Cyclothiazide

Identification

Generic Name
Cyclothiazide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00606
Background

As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of cyclothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 389.878
Monoisotopic: 389.027075102
Chemical Formula
C14H16ClN3O4S2
Synonyms
  • 6-chloro-3-(2-norbornen-5-yl)-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
  • 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(2-norbornen-5-yl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide
  • 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(2-norbornen-5-yl)-7-sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
  • 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(5-norbornen-2-yl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide
  • Ciclotiazida
  • Ciclotiazide
  • Cyclothiazide
  • Cyclothiazidum
External IDs
  • Lilly 35,483

Pharmacology

Indication

Cyclothiazide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy. It is also indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent or to enhance the effectiveness of other antihypertensive drugs in the more severe forms of hypertension.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Like other thiazides, cyclothiazide promotes water loss from the body (diuretics). It inhibits Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue. Cyclothiazide affects the distal renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. At maximal therapeutic dosages, all thiazides are approximately equal in their diuretic efficacy. Cyclothiazide increases excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Natriuresis may be accompanied by some loss of potassium and bicarbonate.

Mechanism of action

Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. Normally, the sodium-chloride symporter transports sodium and chloride from the lumen into the epithelial cell lining the distal convoluted tubule. The energy for this is provided by a sodium gradient established by sodium-potassium ATPases on the basolateral membrane. Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. By blocking the sodium-chloride symporter, hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces the osmotic gradient and water reabsorption throughout the nephron.Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. Normally, the sodium-chloride symporter transports sodium and chloride from the lumen into the epithelial cell lining the distal convoluted tubule. The energy for this is provided by a sodium gradient established by sodium-potassium ATPases on the basolateral membrane. Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. By blocking the sodium-chloride symporter, hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces the osmotic gradient and water reabsorption throughout the nephron.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
inhibitor
Humans
ACarbonic anhydrase
inhibitor
Humans
UCarbonic anhydrase 1
inhibitor
Humans
UCarbonic anhydrase 2
inhibitor
Humans
USecreted frizzled-related protein 4
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50 in mouse is > 10000 mg/kg, and > 4000 mg/kg in rat. Signs of overdose include those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Cyclothiazide Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirCyclothiazide may increase the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
AbaloparatideAbaloparatide may increase the hypotensive activities of Cyclothiazide.
AbciximabThe therapeutic efficacy of Abciximab can be decreased when used in combination with Cyclothiazide.
AcarboseThe therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Cyclothiazide.
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be increased when used in combination with Cyclothiazide.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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International/Other Brands
Acquirel / Anhydron (Lilly) / Doburil (Boehringer Ingelheim) / Fluidil / Renazide / Tensodiural / Valmiran (Boehringer Ingelheim)

Categories

ATC Codes
G01AE10 — Combinations of sulfonamidesC03AB09 — Cyclothiazide and potassiumC03AA09 — Cyclothiazide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine ring system with two S=O bonds at the 1-position.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Thiadiazines
Sub Class
Benzothiadiazines
Direct Parent
1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides
Alternative Parents
Secondary alkylarylamines / Organosulfonamides / Benzenoids / Aryl chlorides / Aminosulfonyl compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organochlorides / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide / Amine / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzothiadiazine (CHEBI:31448)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
P71U09G5BW
CAS number
2259-96-3
InChI Key
BOCUKUHCLICSIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H16ClN3O4S2/c15-10-5-11-13(6-12(10)23(16,19)20)24(21,22)18-14(17-11)9-4-7-1-2-8(9)3-7/h1-2,5-9,14,17-18H,3-4H2,(H2,16,19,20)
IUPAC Name
3-{bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}-6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1lambda6,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
SMILES
NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C=C2NC(NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1)C1CC2CC1C=C2

References

Synthesis Reference

Muller, E. and Hasspacher, K.; US. Patent 3,275,625; September 27,1966; assigned to Boehringer lngelheim GmbH, Germany.

