Miglustat

Identification

Summary

Miglustat is a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor used for the management of mild to moderate type I Gaucher disease for patients who are not candidates for whole enzyme replacement.

Brand Names
Opfolda, Zavesca
Generic Name
Miglustat
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00419
Background

Miglustat, commonly marketed under the trade name Zavesca, is a drug used to treat Gaucher disease. It inhibits the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of most glycosphingolipids. It is only used for patients who cannot be treated with enzyme replacement therapy with imiglucerase. Miglustat is now the first and only approved therapy for patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C). It has recently been approved for treatment of progressive neurological symptoms in adult and pediatric patients in the European Union, Brazil, and South Korea. Miglustat was first developed as an anti-HIV agent in the 1990s. However, clinical experience with miglustat showed that therapeutic levels of the drug could not be achieved in patients without a high incidence of adverse effect.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 219.278
Monoisotopic: 219.147058165
Chemical Formula
C10H21NO4
Synonyms
  • 1,5-(butylimino)-1,5-dideoxy, D-glucitol
  • AT2221
  • BuDNJ
  • Butyldeoxynojirimycin
  • Miglustat
  • Miglustatum
  • N-(n-Butyl)deoxynojirimycin
  • n-Butyl deoxynojirimycin
  • N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin
  • N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin
  • N-Butylmoranoline
  • NB-DNJ
External IDs
  • OGT 918
  • OGT-918
  • SC 48334
  • SC-48334
  • SC48334

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of adult patients with mild to moderate type 1 (nonneuropathic) Gaucher's disease for whom enzyme replacement therapy is not a therapeutic option (e.g. due to constraints such as allergy, hypersensitivity, or poor venous access). Now approved in some countries for the treatment of progressive neurological symptoms in adult and pediatric patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C).

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofMild, moderate gaucher disease, type 1•••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••• ••• •••••• ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Miglustat, an N-alkylated imino sugar, is a synthetic analogue of D-glucose. Miglustat is an inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, which is a glucosyl transferase enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of glucosylceramide (glucocerebroside). Glucosylceramide is a substrate for the endogenous glucocerebrosidase, an enzyme that is deficient in Gaucher's disease. The accumulation of glucosylceramide due to the absence of glucocerebrosidase results in the storage of this material in the lysosomes of tissue macrophages, leading to widespread pathology due to infiltration of lipid-engorged macrophages in the viscera, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. This results in secondary hematologic consequences including sever anemia and thrombocytopenia, in addition to the characteristic progressive hepatosplenomegaly, as well as skeletal complications including osteonecrosis and osteopenia with secondary pathological fractures.

Mechanism of action

Miglustat functions as a competitive and reversible inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, the initial enzyme in a series of reactions which results in the synthesis of most glycosphingolipids. The goal of treatment with miglustat is to reduce the rate of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis so that the amount of glycosphingolipid substrate is reduced to a level which allows the residual activity of the deficient glucocerebrosidase enzyme to be more effective (substrate reduction therapy), reducing the accumulation of glucocerebroside in macrophages. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that miglustat can reduce the synthesis of glucosylceramide-based glycosphingolipids. In clinical trials, miglustat improved liver and spleen volume, as well as hemoglobin concentration and platelet count. Inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis has also shown to reduce intracellular lipid storage, improve fluid-phase endosomal uptake and normalize lipid transport in peripheral blood B lymphocytes of NP-C patients, which results in a decrease in the potentially neurotoxic accumulation of gnagliosides GM2 and GM3, lactosylceramide and glucosylceramide, possibly preventing further neuronal damage. Other studies have also suggested that miglustat may indirectly modulate intracellular calcium homeostasis through its effects on glucosylceramide levels, and evidence has shown that an initiating factor in the pathogenesis of NP-C may be impaired calcium homeostasis related to sphingosine storage. Therefore, the effect that miglustat exerts on intracellular calcium levels may influence an important underlying pathogenic mechanism of NP-C.

TargetActionsOrganism
ACeramide glucosyltransferase
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Mean oral bioavailability is 97%.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Miglustat does not bind to plasma proteins.

