Netarsudil

Identification

Summary

Netarsudil is a rho kinase inhibitor used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Brand Names
Rhopressa, Rocklatan
Generic Name
Netarsudil
DrugBank Accession Number
DB13931
Background

A Rho kinase inhibitor with norepinephrine transport inhibitory activity that reduces production of aqueous

As of December 18, 2017 the FDA approved Aerie Pharmaceutical's Rhopressa (netarsudil ophthalmic solution) 0.02% for the indication of reducing elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Acting as both a rho kinase inhibitor and a norepinephrine transport inhibitor, Netarsudil is a novel glaucoma medication in that it specifically targets the conventional trabecular pathway of aqueous humour outflow to act as an inhibitor to the rho kinase and norepinephrine transporters found there as opposed to affecting protaglandin F2-alpha analog like mechanisms in the unconventional uveoscleral pathway that many other glaucoma medications demonstrate.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 453.542
Monoisotopic: 453.205241741
Chemical Formula
C28H27N3O3
Synonyms
  • (4-((1S)-1-(Aminomethyl)-2-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenyl)methyl 2,4- dimethylbenzoate
  • Netarsudil
External IDs
  • AR-11324 free base

Pharmacology

Indication

Netarsudil is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension Label.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofIncreased intraocular pressure•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••
Treatment ofIncreased intraocular pressure•••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Aqueous humour flows out of the eye via two pathways: 1) the conventional trabecular pathway and 2) the unconventional uveoscleral pathway. And, although it has been shown that the conventional trabecular pathway accounts for most aqueous outflow due to various pathologies, most medications available for treating glaucoma target the uveoscleral pathway for treatment and leave the diseased trabecular pathway untreated and unhindered in its progressive deterioration and dysfunction 2.

Netarsudil is subsequently a novel glaucoma medication that is both a rho kinase and norepinephrine transport (NATs)s inhibitor that specifically targets and inhibits rho kinase and NATS found in the conventional trabecular pathway while many of its contemporaries offer therapy that focuses on cell and muscle tissue remodelling 2,3

Mechanism of action

The medical condition glaucoma is a leading cause of progressive visual impairment and blindness across the world with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the major type of glaucoma 2.

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting from increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow is considered a major risk for the development and progression of POAG, but various clinical studies have demonstrated that the reduction and tight control of IOP can delay or prevent POAG and the vision loss associated with it. Ordinary physiological IOP results from aqueous humor produced by the ocular ciliary body and its outflow through two main outflow pathways: the conventional (trabecular) and the unconventional (uveoscleral) pathways 2.

Under ordinary physiological conditions, diagnostic tracers have shown that the conventional trabecular pathway accounts for up to 90% of aqueous humor outflow. Through this pathway, aqueous humor drains from the anterior chamber sequentially through the uveal and corneoscleral meshwork beams, juxtacanalicular connective tissue (JCT) region, and inner wall (IW) endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal (SC) until finally entering the lumen of SC. From there aqueous humor drains into the collector channels, intravascular plexus, epscleral veins, and finally into the blood circulation 2.

In glaucomatous eyes, elevated IOP is the result of abnormally increased resistance to aqueous outflow in the conventional trabecular pathway due to apparent increases in the contractile tone and stiffness of the trabecular pathway meshwork (TM), changes in extracellular matrix composition, and/or a decrease in the conductance of the IW endothelial cells of SC 2.

Subsequently, as a rho kinase inhibitor, the novelty of netarsudil lies in its ability or specificity to apply its mechanism of action directly and specifically at the diseased TM of the conventional trabecular outflow pathway. In particular, rho kinases are serine/threonine kinases that function as important downstream effectors of Rho GTPase. Such activity in the TM and SC drives actomysin contraction, promotes extracellular matrix production, and increases cell stiffness. Acting as an inhibitor of rho kinase, netarsudil consequently reduces cell contraction, decreases the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, and reduces cell stiffness in the TM and SC cells. As a result, netarsudil has been able to demonstrate increases in trabecular outflow facility, increases in the effective filtration area of the TM, cause expansion of the TM tissue, and dilate episcleral veins 1,2.

Furthermore, netarsudil is also believed to possess inhibitory action against the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Such inhibition of the NET prevents reuptake of norepinephrine at noradrenergic synapses, which results in an increase in the strength and duration of endogenous norepinephrine signaling. As a consequence of this enhanced signaling, norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction that can reduce blood flow to the ciliary body may subsequently be responsible for a mechanism in which the formation of aqueous humor may be delayed, prolonged, or reduced as well 1.

