Glutethimide

Identification

Generic Name
Glutethimide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01437
Background

Glutethimide is a hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Illicit
Structure
Weight
Average: 217.2637
Monoisotopic: 217.110278729
Chemical Formula
C13H15NO2
Synonyms
  • 2-Ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide
  • Glutethimide
  • Glutetimida

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of insomnia.

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Pharmacodynamics

Glutethimide, like the barbiturates, is a hypnotic sedative. It was introduced in 1954 as a safer alternative to barbiturates but was soon determined to be just as likely to cause addiction and withdrawal symptoms.

Mechanism of action

Glutethimide seems to be a GABA agonist which helps induce sedation. It also induces CYP 2D6. When taken with codeine, it enables the body to convert higher amounts of codeine (higher than the average 5 - 10%) to morphine. This combination of effects enhances sedation.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
agonist
Humans
AGABA(A) Receptor
positive allosteric modulator
Humans
Absorption

Variable

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic. Glutethimide is almost completely metabolized.

Route of elimination

glutethimide is inactivated by conjugation and the metabolites are excreted in urine, only 2% of the parent substance is excreted in urine, up to 2% of the dose has been reported to be found in the faeces.

Half-life

10-12 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

In adults, death has been reported after 5 g. The usual lethal dose is 10 to 20g, although survival after a dose of 28 g has been reported.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Glutethimide is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AcenocoumarolThe therapeutic efficacy of Acenocoumarol can be decreased when used in combination with Glutethimide.
AcetazolamideThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Glutethimide.
AcetophenazineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetophenazine is combined with Glutethimide.
AgomelatineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Glutethimide is combined with Agomelatine.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Doriden (U.S.V .) / Elrodorm / Glimid (Polfa Pabianice) / Glutethimid (Balkanpharma) / Noxyron

Categories

ATC Codes
N05CE01 — Glutethimide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperidines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperidine skeleton, which consists of a piperidine bound to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Phenylpiperidines
Direct Parent
Phenylpiperidines
Alternative Parents
Piperidinediones / Delta lactams / Benzene and substituted derivatives / N-unsubstituted carboxylic acid imides / Dicarboximides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
show 1 more
Substituents
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid imide / Carboxylic acid imide, n-unsubstituted / Delta-lactam / Dicarboximide / Hydrocarbon derivative
show 11 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
piperidines (CHEBI:5439)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
C8I4BVN78E
CAS number
77-21-4
InChI Key
JMBQKKAJIKAWKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H15NO2/c1-2-13(10-6-4-3-5-7-10)9-8-11(15)14-12(13)16/h3-7H,2,8-9H2,1H3,(H,14,15,16)
IUPAC Name
3-ethyl-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione
SMILES
CCC1(CCC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Hoffmann, K. and Tagmann, E.; U.S. Patent 2,673,205; March 23, 1954; assigned to Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015505
KEGG Drug
D00532
KEGG Compound
C07489
PubChem Compound
3487
PubChem Substance
46506283
ChemSpider
3367
RxNav
4903
ChEBI
5439
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1102
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001305
PharmGKB
PA164749505
Wikipedia
Glutethimide

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)78-81Hoffmann, K. and Tagmann, E.; U.S. Patent 2,673,205; March 23, 1954; assigned to Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.
water solubility999 mg/L (at 30 °C)YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP1.90HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS-2.34ADME Research, USCD
pKa9.2SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.327 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.89ALOGPS
logP2.13Chemaxon
logS-2.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.69Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6.7Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area46.17 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity60.65 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.15 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9973
Blood Brain Barrier+0.996
Caco-2 permeable+0.5931
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6677
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5334
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9611
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.7747
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7785
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.894
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5173
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8856
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9101
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8664
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8671
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.863
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8527
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8254
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8911
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9927
Rat acute toxicity2.5276 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9778
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7311
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (9.43 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-014i-0910000000-d4d4c3a1f5db854968c0
GC-MS Spectrum - CI-BGC-MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-df13dd29711d257fd7b0
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-014r-4900000000-8d3add816c0b57475d49
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0290000000-15cbca2a75e80ed4cc5f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0970000000-2942295a9f10eff59105
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02u3-1920000000-d773e5e133b58e2df7bd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9010000000-dd534f89ac8e39685684
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gbc-3910000000-25e90ef0830b49820a97
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9800000000-92895ebefa5e91a9ccd2
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-155.1523722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-153.73312
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+155.4448722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+156.09111
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+155.1578722
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+162.43726
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
Gene Name
GABRA1
Uniprot ID
P14867
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Skerritt JH, Johnston GA: Interactions of some anaesthetic, convulsant, and anticonvulsant drugs at GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complexes in rat brain synaptosomal membranes. Neurochem Res. 1983 Oct;8(10):1351-62. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Catalyzes the side-chain cleavage reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone.
Gene Name
CYP11A1
Uniprot ID
P05108
Uniprot Name
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
60101.87 Da
References
  1. Walther B, Ghersi-Egea JF, Minn A, Siest G: Brain mitochondrial cytochrome P-450scc: spectral and catalytic properties. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 May 1;254(2):592-6. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90142-1. [Article]

Drug created at July 26, 2007 19:33 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51