Astemizole is a long-acting, non-sedating second generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergy symptoms. It was withdrawn from market by the manufacturer in 1999 due to the potential to cause arrhythmias at high doses, especially when when taken with CYP inhibitors or grapefruit juice.

Structure

Similar Structures

Synonyms

1-(p-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(2-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)piperid-4-yl)amino)benzimidazole
1-(p-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(p-methoxyphenethyl)-4-piperidyl)amino)benzimidazole
Astemizol
Astémizole
Astemizole
Astemizolum

External IDs

BRN 4830190 / R 42512 / R 43,512 / R43512

Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Hismanal - Tab 10mg	Tablet	10 mg	Oral	Johnson & Johnson Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Of Canada	1997-01-21	1999-03-04
Hismanal Suspension 2mg/ml	Suspension	2 mg	Oral	Janssen Pharmaceutica, Division Of Janssen Ortho Inc.	1984-12-31	1997-08-12
Hismanal Tab 10mg	Tablet	10 mg	Oral	Janssen Pharmaceutica, Division Of Janssen Ortho Inc.	1984-12-31	1997-08-12

International/Other Brands

Acemiz (Lupin) / Alerkin (Incobra) / Astemison / Astesen (Senosiain) / Hismanal (Janssen) / Histalong (Biofarma) / Lergibrumizol (Bruluart) / Stemiz (Cadila HC)

Categories

UNII

7HU6337315

CAS number

68844-77-9

Weight

Average: 458.5703
Monoisotopic: 458.248189839

Chemical Formula

C₂₈H₃₁FN₄O

InChI Key

GXDALQBWZGODGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C28H31FN4O/c1-34-25-12-8-21(9-13-25)14-17-32-18-15-24(16-19-32)30-28-31-26-4-2-3-5-27(26)33(28)20-22-6-10-23(29)11-7-22/h2-13,24H,14-20H2,1H3,(H,30,31)

IUPAC Name

1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-{1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl}-1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-amine

SMILES

COC1=CC=C(CCN2CCC(CC2)NC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N2CC2=CC=C(F)C=C2)C=C1

Pharmacology

Indication

Astemizole was indicated for use in the relieving allergy symptoms, particularly rhinitis and conjunctivitis. It has been withdrawn from the market however due to concerns of arrhythmias.

Pharmacodynamics

Astemizole is a second generation H₁-receptor antagonist. It does not significantly cross the blood brain barrier and therefore does not cause drowsiness or CNS depression at normal doses.

Mechanism of action

Astemizole competes with histamine for binding at H₁-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. This reversible binding of astemizole to H₁-receptors suppresses the formation of edema, flare, and pruritus resulting from histaminic activity. As the drug does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and preferentially binds at H1 receptors in the peripehery rather than within the brain, CNS depression is minimal. Astemizole may also act on H₃-receptors, producing adverse effects.

Target	Actions	Organism
AHistamine H1 receptor	antagonist	Humans
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	inhibitor	Humans
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1	Not Available	Humans
UMicrotubule-associated protein tau	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

96.7%

Metabolism

Almost completely metabolized in the liver and primarily excreted in the feces.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

1 day

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

LD₅₀=2052mg/kg in mice

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Pathway	Category
Astemizole H1-Antihistamine Action	Drug action

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Drug	Interaction
(R)-warfarin	The metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with (R)-warfarin.
(S)-Warfarin	The metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with (S)-Warfarin.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine	2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine	2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid	The metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine	4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the sedative and stimulatory activities of Astemizole.
4-hydroxycoumarin	The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Astemizole.
4-Methoxyamphetamine	The metabolism of 4-Methoxyamphetamine can be decreased when combined with Astemizole.
5-androstenedione	The metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with 5-androstenedione.
6-Deoxyerythronolide B	The metabolism of Astemizole can be decreased when combined with 6-Deoxyerythronolide B.

Food Interactions

Take on an empty stomach, food decreases absorption by 60%.

References

Synthesis Reference

Godelieve Irma Christine Maria Heylen, Cornelus Gerardus Maria Janssen, Jurzak Mirek, Henricus Petrus Martinus Maria Van Assouw, "Radiolabeled astemizole and method of making." U.S. Patent US07541476, issued June 02, 2009.