TargetActionsOrganism
ARho-associated protein kinase 1
inhibitor
Humans
ARho-associated protein kinase 2
inhibitor
Humans
ASodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

The systemic exposure of netarsudil and its active metabolite, AR-13503, after topical ocular administration of netarsudil opthalmic solution 0.02% once daily (one drop bilaterally in the morning) for eight days in 18 healthy subjects demonstrated no quantifiable plasma concentrations of netarsudil (lower limit of quantitation [LLOQ] 0.100 ng/mL) post dose on Day 1 and Day 8. Only one plasma concentration at 0.11 ng/mL for the active metabolite was observed for one subject on Day 8 at 8 hours post dose Label.

Volume of distribution

As netarsudil and its active metabolite demonstrate a high degree of protein binding 4, it is expected to exhibit a low volume of distribution.

Protein binding

The active metabolite of netarsudil, AR-13503 is highly protein bound in plasma, at approximately 60% bound. As AR-13503 is considered to bind less extensively to plasma proteins as its parent netarsudil, the % protein binding of netarsudil may be at least 60% or higher 4.

Metabolism

After topical ocular dosing, netarsudil is metabolized by esterases in the eye Label,1 to its active metabolite, netarsudil-M1 (or AR-13503) 1.

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Route of elimination

Clinical studies assessing the in vitro metabolism of netarsudil using corneal tissue from humans, human plasma, and human liver microsomes and microsomal S9 fractions demonstrated that netarsudil metabolism occurs through esterase activity. Subsequent metabolism of netarsudil's esterase metabolite, AR-13503, was not detectable. In fact, esterase metabolism in human plasma was not detected during a 3 hour incubation 4.

Half-life

The half-life of netarsudil incubated in vitro with human corneal tissue is 175 minutes 1.

Clearance

The clearance of netarsudil is strongly influenced by its low plasma concetrations following topical administration and absorption and high protein binding in human plasma inn 4.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The most common adverse reaction associated with netarsudil dosed once daily in controlled clinical studies was conjunctival hyperemia which was reported by 53% of patients. Other common adverse affects reported (about 20%) include corneal verticillata, instillation site pain, and even conjunctival hemorrhage. Still other reactions include instillation site erythema, corneal staining, blurred vision, increased lacrimiation, erythema of eyelid, and reduced visual acuity being reported by 5-10% of patients in clinical studies Label.

When using multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products there is a possibilty of contaminating the containers with agents that may cause bacterial keratitis by patients who in many cases have a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface Label.

Although systemic exposure to netarsudil from ocular administration is low, there is no formal available data on the safe use of netarsudil in pregnant women Label.

There is no formal data available on whether significant netarsudil levels could be present in human milk following ocular administration, on the effects on the breastfed enfant, or on the effects on milk production Label.

The safety and effectiveness of using netarsudil in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established Label.

No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other aduly patients Label.

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of netarsudil. Netarsudil was not mutagenic in the Ames test, in the mouse lymphoma test, or in the in vivo rat micronucleus test. Studies to evaluate the effects of netarsudil on male or female fertility in animals have not been performed Label.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Netarsudil dihydrochlorideSE030PF6VE1253952-02-1LDKTYVXXYUJVJM-FBHGDYMESA-N
Netarsudil mesylateVL756B1K0U1422144-42-0QQDRLKRHJOAQDC-FBHGDYMESA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
RhokiinsaSolution / drops200 ?g/mlOphthalmicSanten Oy2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
RhopressaSolution / drops0.200 mg/1mLOphthalmic; TopicalALCON LABORATORIES, INC.2017-12-18Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
RocklatanNetarsudil mesylate (0.20 mg/1mL) + Latanoprost (0.05 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmic; TopicalALCON LABORATORIES, INC.2019-03-12Not applicableUS flag
RoclandaNetarsudil mesylate (200 µg/ml) + Latanoprost (50 µg/ml)Solution / dropsOphthalmicSanten Oy2021-01-28Not applicableEU flag
RoclandaNetarsudil mesylate (200 µg/ml) + Latanoprost (50 µg/ml)Solution / dropsOphthalmicSanten Oy2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01EE51 — Latanoprost and netarsudilS01EX05 — Netarsudil
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as beta amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the beta carbon atom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Beta amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Phenylacetamides / Aromatic monoterpenoids / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters / Bicyclic monoterpenoids / Benzyloxycarbonyls / m-Xylenes / N-arylamides / Benzoyl derivatives / Aralkylamines
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Substituents
Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aromatic monoterpenoid / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzoate ester / Benzoic acid or derivatives / Benzoyl / Benzyloxycarbonyl
show 26 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
W6I5QDT7QI
CAS number
1254032-66-0
InChI Key
OURRXQUGYQRVML-AREMUKBSSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C28H27N3O3/c1-18-3-10-25(19(2)13-18)28(33)34-17-20-4-6-21(7-5-20)26(15-29)27(32)31-24-9-8-23-16-30-12-11-22(23)14-24/h3-14,16,26H,15,17,29H2,1-2H3,(H,31,32)/t26-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
{4-[(1S)-2-amino-1-[(isoquinolin-6-yl)carbamoyl]ethyl]phenyl}methyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate
SMILES
CC1=CC(C)=C(C=C1)C(=O)OCC1=CC=C(C=C1)[C@@H](CN)C(=O)NC1=CC=C2C=NC=CC2=C1

