTGADDTVLEEMNLPGKWKPKMIGGIG
GFIKVRQYDQIPVEICGHKAIGTVLVGPTPVNIIGRNLLTQIGCTLNFPISPIETVPVKL
KPGMDGPKVKQWPLTEEKIKALVEICTEMEKEGKISKIGPENPYNTPVFAIKKKDSTKWR
KLVDFRELNKRTQDFWEVQLGIPHPAGLKKKKSVTVLDVGDAYFSVPLDKDFRKYTAFTI
PSINNETPGIRYQYNVLPQGWKGSPAIFQSSMTKILEPFRKQNPDIVIYQYMDDLYVGSD
LEIGQHRTKIEELRQHLLRWGFTTPDKKHQKEPPFLWMGYELHPDKWTVQPIMLPEKDSW
TVNDIQKLVGKLNWASQIYAGIKVKQLCKLLRGTKALTEVIPLTEEAELELAENREILKE
PVHEVYYDPSKDLVAEIQKQGQGQWTYQIYQEPFKNLKTGKYARMRGAHTNDVKQLTEAV
QKVSTESIVIWGKIPKFKLPIQKETWEAWWMEYWQATWIPEWEFVNTPPLVKLWYQLEKE
PIVGAETFYVDGAANRETKLGKAGYVTDRGRQKVVSIADTTNQKTELQAIHLALQDSGLE
VNIVTDSQYALGIIQAQPDKSESELVSQIIEQLIKKEKVYLAWVPAHKGIGGNEQVDKLV
SAGIRKVLFLNGIDKAQEEHEKYHSNWRAMASDFNLPPVVAKEIVASCDKCQLKGEAMHG
QVDCSPGIWQLDCTHLEGKIILVAVHVASGYIEAEVIPAETGQETAYFLLKLAGRWPVKT
IHTDNGSNFTSTTVKAACWWAGIKQEFGIPYNPQSQGVVESMNNELKKIIGQVRDQAEHL
KTAVQMAVFIHNFKRKGGIGGYSAGERIVDIIATDIQTKELQKQITKIQNFRVYYRDNKD
PLWKGPAKLLWKGEGAVVIQDNSDIKVVPRRKAKIIRDYGKQMAGDDCVASRQDED
Target 1 Number of Residues 1459
Target 1 Molecular Weight 161886
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.02
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
RNA binding
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
nucleotidyltransferase activity
RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
DNA binding
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
nuclease activity
endonuclease activity
endoribonuclease activity
endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters
ribonuclease H activity
nucleic acid binding
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
endopeptidase activity
aspartic-type endopeptidase activity
structural molecule activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
integrase activity
Process
DNA replication
RNA-dependent DNA replication
DNA recombination
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
DNA metabolism
DNA integration
viral life cycle
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Involved in RNA binding
Target 1 Specific Function Integrase performs the integration of the newly synthesized dsDNA copy of the viral genome into the host chromosome. The integrated DNA is called provirus
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
DNA polymerase map03030 Link Image
Purine metabolism SMP00050 Link Image map00230 Link Image
Pyrimidine metabolism SMP00046 Link Image map00240 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn = diphosphate + DNAn+1
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 328661 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P03369 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name POL_HV1A2 Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1VRU Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Nucleus. Cytoplasm (By similarity). Following virus entry, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of
