Levosimendan

Identification

Summary

Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer indicated to treat acutely decompensated severe chronic heart failure.

Generic Name
Levosimendan
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00922
Background

Levosimendan increases calcium sensitivity to myocytes by binding to troponin C in a calcium dependent manner. This increases contractility without raising calcium levels. It also relaxes vascular smooth muscle by opening adenosine triphosphate sensitive potassium channels. Levosimendan is used to manage acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 280.2847
Monoisotopic: 280.107259036
Chemical Formula
C14H12N6O
Synonyms
  • Levosimendán
  • Lévosimendan
  • Levosimendan
  • Levosimendanum
External IDs
  • OR-1259

Pharmacology

Indication

For short term treatment of acutely decompensated severe chronic heart failure (CHF). Also being investigated for use/treatment in heart disease.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAcute decompensated heart failure•••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••• ••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••••••••
Treatment ofAcute decompensation of chronic heart failure•••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••• ••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for therapyAcute heart failure (ahf)Combination Product in combination with: Ethanol (DB00898), Propylene glycol (DB01839), Phosphoric acid (DB09394)•••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• •••••••••••• •••••••••••••••
Used in combination to manageAcute heart failure (ahf)Combination Product in combination with: Phosphoric acid (DB09394), Ethanol (DB00898), Propylene glycol (DB01839)•••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••
Used in combination to manageAcute heart failure (ahf)Combination Product in combination with: Propylene glycol (DB01839), Ethanol (DB00898), Phosphoric acid (DB09394)•••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Levosimendan is a new Ca2+-sensitizing inotropic agent. Ca2+ sensitizers represent a new class of inotropic agents, which overcome the disadvantages associated with currently available inotropic agents in as they are not associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias, cell injury and death due to Ca2+ overload in myocardial cells; they do not increase the activation energy; and they have the potential to reverse contractile dysfunction under pathophysiologic conditions, such as acidosis or myocardial stunning. Levosimendan has not been approved for use in the U.S. or Canada.

Mechanism of action

Levosimendan appears to increase myofilament calcium sensitivity by binding to cardiac troponin C in a calcium-dependent manner. This stabilizes the calcium-induced conformational change of troponin C, thereby (1) changing actin-myosin cross-bridge kinetics apparently without increasing the cycling rate of the cross-bridges or myocardial ATP consumption, (2) increasing the effects of calcium on cardiac myofilaments during systole and (3) improving contraction at low energy cost (inotropic effect). Calcium concentration and, therefore, sensitization decline during diastole, allowing normal or improved diastolic relaxation. Levosimendan also leads to vasodilation through the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. By these inotropic and vasodilatory actions, levosimendan increases cardiac output without increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Levosimendan also has a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)-III inhibitory action that may contribute to the inotropic effect of this compound under certain experimental conditions. It has been reported that levosimendan may act preferentially as a Ca2+ sensitizer at lower concentrations, whereas at higher concentrations its action as a PDE-III inhibitor becomes more prominent in experimental animals and humans.

TargetActionsOrganism
ATroponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
potentiator
Humans
AATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11
inducer
Humans
AATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8
inducer
Humans
UcGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

The bioavailability of oral levosimendan is 85 ± 6% in healthy volunteers and 84 ± 4% in patients.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

98% bound to plasma protein.

Metabolism

Complete metabolism, with some active metabolites (OR-1855 and OR-1896) possibly extending the drug's haemodynamic effects.

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Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Eliminination half-life is approximately 1 hour.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levosimendan is combined with Abaloparatide.
AcebutololLevosimendan may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Acebutolol.
AcetyldigitoxinAcetyldigitoxin may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Levosimendan.
AcrivastineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Acrivastine is combined with Levosimendan.
AdenosineAdenosine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Levosimendan.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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International/Other Brands
Simdax / Simendan
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SIMDAX 2.5 MG/ML KONSANTRE INF.COZ.5 ML X FLAKON, 1 ADETLevosimendan (2.5 mg/ml)InjectionDAİİCHİ SANKYO İLAÇ TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-292023-06-14Turkey flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C01CX08 — Levosimendan
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylhydrazines. These are compounds containing a phenylhydrazide moiety, which consists of a hydrazide substituent attached to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Phenylhydrazines
Direct Parent
Phenylhydrazines
Alternative Parents
Pyridazinones / Nitriles / Hydrazones / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Carbonitrile / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Hydrazone / Hydrocarbon derivative / Nitrile / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
nitrile, pyridazinone, hydrazone (CHEBI:50567)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
C6T4514L4E
CAS number
141505-33-1
InChI Key
WHXMKTBCFHIYNQ-SECBINFHSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H12N6O/c1-9-6-13(21)19-20-14(9)10-2-4-11(5-3-10)17-18-12(7-15)8-16/h2-5,9,17H,6H2,1H3,(H,19,21)/t9-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
1-cyano-N-{4-[(4R)-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazin-3-yl]phenyl}methanecarbohydrazonoyl cyanide
SMILES
C[C@@H]1CC(=O)NN=C1C1=CC=C(NN=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Dharmaraj Ramachandra Rao, Rajendra Narayanrao Kankan, Manjinder Singh Phull, Ashwini Amol Sawant, "Process for Preparing Levosimendan and Intermediates for Use in the Process." U.S. Patent US20120165524, issued June 28, 2012.