References

General References
  1. Lin CW, Sherman B, Moore LA, Laethem CL, Lu DW, Pattabiraman PP, Rao PV, deLong MA, Kopczynski CC: Discovery and Preclinical Development of Netarsudil, a Novel Ocular Hypotensive Agent for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jun 13. doi: 10.1089/jop.2017.0023. [Article]
  2. Ren R, Li G, Le TD, Kopczynski C, Stamer WD, Gong H: Netarsudil Increases Outflow Facility in Human Eyes Through Multiple Mechanisms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016 Nov 1;57(14):6197-6209. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-20189. [Article]
  3. Garcia GA, Ngai P, Mosaed S, Lin KY: Critical evaluation of latanoprostene bunod in the treatment of glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Oct 18;10:2035-2050. eCollection 2016. [Article]
  4. FDA Dermatologic and Ophthalmic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Briefing Document on Rhopressa (netarsudil ophthalmic solution) 0.02% [Link]
ChemSpider
34980598
RxNav
1992864
ZINC
ZINC000113149554
Wikipedia
Netarsudil
FDA label
Download (246 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentGlaucoma1
4CompletedTreatmentOcular Hypertension / Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG)1
4Not Yet RecruitingTreatmentNormal Tension Glaucoma (NTG)1
3CompletedPreventionBullous Keratopathy / Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy1
3CompletedTreatmentGlaucoma / Ocular Hypertension1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Solution / dropsOphthalmic200 ?g/ml
Solution / dropsOphthalmic200 MCG/ML
Solution / dropsOphthalmic; Topical0.200 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic; Topical
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8394826No2013-03-122030-11-10US flag
US9096569No2015-08-042026-07-11US flag
US8450344No2013-05-282026-07-11US flag
US9415043No2016-08-162034-03-14US flag
US9931336No2018-04-032034-03-14US flag
US9993470No2018-06-122034-03-14US flag
US10174017No2019-01-082030-01-27US flag
US10532993No2020-01-142026-07-11US flag
US10588901No2020-03-172034-03-14US flag
US10654844No2020-05-192030-11-10US flag
US10882840No2021-01-052026-07-11US flag
US11028081No2021-06-082030-01-27US flag
US11021456No2021-06-012026-07-11US flag
US11197853No2021-12-142034-03-14US flag
US11185538No2021-11-302034-03-14US flag
US11618748No2010-01-272030-01-27US flag

Properties

State
Liquid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.000277 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.77ALOGPS
logP4.73Chemaxon
logS-6.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.49Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.69Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area94.31 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count8Chemaxon
Refractivity134.66 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability51.09 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001r-0960400000-da9711938c65169fa0f2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udj-0930800000-1d055d4465232144ab0a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0019-0951500000-416346dac76b975a7d3e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0api-0930300000-74770c4016e5064901e3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aou-3930000000-cecd9acfca993bdea502
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-05d895c37fe646d5c43d
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific Function
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. Involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, stress fiber and focal adhesio...
Gene Name
ROCK1
Uniprot ID
Q13464
Uniprot Name
Rho-associated protein kinase 1
Molecular Weight
158173.545 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Structural molecule activity
Specific Function
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. Involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, stress fiber and focal adhesio...
Gene Name
ROCK2
Uniprot ID
O75116
Uniprot Name
Rho-associated protein kinase 2
Molecular Weight
160898.555 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID
P23975
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Molecular Weight
69331.42 Da
References
  1. Lin CW, Sherman B, Moore LA, Laethem CL, Lu DW, Pattabiraman PP, Rao PV, deLong MA, Kopczynski CC: Discovery and Preclinical Development of Netarsudil, a Novel Ocular Hypotensive Agent for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jun 13. doi: 10.1089/jop.2017.0023. [Article]

Drug created at December 18, 2017 21:52 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:54