US07541476

General References

Wang X, Hockerman GH, Green HW 3rd, Babbs CF, Mohammad SI, Gerrard D, Latour MA, London B, Hannon KM, Pond AL: Merg1a K+ channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. FASEB J. 2006 Jul;20(9):1531-3. Epub 2006 May 24. [PubMed:16723379]
Chong CR, Chen X, Shi L, Liu JO, Sullivan DJ Jr: A clinical drug library screen identifies astemizole as an antimalarial agent. Nat Chem Biol. 2006 Aug;2(8):415-6. Epub 2006 Jul 2. [PubMed:16816845]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0014775
KEGG Drug: D00234
KEGG Compound: C06832
PubChem Compound: 2247
PubChem Substance: 46508569
ChemSpider: 2160
BindingDB: 24226
ChEBI: 2896
ChEMBL: CHEMBL296419
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000326
PharmGKB: PA448498
IUPHAR: 2603
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Astemizole

ATC Codes

R06AX11 — Astemizole

MSDS

Download (57.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials: Not Available

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral	10 mg
Suspension	Oral	2 mg

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	149.1 °C	PhysProp
water solubility	432 mg/L	Not Available
logP	5.8	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.0012 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	5.92	ALOGPS
logP	5.39	ChemAxon
logS	-5.6	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	8.75	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	42.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	8	ChemAxon
Refractivity	135.64 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	52.08 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	5	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	1.0
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.765
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.5217
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.8162
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Inhibitor	0.8563
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Inhibitor	0.8995
Renal organic cation transporter	Inhibitor	0.7708
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8732
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Substrate	0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Substrate	0.6777
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Inhibitor	0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Inhibitor	0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Inhibitor	0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.5127
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9096
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.6444
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.9553
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	1.0
Rat acute toxicity	2.2847 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Strong inhibitor	0.9267
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Inhibitor	0.8575

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available

Taxonomy

Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzimidazoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring (five member ring containing a nitrogen atom, 4 carbon atoms, and two double bonds).
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class: Benzimidazoles
Sub Class: Not Available
Direct Parent: Benzimidazoles
Alternative Parents: Phenethylamines / Anisoles / Methoxybenzenes / Phenoxy compounds / Alkyl aryl ethers / Fluorobenzenes / Aralkylamines / N-substituted imidazoles / Aryl fluorides / Piperidines
show 6 more
Substituents: Benzimidazole / Phenethylamine / Anisole / Phenoxy compound / Phenol ether / Methoxybenzene / Alkyl aryl ether / Fluorobenzene / Halobenzene / Aralkylamine
show 23 more
Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors: piperidines, benzimidazoles (CHEBI:2896)

Targets

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Ki (nM)	0.8	N/A	N/A	8935801
Ki (nM)	2.09	N/A	N/A	21944853
Ki (nM)	3	N/A	N/A	12747773

Details1. Histamine H1 receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function: In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name: HRH1
Uniprot ID: P35367
Uniprot Name: Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight: 55783.61 Da

References

Salata JJ, Jurkiewicz NK, Wallace AA, Stupienski RF 3rd, Guinosso PJ Jr, Lynch JJ Jr: Cardiac electrophysiological actions of the histamine H1-receptor antagonists astemizole and terfenadine compared with chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine. Circ Res. 1995 Jan;76(1):110-9. [PubMed:8001268]
Howarth PH, Emanuel MB, Holgate ST: Astemizole, a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist: effect in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, on antigen and histamine induced skin weal responses and relationship to serum levels. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984 Jul;18(1):1-8. [PubMed:6146346]
Kaliner MA, Check WA: Non-sedating antihistamines. Allergy Proc. 1988 Nov-Dec;9(6):649-63. [PubMed:3147222]
Cavero I, Mestre M, Guillon JM, Heuillet E, Roach AG: Preclinical in vitro cardiac electrophysiology: a method of predicting arrhythmogenic potential of antihistamines in humans? Drug Saf. 1999;21 Suppl 1:19-31; discussion 81-7. [PubMed:10597865]
Llenas J, Cardelus I, Heredia A, de Mora F, Gristwood RW: Cardiotoxicity of histamine and the possible role of histamine in the arrhythmogenesis produced by certain antihistamines. Drug Saf. 1999;21 Suppl 1:33-8; discussion 81-7. [PubMed:10597866]
Richards DM, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS: Astemizole. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1984 Jul;28(1):38-61. [PubMed:6204835]
Krstenansky PM, Cluxton RJ Jr: Astemizole: a long-acting, nonsedating antihistamine. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987 Dec;21(12):947-53. [PubMed:2892659]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	0.9	N/A	N/A	12190308 / 12747773 / 16722631
IC 50 (nM)	0.91	N/A	N/A	15745831
IC 50 (nM)	0.912	N/A	N/A	19110341
IC 50 (nM)	1.5	N/A	N/A	15324906
IC 50 (nM)	10	N/A	N/A	15911273 / 18448342
IC 50 (nM)	11.48	N/A	N/A	21185626
IC 50 (nM)	6	N/A	N/A	12873512
Ki (nM)	12.8	N/A	N/A	17536794
Ki (nM)	2.9	N/A	N/A	17536794

Details2. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function: Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
Gene Name: KCNH2
Uniprot ID: Q12809
Uniprot Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Molecular Weight: 126653.52 Da

