Astemizole

Targets (4)Enzymes (5)Transporters (2)Biointeractions (10)

Identification

Name
Astemizole
Accession Number
DB00637  (APRD00585)
Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Withdrawn
Description

Astemizole is a long-acting, non-sedating second generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergy symptoms. It was withdrawn from market by the manufacturer in 1999 due to the potential to cause arrhythmias at high doses, especially when when taken with CYP inhibitors or grapefruit juice.

Structure
Thumb
3D
Similar Structures
Synonyms
  • 1-(P-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(2-(P-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)piperid-4-yl)amino)benzimidazole
  • 1-(P-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(P-methoxyphenethyl)-4-piperidyl)amino)benzimidazole
  • Astemison
  • Astemizol
  • Astémizole
  • Astemizolum
External IDs
BRN 4830190 / R 43,512 / R43512 / UNII-7HU6337315
Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing End
Hismanal - Tab 10mgTablet10 mgOralJohnson & Johnson Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Of Canada1997-01-211999-03-04Canada
Hismanal Suspension 2mg/mlSuspension2 mgOralJanssen Pharmaceutica, Division Of Janssen Ortho Inc.1984-12-311997-08-12Canada
Hismanal Tab 10mgTablet10 mgOralJanssen Pharmaceutica, Division Of Janssen Ortho Inc.1984-12-311997-08-12Canada
International/Other Brands
Acemiz (Lupin) / Alerkin (Incobra) / Astesen (Senosiain) / Hismanal (Janssen) / Histalong (Biofarma) / Lergibrumizol (Bruluart) / Stemiz (Cadila HC)
Categories
UNII
7HU6337315
CAS number
68844-77-9
Weight
Average: 458.5703
Monoisotopic: 458.248189839
Chemical Formula
C28H31FN4O
InChI Key
GXDALQBWZGODGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C28H31FN4O/c1-34-25-12-8-21(9-13-25)14-17-32-18-15-24(16-19-32)30-28-31-26-4-2-3-5-27(26)33(28)20-22-6-10-23(29)11-7-22/h2-13,24H,14-20H2,1H3,(H,30,31)
IUPAC Name
1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-{1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl}-1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-amine
SMILES
COC1=CC=C(CCN2CCC(CC2)NC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N2CC2=CC=C(F)C=C2)C=C1

Pharmacology

Indication

Astemizole was indicated for use in the relieving allergy symptoms, particularly rhinitis and conjunctivitis. It has been withdrawn from the market however due to concerns of arrhythmias.

Pharmacodynamics

Astemizole is a second generation H1-receptor antagonist. It does not significantly cross the blood brain barrier and therefore does not cause drowsiness or CNS depression at normal doses.

Mechanism of action

Astemizole competes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. This reversible binding of astemizole to H1-receptors suppresses the formation of edema, flare, and pruritus resulting from histaminic activity. As the drug does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and preferentially binds at H1 receptors in the peripehery rather than within the brain, CNS depression is minimal. Astemizole may also act on H3-receptors, producing adverse effects.

TargetActionsOrganism
AHistamine H1 receptor
antagonist
Human
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
inhibitor
Human
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1Not AvailableHuman
UMicrotubule-associated protein tauNot AvailableHuman
Absorption

Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Volume of distribution
Not Available
Protein binding

96.7%

Metabolism

Almost completely metabolized in the liver and primarily excreted in the feces.

Route of elimination
Not Available
Half life

1 day

Clearance
Not Available
Toxicity

LD50=2052mg/kg in mice

Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
PathwayCategory
Astemizole H1-Antihistamine ActionDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
DrugInteraction
(R)-warfarinThe metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with (R)-warfarin.
(S)-WarfarinThe metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with (S)-Warfarin.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
3,5-diiodothyropropionic acidThe metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
4-hydroxycoumarinThe metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Astemizole.
4-MethoxyamphetamineThe metabolism of 4-Methoxyamphetamine can be decreased when combined with Astemizole.
5-androstenedioneThe metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with 5-androstenedione.
Food Interactions
  • Take on an empty stomach, food decreases absorption by 60%.

References

Synthesis Reference

Godelieve Irma Christine Maria Heylen, Cornelus Gerardus Maria Janssen, Jurzak Mirek, Henricus Petrus Martinus Maria Van Assouw, "Radiolabeled astemizole and method of making." U.S. Patent US07541476, issued June 02, 2009.