Metabolism

There is no evidence that miglustat is metabolized in humans.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

The effective half-life of miglustat is approximately 6 to 7 hours.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Miglustat has been administered at doses of up to 3000 mg/day (approximately 10 times the recommended starting dose administered to Gaucher patients) for up to six months in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive patients. Adverse events observed in the HIV studies included granulocytopenia, dizziness, and paresthesia. Leukopenia and neutropenia have also been observed in a similar group of patients receiving 800 mg/day or above.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
No interactions found.
Food Interactions
  • Take at the same time every day.
  • Take with or without food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Miglustat hydrochlorideNot Available210110-90-0QPAFAUYWVZMWPR-ZSOUGHPYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Zavesca (Actelion Pharmaceuticals)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Miglustat DipharmaCapsule100 mgOralDipharma Arzneimittel Gmb H2021-02-10Not applicableEU flag
Miglustat DipharmaCapsule100 mgOralDipharma Arzneimittel Gmb H2023-07-26Not applicableEU flag
Miglustat DipharmaCapsule100 mgOralDipharma Arzneimittel Gmb H2021-02-10Not applicableEU flag
Miglustat Gen.orphCapsule100 mgOralGen.Orph2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
Miglustat Gen.orphCapsule100 mgOralGen.Orph2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MiglustatCapsule100 mg/1OralBreckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc.2022-03-01Not applicableUS flag
MiglustatCapsule100 mg/1OralCoTherix, Inc.2018-04-25Not applicableUS flag
MiglustatCapsule100 mg/1OralANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2018-04-17Not applicableUS flag
MiglustatCapsule100 mg/1OralEdenbridge Pharmaceuticals LLC.2020-08-062023-10-31US flag
Sandoz MiglustatCapsule100 mgOralSandoz Canada Incorporated2020-04-20Not applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
A16AX06 — Miglustat
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as piperidines. These are compounds containing a piperidine ring, which is a saturated aliphatic six-member ring with one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Piperidines
Alternative Parents
Trialkylamines / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Polyols / Azacyclic compounds / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Amine / Azacycle / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organooxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
piperidines, tertiary amino compound (CHEBI:50381)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
ADN3S497AZ
CAS number
72599-27-0
InChI Key
UQRORFVVSGFNRO-UTINFBMNSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H21NO4/c1-2-3-4-11-5-8(13)10(15)9(14)7(11)6-12/h7-10,12-15H,2-6H2,1H3/t7-,8+,9-,10-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-butyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol
SMILES
CCCCN1C[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1CO

References

General References
  1. van Giersbergen PL, Dingemanse J: Influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of miglustat, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;47(10):1277-82. Epub 2007 Aug 24. [Article]
  2. Weinreb NJ, Barranger JA, Charrow J, Grabowski GA, Mankin HJ, Mistry P: Guidance on the use of miglustat for treating patients with type 1 Gaucher disease. Am J Hematol. 2005 Nov;80(3):223-9. [Article]
  3. Patterson MC, Vecchio D, Prady H, Abel L, Wraith JE: Miglustat for treatment of Niemann-Pick C disease: a randomised controlled study. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Sep;6(9):765-72. [Article]
  4. Moyses C: Substrate reduction therapy: clinical evaluation in type 1 Gaucher disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 May 29;358(1433):955-60. [Article]
  5. Wraith JE, Imrie J: New therapies in the management of Niemann-Pick type C disease: clinical utility of miglustat. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:877-87. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [Article]
  6. McCormack PL, Goa KL: Miglustat. Drugs. 2003;63(22):2427-34; discussion 2435-6. [Article]
  7. Andersson U, Reinkensmeier G, Butters TD, Dwek RA, Platt FM: Inhibition of glycogen breakdown by imino sugars in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 15;67(4):697-705. [Article]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: ZAVESCA (miglustat) capsules [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014563
KEGG Drug
D05032
PubChem Compound
51634
PubChem Substance
46506350
ChemSpider
46764
BindingDB
18355
RxNav
402316
ChEBI
50381
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1029
ZINC
ZINC000003794711
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000609
PharmGKB
PA10140
PDBe Ligand
NBV
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Miglustat
PDB Entries
2v3d / 5ief
FDA label
Download (911 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentContraception1
4CompletedTreatmentNiemann-Pick Disease, Type C1
4TerminatedTreatmentGM1 Gangliosidoses / GM2 Gangliosidosis / Sandhoffs Disease / Tay-Sachs Disease1
3Active Not RecruitingTreatmentLate-onset Pompe Disease1
3CompletedTreatmentGaucher Disease, Type 11