US20120165524
General References
  1. Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, Cohen-Solal A, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, Thakkar R, Padley RJ, Poder P, Kivikko M: Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007 May 2;297(17):1883-91. [Article]
  2. Kasikcioglu HA, Cam N: A review of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(4):389-400. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015058
KEGG Drug
D04720
PubChem Compound
3033825
PubChem Substance
46507149
ChemSpider
2298414
BindingDB
50469700
RxNav
73107
ChEBI
50567
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2051955
ZINC
ZINC000003915645
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000797
PharmGKB
PA164749138
Wikipedia
Levosimendan
MSDS
Download (57.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedOtherCoarctation of the Aorta1
4CompletedPreventionMitral Valve Stenosis With Incompetence or Regurgitation1
4CompletedPreventionSurgery, Cardiac1
4CompletedTreatmentAcute Kidney Injury (AKI) / Renal Insufficiency, Acute1
4CompletedTreatmentCardiopulmonary Bypass Graft1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous
SolutionIntravenous1250000 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous12.5 mg
SolutionIntravenous
SolutionIntravenous12.5 mg
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous2.5 MG/ML
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral12.5 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous12.5 mg
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection
Injection2.5 MG/ML
SolutionIntravenous12.500 mg
SolutionIntravenous2.5 mg/1ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous12.5 mg/5ml
SolutionIntravenous25.000 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0881 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.69ALOGPS
logP2.16Chemaxon
logS-3.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)5.77Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)2.24Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area113.43 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity77.63 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability28.67 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9764
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9248
Caco-2 permeable+0.5602
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5083
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5867
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9615
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8403
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7037
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8349
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6149
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.8301
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7083
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8979
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5965
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8412
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5918
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6333
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.6764
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.6188 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9745
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.854
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0l6r-2190000000-95c9a8cdabf61909acac
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0390000000-88e46fb95115eb7b2d26
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0390000000-88e46fb95115eb7b2d26
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0090000000-53088453cd327d899d0b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-1836551f6b79718565d1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0290000000-83db3637e8804b7b13f9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9160000000-9aeb23a46263a66884ed
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0080-0940000000-e35c1469ee5dabe36755
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-5950000000-e37fabcf7411c665b729
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-178.6467591
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-177.1481591
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-158.83267
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+177.4549591
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+177.0351591
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+161.19066
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+178.2941591
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+168.00545
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Troponin t binding
Specific Function
Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
Gene Name
TNNC1
Uniprot ID
P63316
Uniprot Name
Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
Molecular Weight
18402.36 Da
References
  1. Kleerekoper Q, Putkey JA: Drug binding to cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 20;274(34):23932-9. [Article]
  2. Levijoki J, Pollesello P, Kaivola J, Tilgmann C, Sorsa T, Annila A, Kilpelainen I, Haikala H: Further evidence for the cardiac troponin C mediated calcium sensitization by levosimendan: structure-response and binding analysis with analogs of levosimendan. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000 Mar;32(3):479-91. [Article]
  3. Sorsa T, Heikkinen S, Abbott MB, Abusamhadneh E, Laakso T, Tilgmann C, Serimaa R, Annila A, Rosevear PR, Drakenberg T, Pollesello P, Kilpelainen I: Binding of levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, to cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23;276(12):9337-43. Epub 2000 Dec 11. [Article]
  4. Sorsa T, Pollesello P, Permi P, Drakenberg T, Kilpelainen I: Interaction of levosimendan with cardiac troponin C in the presence of cardiac troponin I peptides. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Sep;35(9):1055-61. [Article]
  5. Lehmann A, Boldt J, Lang J, Isgro F, Blome M: [Is levosimendan an inoprotective drug in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing surgical revascularization?]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2003 Sep;38(9):577-82. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Specific Function
This receptor is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage ...
Gene Name
KCNJ11
Uniprot ID
Q14654
Uniprot Name
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11
Molecular Weight
43540.375 Da
References
  1. Yildiz O: Vasodilating mechanisms of levosimendan: involvement of K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2007 May;104(1):1-5. Epub 2007 Apr 24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Inward rectifier potassium channel activity
Specific Function
This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their...
Gene Name
KCNJ8
Uniprot ID
Q15842
Uniprot Name
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8
Molecular Weight
47967.455 Da
References
  1. Yildiz O: Vasodilating mechanisms of levosimendan: involvement of K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2007 May;104(1):1-5. Epub 2007 Apr 24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes.
Gene Name
PDE3A
Uniprot ID
Q14432
Uniprot Name
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A
Molecular Weight
124978.06 Da
References
  1. Szilagyi S, Pollesello P, Levijoki J, Haikala H, Bak I, Tosaki A, Borbely A, Edes I, Papp Z: Two inotropes with different mechanisms of action: contractile, PDE-inhibitory and direct myofibrillar effects of levosimendan and enoximone. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;46(3):369-76. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:46