References

Zhou Z, Vorperian VR, Gong Q, Zhang S, January CT: Block of HERG potassium channels by the antihistamine astemizole and its metabolites desmethylastemizole and norastemizole. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999 Jun;10(6):836-43. [PubMed:10376921]
Chachin M, Katayama Y, Yamada M, Horio Y, Ohmura T, Kitagawa H, Uchida S, Kurachi Y: Epinastine, a nonsedating histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has a negligible effect on HERG channel. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 25;374(3):457-60. [PubMed:10422790]
Taglialatela M, Castaldo P, Pannaccione A, Giorgio G, Genovese A, Marone G, Annunziato L: Cardiac ion channels and antihistamines: possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999 Jul;29 Suppl 3:182-9. [PubMed:10444235]
Grzelewska-Rzymowska I, Pietrzkowicz M, Gorska M: [The effect of second generation histamine antagonists on the heart]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2001;69(3-4):217-26. [PubMed:11575008]
Chiu PJ, Marcoe KF, Bounds SE, Lin CH, Feng JJ, Lin A, Cheng FC, Crumb WJ, Mitchell R: Validation of a [3H]astemizole binding assay in HEK293 cells expressing HERG K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jul;95(3):311-9. [PubMed:15272206]

Details3. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Phosphorelay sensor kinase activity
Specific Function: Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of a voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel (PubMed:22732247). Channel properties may be modulated by subunit assembly, but not by cyclic nucleotides (By sim...
Gene Name: KCNH1
Uniprot ID: O95259
Uniprot Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1
Molecular Weight: 111421.76 Da

References

Garcia-Ferreiro RE, Kerschensteiner D, Major F, Monje F, Stuhmer W, Pardo LA: Mechanism of block of hEag1 K+ channels by imipramine and astemizole. J Gen Physiol. 2004 Oct;124(4):301-17. Epub 2004 Sep 13. [PubMed:15365094]

Details4. Microtubule-associated protein tau

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neu...
Gene Name: MAPT
Uniprot ID: P10636
Uniprot Name: Microtubule-associated protein tau
Molecular Weight: 78927.025 Da

References

Rojo LE, Alzate-Morales J, Saavedra IN, Davies P, Maccioni RB: Selective interaction of lansoprazole and astemizole with tau polymers: potential new clinical use in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(2):573-89. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1262. [PubMed:20110603]

Enzymes

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	3300	N/A	N/A	12699389

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name: CYP3A4
Uniprot ID: P08684
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight: 57342.67 Da

References

Nicolas JM, Whomsley R, Collart P, Roba J: In vitro inhibition of human liver drug metabolizing enzymes by second generation antihistamines. Chem Biol Interact. 1999 Nov 15;123(1):63-79. [PubMed:10597902]
Matsumoto S, Yamazoe Y: Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;51(2):133-42. [PubMed:11259984]
Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL: Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 2003;63(8):769-802. [PubMed:12662125]
Goto A, Adachi Y, Inaba A, Nakajima H, Kobayashi H, Sakai K: Identification of human p450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of the antiallergic drug, oxatomide, and its inhibitory effect on enzyme activity. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 May;27(5):684-90. [PubMed:15133245]
Goto A, Ueda K, Inaba A, Nakajima H, Kobayashi H, Sakai K: Identification of human P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of the antiallergic drug, oxatomide, and its kinetic parameters and inhibition constants. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Feb;28(2):328-34. [PubMed:15684493]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235]
Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]

Details2. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Oxygen binding
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP3A5
Uniprot ID: P20815
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight: 57108.065 Da

References

Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]

Details3. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Oxygen binding
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP3A7
Uniprot ID: P24462
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A7
Molecular Weight: 57525.03 Da

References

Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]

Details4. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name: CYP2D6
Uniprot ID: P10635
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight: 55768.94 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Matsumoto S, Yamazoe Y: Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;51(2):133-42. [PubMed:11259984]

Details5. Cytochrome P450 2J2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: This enzyme metabolizes arachidonic acid predominantly via a NADPH-dependent olefin epoxidation to all four regioisomeric cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. One of the predominant enzymes responsible f...
Gene Name: CYP2J2
Uniprot ID: P51589
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2J2
Molecular Weight: 57610.165 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]

Transporters

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	1300	N/A	N/A	12699389
IC 50 (nM)	300	N/A	N/A	12699389

Details1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. [PubMed:12699389]
Ishikawa M, Fujita R, Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K: Reversal of acquired resistance to doxorubicin in K562 human leukemia cells by astemizole. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Jan;23(1):112-5. [PubMed:10706423]

Details2. Bile salt export pump

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name: ABCB11
Uniprot ID: O95342
Uniprot Name: Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight: 146405.83 Da

References

Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:24014644]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 16, 2019 22:27

Astemizole

Identification

Structure for Astemizole (DB00637)

Pharmacology

Interactions

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Taxonomy

Targets

References

References

References

References

Enzymes

References

References

References

References

References

Transporters

References

References