Target 1 Gene Sequence >3012 bp 
TTTTTTAGGGAAGATCTGGCCTTCCTACAAGGGAAGGCCAGGGAATTTTCTTCAGAGCAG
ACCAGAGCCAACAGCCCCACCAGAAGAGAGCTTCAGGTTTGGGGAGGAGAAAACAACTCC
CTCTCAGAAGCAGGAGCCGATAGACAAGGAACTGTATCCTTTAACTTCCCTCAGATCACT
CTTTGGCAACGACCCCTCGTCACAATAAGGATAGGGGGGCAACTAAAGGAAGCTCTATTA
GATACAGGAGCAGATGATACAGTATTAGAAGAAATGAATTTGCCAGGAAAATGGAAACCA
AAAATGATAGGGGGAATTGGAGGTTTTATCAAAGTAAGACAGTACGATCAGATACCTGTA
GAAATCTGTGGACATAAAGCTATAGGTACAGTATTAGTAGGACCTACACCTGTCAACATA
ATTGGAAGAAATCTGTTGACTCAGATTGGTTGTACTTTAAATTTCCCCATTAGTCCTATT
GAAACTGTACCAGTAAAATTAAAGCCAGGAATGGATGGCCCAAAAGTTAAGCAATGGCCA
TTGACAGAAGAAAAAATAAAAGCATTAGTAGAGATATGTACAGAAATGGAAAAGGAAGGG
AAAATTTCAAAAATTGGGCCTGAAAATCCATACAATACTCCAGTATTTGCTATAAAGAAA
AAAGACAGTACTAAATGGAGAAAACTAGTAGATTTCAGAGAACTTAATAAAAGAACTCAA
GACTTCTGGGAAGTTCAGTTAGGAATACCACACCCCGCAGGGTTAAAAAAGAAAAAATCA
GTAACAGTATTGGATGTGGGTGATGCATACTTTTCAGTTCCCTTAGATAAAGACTTTAGA
AAGTATACTGCATTTACCATACCTAGTATAAACAATGAGACACCAGGGATTAGATATCAG
TACAATGTGCTGCCACAGGGATGGAAAGGATCACCAGCAATATTCCAAAGTAGCATGACA
AAAATCTTAGAGCCTTTTAGAAAACAGAATCCAGACATAGTTATCTATCAATACATGGAT
GATTTGTATGTAGGATCTGACTTAGAAATAGGGCAGCATAGAACAAAAATAGAGGAACTG
AGACAGCATCTGTTGAGGTGGGGATTTACCACACCAGACAAAAAACATCAGAAAGAACCT
CCATTCCTTTGGATGGGTTATGAACTCCATCCTGATAAATGGACAGTACAGCCTATAATG
CTGCCAGAAAAAGACAGCTGGACTGTCAATGACATACAGAAGTTAGTGGGAAAATTGAAT
TGGGCAAGTCAGATTTATGCAGGGATTAAAGTAAAGCAGTTATGTAAACTCCTTAGAGGA
ACCAAAGCACTAACAGAAGTAATACCACTAACAGAAGAAGCAGAGCTAGAACTGGCAGAA
AACAGGGAGATTCTAAAAGAACCAGTACATGAAGTATATTATGACCCATCAAAAGACTTA
GTAGCAGAAATACAGAAGCAGGGGCAAGGCCAATGGACATATCAAATTTATCAAGAGCCA
TTTAAAAATCTGAAAACAGGAAAGTATGCAAGGATGAGGGGTGCCCACACTAATGATGTA
AAACAGTTAACAGAGGCAGTGCAAAAAGTATCCACAGAAAGCATAGTAATATGGGGAAAG
ATTCCTAAATTTAAACTACCCATACAAAAGGAAACATGGGAAGCATGGTGGATGGAGTAT
TGGCAAGCTACCTGGATTCCTGAGTGGGAGTTTGTCAATACCCCTCCCTTAGTGAAATTA
TGGTACCAGTTAGAGAAAGAACCCATAGTAGGAGCAGAAACTTTCTATGTAGATGGGGCA
GCTAATAGGGAGACTAAATTAGGAAAAGCAGGATATGTTACTGACAGAGGAAGACAAAAA
GTTGTCTCCATAGCTGACACAACAAATCAGAAGACTGAATTACAAGCAATTCATCTAGCT
TTGCAGGATTCGGGATTAGAAGTAAACATAGTAACAGACTCACAATATGCATTAGGAATC
ATTCAAGCACAACCAGATAAGAGTGAATCAGAGTTAGTCAGTCAAATAATAGAGCAGTTA
ATAAAAAAGGAAAAGGTCTACCTGGCATGGGTACCAGCACACAAAGGAATTGGAGGAAAT
GAACAAGTAGATAAATTAGTCAGTGCTGGAATCAGGAAAGTACTATTTTTGAATGGAATA
GATAAGGCCCAAGAAGAACATGAGAAATATCACAGTAATTGGAGAGCAATGGCTAGTGAT
TTTAACCTGCCACCTGTAGTAGCAAAAGAAATAGTAGCCAGCTGTGATAAATGTCAGCTA
AAAGGAGAAGCCATGCATGGACAAGTAGACTGTAGTCCAGGAATATGGCAACTAGATTGT
ACACATCTAGAAGGAAAAATTATCCTGGTAGCAGTTCATGTAGCCAGTGGATATATAGAA
GCAGAAGTTATTCCAGCAGAGACAGGGCAGGAAACAGCATATTTTCTCTTAAAATTAGCA
GGAAGATGGCCAGTAAAAACAATACATACAGACAATGGCAGCAATTTCACCAGTACTACG
GTTAAGGCCGCCTGTTGGTGGGCAGGGATCAAGCAGGAATTTGGCATTCCCTACAATCCC
CAAAGTCAAGGAGTAGTAGAATCTATGAATAATGAATTAAAGAAAATTATAGGACAGGTA
AGAGATCAGGCTGAACACCTTAAGACAGCAGTACAAATGGCAGTATTCATCCACAATTTT