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014744
KEGG Drug
D01256
KEGG Compound
C12685
PubChem Compound
2910
PubChem Substance
46508269
ChemSpider
2807
BindingDB
50192229
RxNav
22033
ChEBI
31448
ChEMBL
CHEMBL61593
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000604
PharmGKB
PA449168
PDBe Ligand
CYZ
Wikipedia
Cyclothiazide
MSDS
Download (74.8 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)229-230Muller, E. and Hasspacher, K.; US. Patent 3,275,625; September 27,1966; assigned to Boehringer lngelheim GmbH, Germany.
logP1.95YAMAZAKI,M ET AL. (1984)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.279 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.32ALOGPS
logP0.94Chemaxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.06Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.5Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area118.36 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity92.65 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability37.1 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9936
Blood Brain Barrier-0.8102
Caco-2 permeable-0.7087
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.6003
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8315
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9504
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.894
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.6644
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8212
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6385
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.7478
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8682
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8015
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.813
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity1.9232 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9813
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8693
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (9.61 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-016u-9133000000-93e2b7d86e56b630140d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0009000000-8e16b627cbde0bec8349
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-1009000000-d7cc6509b2f994f0a3db
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0009000000-5be909a63d3f3b761056
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-2469000000-3b2761f454964c5a3580
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-2009000000-bbd595db44c1cd6f967f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9031000000-94b10379503b79bc5895
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-192.3008796
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-171.04872
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+192.8624796
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+173.40672
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+191.8772796
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+180.06145
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase.
Gene Name
FXYD2
Uniprot ID
P54710
Uniprot Name
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
Molecular Weight
7283.265 Da
References
  1. Yu Cao (2018). 1. In Advances in Membrane Proteins - Part I: Mass Processing and Transportation (pp. 11). Springer. [ISBN:9789811305320]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
Literature states that the protein class is targeted by the family that the drug comes from -- thiazide diuretics.
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.

Components:
References
  1. Temperini C, Cecchi A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone, indapamide, trichloromethiazide, and furosemide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II, when several water molecules make the difference. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Feb 1;17(3):1214-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.023. Epub 2008 Dec 24. [Article]
  2. Temperini C, Cecchi A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: when three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference. J Med Chem. 2009 Jan 22;52(2):322-8. doi: 10.1021/jm801386n. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
Gene Name
CA1
Uniprot ID
P00915
Uniprot Name
Carbonic anhydrase 1
Molecular Weight
28870.0 Da
References
  1. Rammes G, Zeilhofer HU, Collingridge GL, Parsons CG, Swandulla D: Expression of early hippocampal CA1 LTP does not lead to changes in AMPA-EPSC kinetics or sensitivity to cyclothiazide. Pflugers Arch. 1999 Jan;437(2):191-6. [Article]
  2. Rammes G, Swandulla D, Collingridge GL, Hartmann S, Parsons CG: Interactions of 2,3-benzodiazepines and cyclothiazide at AMPA receptors: patch clamp recordings in cultured neurones and area CA1 in hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;117(6):1209-21. [Article]
  3. Fleck MW, Bahring R, Patneau DK, Mayer ML: AMPA receptor heterogeneity in rat hippocampal neurons revealed by differential sensitivity to cyclothiazide. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2322-33. [Article]
  4. Pirotte B, Podona T, Diouf O, de Tullio P, Lebrun P, Dupont L, Somers F, Delarge J, Morain P, Lestage P, Lepagnol J, Spedding M: 4H-1,2,4-Pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides and 2,3-dihydro-4H-1,2, 4-pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides chemically related to diazoxide and cyclothiazide as powerful positive allosteric modulators of (R/S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid receptors: design, synthesis, pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem. 1998 Jul 30;41(16):2946-59. [Article]
  5. Larson J, Le TT, Hall RA, Lynch G: Effects of cyclothiazide on synaptic responses in slices of adult and neonatal rat hippocampus. Neuroreport. 1994 Jan 12;5(4):389-92. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion in...
Gene Name
CA2
Uniprot ID
P00918
Uniprot Name
Carbonic anhydrase 2
Molecular Weight
29245.895 Da
References
  1. Liljequist S, Cebers G, Kalda A: Effects of decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid monohydrate, a novel AMPA receptor antagonist, on glutamate-induced CA2+ responses and neurotoxicity in rat cortical and cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Nov 27;50(11):1761-74. [Article]
  2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types (By similarity). SFRP4 plays a role in bone morphogenesis. May also act as a regulator of adult uterine morphology and function. May also increase apoptosis during ovulation possibly through modulation of FZ1/FZ4/WNT4 signaling (By similarity). Has phosphaturic effects by specifically inhibiting sodium-dependent phosphate uptake (PubMed:12952927).
Specific Function
Wnt-protein binding
Gene Name
SFRP4
Uniprot ID
Q6FHJ7
Uniprot Name
Secreted frizzled-related protein 4
Molecular Weight
39826.305 Da
References
  1. Bukhari SA, Shamshari WA, Ur-Rahman M, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZ: Computer aided screening of secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4): a potential control for diabetes mellitus. Molecules. 2014 Jul 11;19(7):10129-36. doi: 10.3390/molecules190710129. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Uwai Y, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui KI: Interaction and transport of thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and acetazolamide via rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):261-5. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 02, 2023 06:53