US07541476
General References
  1. Wang X, Hockerman GH, Green HW 3rd, Babbs CF, Mohammad SI, Gerrard D, Latour MA, London B, Hannon KM, Pond AL: Merg1a K+ channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. FASEB J. 2006 Jul;20(9):1531-3. Epub 2006 May 24. [PubMed:16723379]
  2. Chong CR, Chen X, Shi L, Liu JO, Sullivan DJ Jr: A clinical drug library screen identifies astemizole as an antimalarial agent. Nat Chem Biol. 2006 Aug;2(8):415-6. Epub 2006 Jul 2. [PubMed:16816845]
External Links
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014775
KEGG Drug
D00234
KEGG Compound
C06832
PubChem Compound
2247
PubChem Substance
46508569
ChemSpider
2160
BindingDB
24226
ChEBI
2896
ChEMBL
CHEMBL296419
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000326
PharmGKB
PA448498
IUPHAR
2603
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Astemizole
ATC Codes
R06AX11 — Astemizole
MSDS
Download (57.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Not Available

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral10 mg
SuspensionOral2 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)149.1 °CPhysProp
water solubility432 mg/LNot Available
logP5.8Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0012 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.92ALOGPS
logP5.39ChemAxon
logS-5.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.75ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area42.32 Å2ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count8ChemAxon
Refractivity135.64 m3·mol-1ChemAxon
Polarizability52.08 Å3ChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted ADMET features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.765
Caco-2 permeable+0.5217
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8162
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.8563
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.8995
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.7708
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8732
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6777
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5127
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9096
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6444
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9553
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.2847 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Strong inhibitor0.9267
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.8575
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available

Taxonomy

Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzimidazoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring (five member ring containing a nitrogen atom, 4 carbon atoms, and two double bonds).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Benzimidazoles
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Benzimidazoles
Alternative Parents
Phenethylamines / Anisoles / Methoxybenzenes / Phenoxy compounds / Alkyl aryl ethers / Fluorobenzenes / Aralkylamines / N-substituted imidazoles / Aryl fluorides / Piperidines
show 6 more
Substituents
Benzimidazole / Phenethylamine / Anisole / Phenoxy compound / Phenol ether / Methoxybenzene / Alkyl aryl ether / Fluorobenzene / Halobenzene / Aralkylamine
show 23 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
piperidines, benzimidazoles (CHEBI:2896)