AAAAGAAAAGGGGGGATTGGGGGATACAGTGCAGGGGAAAGAATAGTAGACATAATAGCA
ACAGACATACAAACTAAAGAACTACAAAAGCAAATTACAAAAATTCAAAATTTTCGGGTT
TATTACAGGGACAACAAAGATCCCCTTTGGAAAGGACCAGCAAAGCTTCTCTGGAAAGGT
GAAGGGGCAGTAGTAATACAAGATAATAGTGACATAAAAGTAGTGCCAAGAAGAAAAGCA
AAAATCATTAGGGATTATGGAAAACAGATGGCAGGTGATGATTGTGTGGCAAGTAGACAG
GATGAGGATTAG
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID Not Available
Target 1 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Target 1 HGNC ID Not Available
Target 1 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 1 Locus Not Available
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Tyndall JD, Reid RC, Tyssen DP, Jardine DK, Todd B, Passmore M, March DR, Pattenden LK, Bergman DA, Alewood D, Hu SH, Alewood PF, Birch CJ, Martin JL, Fairlie DP: Synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and protease-bound structures of substrate-mimicking constrained macrocyclic inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. J Med Chem. 2000 Sep 21;43(19):3495-504. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Prabu-Jeyabalan M, Nalivaika E, Schiffer CA: Substrate shape determines specificity of recognition for HIV-1 protease: analysis of crystal structures of six substrate complexes. Structure. 2002 Mar;10(3):369-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Jacks T, Power MD, Masiarz FR, Luciw PA, Barr PJ, Varmus HE: Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature. 1988 Jan 21;331(6153):280-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wlodawer A, Miller M, Jaskolski M, Sathyanarayana BK, Baldwin E, Weber IT, Selk LM, Clawson L, Schneider J, Kent SB: Conserved folding in retroviral proteases: crystal structure of a synthetic HIV-1 protease. Science. 1989 Aug 11;245(4918):616-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Sanchez-Pescador R, Power MD, Barr PJ, Steimer KS, Stempien MM, Brown-Shimer SL, Gee WW, Renard A, Randolph A, Levy JA, et al.: Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2). Science. 1985 Feb 1;227(4686):484-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Rose RB, Craik CS, Douglas NL, Stroud RM: Three-dimensional structures of HIV-1 and SIV protease product complexes. Biochemistry. 1996 Oct 1;35(39):12933-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Rutenber EE, McPhee F, Kaplan AP, Gallion SL, Hogan JC Jr, Craik CS, Stroud RM: A new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitor: the crystallographic structure, inhibition and chemical synthesis of an aminimide peptide isostere. Bioorg Med Chem. 1996 Sep;4(9):1545-58. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Turner BG, Summers MF: Structural biology of HIV. J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 8;285(1):1-32. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.