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Actelion pharmaceuticals ltd
Packagers
  • Actelion Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Services Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral100 mg/1
Powder1 kg/1kg
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral65 mg
CapsuleOral65 mg/1
CapsuleOral100 mg
Capsule, coatedOral100 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Zavesca 100 mg capsule160.67USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5525616No1996-06-112013-06-11US flag
US5472969No1995-12-052013-05-13US flag
US11753632No2015-09-302035-09-30US flag
US11278601No2016-12-292036-12-29US flag
US11278599No2013-03-072033-03-07US flag
US10961522No2021-03-302035-09-30US flag
US10857212No2020-12-082037-08-12US flag
US10512677No2019-12-242033-03-07US flag
US10208299No2019-02-192035-09-30US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)169-172 °CNot Available
water solubilityHighly soluble in water (>1000 mg/mL as a free base).Not Available
logP-0.6Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility331.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1.1ALOGPS
logP-1.2Chemaxon
logS0.18ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.9Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.49Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area84.16 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity55.74 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.95 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9092
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9011
Caco-2 permeable-0.6433
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8088
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.667
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9556
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.757
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8224
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.765
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5817
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9188
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8855
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9226
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9484
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9855
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9941
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8426
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9595
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.5763
Rat acute toxicity2.1203 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.6675
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8508
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0zos-3910000000-487652a19fde10ffe683
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-67d12d358455133ef139
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0290000000-1d6fe2d816b7f9a0957f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fk9-2970000000-817317f8d1c96e109b30
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0690000000-7acbe1d54f954f471843
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-059x-9200000000-b9e57aa074ce0504de0a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-7900000000-b694ad05a2103ca16c1c
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-155.3246872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-155.2952872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-158.4531872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-153.38017
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+155.6385872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+155.6275872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+158.7189872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+155.73817
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+155.4510872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+155.2228872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+158.3647872
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+161.84079
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Ceramide glucosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the transfer of glucose to ceramide. May also serve as a "flippase".
Gene Name
UGCG
Uniprot ID
Q16739
Uniprot Name
Ceramide glucosyltransferase
Molecular Weight
44853.255 Da
References
  1. Moyses C: Substrate reduction therapy: clinical evaluation in type 1 Gaucher disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 May 29;358(1433):955-60. [Article]
  2. Weinreb NJ, Barranger JA, Charrow J, Grabowski GA, Mankin HJ, Mistry P: Guidance on the use of miglustat for treating patients with type 1 Gaucher disease. Am J Hematol. 2005 Nov;80(3):223-9. [Article]
  3. Chien YH, Lee NC, Tsai LK, Huang AC, Peng SF, Chen SJ, Hwu WL: Treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C in two children with miglustat: initial responses and maintenance of effects over 1 year. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Oct;30(5):826. Epub 2007 Jun 21. [Article]
  4. Treiber A, Morand O, Clozel M: The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor miglustat in the rat. Xenobiotica. 2007 Mar;37(3):298-314. [Article]
  5. Ficicioglu C: Review of miglustat for clinical management in Gaucher disease type 1. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Apr;4(2):425-31. [Article]
  6. Wraith JE, Imrie J: New therapies in the management of Niemann-Pick type C disease: clinical utility of miglustat. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:877-87. Epub 2009 Nov 18. [Article]
  7. Pastores GM: Miglustat: substrate reduction therapy for lysosomal storage disorders associated with primary central nervous system involvement. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2006 Jan;1(1):77-82. [Article]
  8. McCormack PL, Goa KL: Miglustat. Drugs. 2003;63(22):2427-34; discussion 2435-6. [Article]
  9. Giraldo P, Latre P, Alfonso P, Acedo A, Alonso D, Barez A, Corrales A, Franco R, Roldan V, Serrano S, Pocovi M: Short-term effect of miglustat in every day clinical use in treatment-naive or previously treated patients with type 1 Gaucher's disease. Haematologica. 2006 May;91(5):703-6. Epub 2006 Apr 19. [Article]
  10. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48