Targets

Details1. Histamine H1 receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name
HRH1
Uniprot ID
P35367
Uniprot Name
Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight
55783.61 Da
References
  1. Salata JJ, Jurkiewicz NK, Wallace AA, Stupienski RF 3rd, Guinosso PJ Jr, Lynch JJ Jr: Cardiac electrophysiological actions of the histamine H1-receptor antagonists astemizole and terfenadine compared with chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine. Circ Res. 1995 Jan;76(1):110-9. [PubMed:8001268]
  2. Howarth PH, Emanuel MB, Holgate ST: Astemizole, a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist: effect in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, on antigen and histamine induced skin weal responses and relationship to serum levels. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984 Jul;18(1):1-8. [PubMed:6146346]
  3. Kaliner MA, Check WA: Non-sedating antihistamines. Allergy Proc. 1988 Nov-Dec;9(6):649-63. [PubMed:3147222]
  4. Cavero I, Mestre M, Guillon JM, Heuillet E, Roach AG: Preclinical in vitro cardiac electrophysiology: a method of predicting arrhythmogenic potential of antihistamines in humans? Drug Saf. 1999;21 Suppl 1:19-31; discussion 81-7. [PubMed:10597865]
  5. Llenas J, Cardelus I, Heredia A, de Mora F, Gristwood RW: Cardiotoxicity of histamine and the possible role of histamine in the arrhythmogenesis produced by certain antihistamines. Drug Saf. 1999;21 Suppl 1:33-8; discussion 81-7. [PubMed:10597866]
  6. Richards DM, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS: Astemizole. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1984 Jul;28(1):38-61. [PubMed:6204835]
  7. Krstenansky PM, Cluxton RJ Jr: Astemizole: a long-acting, nonsedating antihistamine. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987 Dec;21(12):947-53. [PubMed:2892659]
  8. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
Details2. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
Gene Name
KCNH2
Uniprot ID
Q12809
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Molecular Weight
126653.52 Da
References
  1. Zhou Z, Vorperian VR, Gong Q, Zhang S, January CT: Block of HERG potassium channels by the antihistamine astemizole and its metabolites desmethylastemizole and norastemizole. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999 Jun;10(6):836-43. [PubMed:10376921]
  2. Chachin M, Katayama Y, Yamada M, Horio Y, Ohmura T, Kitagawa H, Uchida S, Kurachi Y: Epinastine, a nonsedating histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has a negligible effect on HERG channel. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 25;374(3):457-60. [PubMed:10422790]
  3. Taglialatela M, Castaldo P, Pannaccione A, Giorgio G, Genovese A, Marone G, Annunziato L: Cardiac ion channels and antihistamines: possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999 Jul;29 Suppl 3:182-9. [PubMed:10444235]
  4. Grzelewska-Rzymowska I, Pietrzkowicz M, Gorska M: [The effect of second generation histamine antagonists on the heart]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2001;69(3-4):217-26. [PubMed:11575008]
  5. Chiu PJ, Marcoe KF, Bounds SE, Lin CH, Feng JJ, Lin A, Cheng FC, Crumb WJ, Mitchell R: Validation of a [3H]astemizole binding assay in HEK293 cells expressing HERG K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jul;95(3):311-9. [PubMed:15272206]
Details3. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Phosphorelay sensor kinase activity
Specific Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of a voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel (PubMed:22732247). Channel properties may be modulated by subunit assembly, but not by cyclic nucleotides (By sim...
Gene Name
KCNH1
Uniprot ID
O95259
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1
Molecular Weight
111421.76 Da
References
  1. Garcia-Ferreiro RE, Kerschensteiner D, Major F, Monje F, Stuhmer W, Pardo LA: Mechanism of block of hEag1 K+ channels by imipramine and astemizole. J Gen Physiol. 2004 Oct;124(4):301-17. Epub 2004 Sep 13. [PubMed:15365094]
Details4. Microtubule-associated protein tau
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function
Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neu...
Gene Name
MAPT
Uniprot ID
P10636
Uniprot Name
Microtubule-associated protein tau
Molecular Weight
78927.025 Da
References
  1. Rojo LE, Alzate-Morales J, Saavedra IN, Davies P, Maccioni RB: Selective interaction of lansoprazole and astemizole with tau polymers: potential new clinical use in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(2):573-89. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1262. [PubMed:20110603]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Nicolas JM, Whomsley R, Collart P, Roba J: In vitro inhibition of human liver drug metabolizing enzymes by second generation antihistamines. Chem Biol Interact. 1999 Nov 15;123(1):63-79. [PubMed:10597902]
  2. Matsumoto S, Yamazoe Y: Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;51(2):133-42. [PubMed:11259984]
  3. Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL: Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 2003;63(8):769-802. [PubMed:12662125]
  4. Goto A, Adachi Y, Inaba A, Nakajima H, Kobayashi H, Sakai K: Identification of human p450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of the antiallergic drug, oxatomide, and its inhibitory effect on enzyme activity. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 May;27(5):684-90. [PubMed:15133245]
  5. Goto A, Ueda K, Inaba A, Nakajima H, Kobayashi H, Sakai K: Identification of human P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of the antiallergic drug, oxatomide, and its kinetic parameters and inhibition constants. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Feb;28(2):328-34. [PubMed:15684493]
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235]
  7. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
  8. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Details2. Cytochrome P450 3A5
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Details3. Cytochrome P450 3A7
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A7
Uniprot ID
P24462
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A7
Molecular Weight
57525.03 Da
References
  1. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Details4. Cytochrome P450 2D6
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
  2. Matsumoto S, Yamazoe Y: Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;51(2):133-42. [PubMed:11259984]
Details5. Cytochrome P450 2J2
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
This enzyme metabolizes arachidonic acid predominantly via a NADPH-dependent olefin epoxidation to all four regioisomeric cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. One of the predominant enzymes responsible f...
Gene Name
CYP2J2
Uniprot ID
P51589
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2J2
Molecular Weight
57610.165 Da
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]

Transporters

Details1. Multidrug resistance protein 1
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. [PubMed:12699389]
  2. Ishikawa M, Fujita R, Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K: Reversal of acquired resistance to doxorubicin in K562 human leukemia cells by astemizole. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Jan;23(1):112-5. [PubMed:10706423]
Details2. Bile salt export pump
Kind
Protein
Organism
Human
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name
ABCB11
Uniprot ID
O95342
Uniprot Name
Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight
146405.83 Da
References
  1. Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:24014644]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on November 02, 2018 04:47